Results of CUORE-0 and Prospects of the CUORE Experiment Kyungeun E

CUORE

Results of CUORE-0 and Prospects of the CUORE Experiment Kyungeun E. Lim on behalf of the CUORE collaboration Aug. 5, 2016, 38th International Conference on High Energy Physics, Chicago, IL Going Deep to Search for 0νββ and WIMPs

SNOLAB: DEAP/CLEAN Boulby: PICO DRIFT DAMIC DM-Ice37 Modane: YangYang: SNO+ EDELWEISS KIMS Soudan: nEXO Canfranc: SuperNEMO COSINE-100 CDMS ANAIS AMoRe CoGeNT ArDM Jinping: Rosebud Panda-X NEXT CDEX Homestake: Gran Sasso: Kamioka: LUX DAMA/LIBRA MAJORANA CRESST XMASS KamLAND-Zen XENON WIPP: CANDLES DarkSide EXO-200 CUORE GERDA ANDES: (planned) Stawell: (planned) WIMP Searches South Pole: DM-Ice17 0νββ Searches

K. E. Lim (Yale University) 2 Placing CUORE in the Map

K. E. Lim (Yale University) 3 The CUORE Experiment CUORE

CUORE is a cryogenic detector consisting of 988 nat TeO2 bolometers arranged in 19 towers, operated at ~ 10 mK Primarily search for 0νββ decay Overburden 3600 m.w.e. (LNGS) Detector: ~ 1t Pb shields: ~ 10t Cu shields/ﬂanges: With 5 keV FWHM at Qββ, ~ 8t 0.01 counts/(kg· keV· yr) at ROI, and 5 years of data accumulation,

0νββ 130 25 T1 2 ( Te) > 9.5 × 10 y (90% C.L.)

mββ < 50–130 meV

Also suitable for other rare event searches such as dark matter

Person for scale Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) (Primavera, Botticelli ca. 1482) 4 The CUORE Experiment CUORE

CUORE is a cryogenic detector consisting of 988 nat TeO2 bolometers arranged in 19 towers, operated at ~ 10 mK 1

[eV] Mo β β CUORE-0 + Cuoricino limit Primarily search for 0νββ decay m Ge Xe 10−1 Overburden 3600 m.w.e. (LNGS) CUORE sensitivity

2 ∆m23 < 0 With 5 keV FWHM at Qββ, 0.01 counts/(kg· keV· yr) at ROI, 10 − 2 and 5 years of data accumulation, 2 ∆m23 > 0 0νββ 130 25 10−3 T1 2 ( Te) > 9.5 × 10 y (90% C.L.)

mββ < 50–130 meV

10−4 10−4 10−3 10−2 10−1 Also suitable for other rare event mlightest [eV] searches such as dark matter

Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 5 The CUORE Program CUORE

Theoretical Aspects Bolometers CUORICINO TheCUOREExperiment CUORE: Cryogenic CUORE Underground Observatory CUOREfor Rare Program Events CUORE-0 (2016–2020)

CuoricinoCUORICINO CUORE-0(2013–2015) CUORE (2003–20082003 - 2008 ) 2011 - 2014 2013 - 2018

Completed (2008) Completed (2015) Projected (2020) 0ν 24 0ν 25 T1/2 > 4.0×10 yr (90% C.L.) T1/2 > 9.5×10 yr (90% C.L.) Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 6

Andrea Giachero ([email protected]) The status of the CUORE experiment NPA5 2011 , April 5th, 2011 8 / 22 CUORE Detector: TeO2 Bolometers CUORE

Absorber (TeO2) ! TeO2! Heater L! H Thermistor (NTD-Ge) T 5cm

Thermal Bath Thermal ! Thermal coupling (PTFE + gold wires)

Eur. Phys. J. C 74, 2956 (2014) -3200 -3400 - Crystal absorber: E T Measure energy - Biased T sensor: T! V deposition through -3600 !

temperature rise -3800 Δ E -4000 Provides excellent energy Voltage [mV] -4200 resolution -4400

012345 Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) Time [s] 7 CUORE Module: Tower CUORE

52 Si heaters 52 TeO2 crystals

~2000~2000 CuCu -ETP1NOSV T1 componentscomponents T2 T3 52 thermistors 234 PTFEPFTE holdersholders T1 T2 Pulser Heater T3

Reduced materials near the detector with new design 8 Cu-PEN cables Strict material selection/surface treatment

Minimization of Rn exposure (assembled in a N2-ﬂushed glove box) JINST 11 P07009 (2016) Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 8 The CUORE-0 Experiment CUORE

First tower produced by CUORE Modern lead assembly procedure with new cleaning 150 Bq/Kg

Aluminum Plate Damper 52 (13 x 4) crystals, 39 kg of TeO2 Brass Plate (11 kg of 130Te), 4 kg of copper structure Acrylic glass

Borated PET

Tested DAQ & Analysis framework for Stainless steel spring Mixing Chamber CUORE Roman lead < 4 mBq/Kg Reported the limit on the half-life of Roman lead 0νββ with 9.8 kg· yr of 130Te exposure < 4 mBq/Kg

Modern Lead Measured the half-life of 2νββ of 130Te (150±20) Bq/Kg Modern Lead (16±4) Bq/Kg with the highest precision (results to Roman lead < 4 mBq/Kg be reported soon) IVC OVC WIMP dark matter annual modulation analysis is on-going

Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 9 CUORE-0: Detector Performance CUORE

Bolometer-dataset FWHMs @ 2615 keV ) 6

σ 4 2 0 450 Cuoricino -2 -4 400 CUORE-0

Residual ( -6 2560 2570 2580 2590 2600 2610 2620 2630 2640 2650

Entries/(1.0 keV) 350 Summed calibration data 208Tl γ Projected fit 300 104 250 3 Te X-ray 10 escapes 200

150 102 JINST 11 P07009 (2016) 100

10 50 Counts / (0.5 keV) 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1 Energy [keV] 2560 2570 2580 2590 2600 2610 2620 2630 2640 2650 Reconstructed Energy (keV) FWHM harmonic FWHM dist mean [keV] RMS [keV] Weight FWHMs by corresponding exposure Cuoricino 5.8 2.1 CUORE-0 4.9 2.9 Energy resolution is evaluated for each bolometer and dataset by ﬁtting the 2615 keV peak from 208Tl in the calibration data The obtained resolution is < 5 keV, which is the CUORE goal

Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 10 CUORE-0: 0νββ Results CUORE

) 4 σ ( 2 0 Background rate at ROI: −2 Residual −4 0.058 ± 0.004 (stat.) ± 0.002 (sys.) cts/(keV·kg·yr) 2470 2480 2490 2500 2510 2520 2530 2540 2550 2560 2570 18 0.25 2 CUORE-0 Unblinded Energy (keV) yr)) 16 χ /NDF = 43.9/46 ⋅ kg ⋅ 14 νββ 0.2 0 Q-value CUORE-0 results on half-life: 12 60Co 10 0.15 0νββ 130 –24 –1 8 Γ ( Te) < 0.25 × 10 yr (90% C.L.) 0.1

Events / (2 keV) 6 0νββ 130 24 4 0.05 T1/2 ( Te) > 2.7 × 10 yr (90% C.L.) 2 Event Rate (counts /(keV 0 0 2470 2480 2490 2500 2510 2520 2530 2540 2550 2560 2570 Reconstructed Energy (keV)

18 Combining the CUORE-0 result with the 16 CUORE-0 (stat. only) CUORE-0 (stat. + syst.) 130 14 Cuoricino result from 19.75 kg· yr of Te Cuoricino (stat. + syst.) 12 CUORE-0 + Cuoricino (stat. + syst.) exposure yields the Bayesian lower limit: 10

8 0νββ 130 24

Profile NLL T1/2 ( Te) > 4.0 × 10 yr 6

4 (90% C.L., stat.+sys.)

0 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 102502 (2015) −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Decay Rate (10-24 yr -1 ) Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) Phys. Rev. C 93, 045503 (2016) 11 CUORE-0: Background Model CUORE α Background of CUORE-0 Identify background sources using 10 4 Anti-coincidence CUORE-0 Preliminary 232 (Bulk) - Radio-assay measurements Exposure: 33.4 kg⋅yr 1-7: Th chain 13 238 Double Coincidence(Surface Energy Sum ) 1 8-13: U chain - Cosmogenic activation analysis 10 3 2 10 Counts / 15 keV 9 3 4 - CUORE-0 data analysis 11 12 2 10 8 7 Use this info as prior for Bayesian ﬁt 5 6

Frame (NOSV Cu) 1 Crystal spacer 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 (PTFE) Energy (keV)

TeO 2 crystal May-13-2016 Wire trays + GEANT4-based Monte Carlo simulation Cabling tape (Cu+PEN) with the detailed detector geometry and Wire pad (Cu) response (resolution, coincidence window,

Thermistor thresholds, etc) (NTD Ge) Monte Carlo simulation was veriﬁed by comparing it with calibration data Background spectrum was reconstructed as a linear combination of 57 sources Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 12 CUORE-0: 2νββ Results CUORE

103 CUORE-0 Preliminary M1 - Experimental data Paper to be submitted soon Exposure: 33.4 kg⋅yr M1 - Fit reconstruction 4 102 10

Counts / keV Experimental (M1) CUORE-0 Preliminary Exposure: 33.4 kg⋅yr 2νββ TeO2 10 3 10 40 K TeO2 Counts / keV

1 102

10−1 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 10 1.6 1 σ Energy (keV) 1.4 2 σ 1.2 3 σ 1 1 0.8 0.6 Ratio (Data / Fit) 0.4 10−1 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Energy (keV) Energy (keV) May-13-2016 22⌫⌫ 20 20 CUORE-0:CUORE-0: TT1/2=[8=[8.2.2 0.02.2 (stat.) (stat.) 0.60. (syst.)]6 (syst.)]10 10y y 1/2 ±± ± ± ⇥ ⇥ NEMO:NEMO: TT22⌫⌫ =[7=[7.0.0 0.09.9 (stat.) (stat.) 1.11. (syst.)]1 (syst.)]102010y20 y 11//22 ±± ± ± ⇥ ⇥ 22⌫⌫ +2+2.9 .9 20 20 MiDBD:MiDBD: TT11//22=[6=[6.1.1 1.14.4 (stat.) (stat.) 3.53(syst.)].5 (syst.)]10 10y y ±± ⇥ ⇥ NEMO-3 Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett., 107, 062504 (2011) C. Arnaboldi et al., Phys. Lett. B, 557, 167 (2003) Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 13 CUORE-0: WIMP Dark Matter Analysis CUORE 3 keV signal Continuous data acquisition provides access 40 to the low energy events 30 20 ADC counts 10 Optimum ﬁlter can identify low energy events 0 -10 Nuclear quenching factor (~1) beneﬁts -20 Raw Pulse detection of nuclear recoil events -30 -40 Optimum Filtered Pulse 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 sample index WIMP annual modulation analysis on-going JINST 6 (2011) P02007

CUORE-0 [10-28] keV 10−2

(pb) CUORE, 5 y (80% duty) [10-28] keV SI σ

10−3 1

10−4 CUORE-0

Rate [counts/day/kg/keV] Preliminary 10−5 10−1 26 channels DAMA region, JCAP04(2009)010 90% (10.9 kg·yr) 10−6 3σ 5σ CUORE-0 Preliminary 10 20 30 40 50 60 10−7 1 10 102 103 Energy [keV] Wimp mass (GeV) Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 14 Status of CUORE CUORE Detectors assembled and stored underground Cryostat commissioning completed successfully - Stable base temperature at 6.3 mK over 70 days Ancient - Cooling power 3μW at 10 mK Roman Lead 232 Shield (5 t) Th calibration source has been deployed and @ 4 K the system has been tested at 10 mK Top Lead Shield (2.5 t) Electronics inside Faraday cage checked @ 50 mK

Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 15 First CUORE Tower Installation CUORE

Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 16 First CUORE Tower Installation CUORE

Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 17 And the Second.. CUORE

Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 18 And More!!!!! CUORE

Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 19 And Even More!!!!! CUORE

Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 20 And Even More!!!!! CUORE

Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 21 Beyond CUORE: CUPID CUORE

CUPID: CUORE Upgrade with Particle IDentiﬁcation

Detector Building Strategies PID The same CUORE cryostat Large total mass - - Different isotopes/sensors - Ultra-low background - - Good energy resolution - Further background reduction

[eV] Mo β β CUORE-0 + Cuoricino limit (Te) Goal: Explore entire Inverted hierarchy m Ge Xe 0νββ 27 10−1 - T1/2 sensitivity: (2–5)×10 yr in 10 yr CUORE sensitivity (Te) - mββ sensitivity: 6–20 meV arxiv:1504.03599 Inverted hierarchy 10−2 CUPID sensitivity (Te)

Various R&D efforts (scintillating Normal hierarchy bolometers, enrichment of Te, and 10−3 active veto) are actively on-going

10−4 10−4 10−3 10−2 10−1 Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) mlightest [eV] 22 Summary CUORE

TeO2 bolometers offer well-established and competitive techniques to search for 0νββ and other rare event searches CUORE-0, the ﬁrst tower assembled using the new technique developed for CUORE, demonstrated that CUORE goal is within reach CUORE-0 also reported the most stringent limit on the half-life of 0νββ from Te, with the combined results from the predecessor experiment, Cuoricino More physics analyses on CUORE-0 data are well underway including 2νββ and WIMP dark matter annual modulation search CUORE detector installation is on-going now and data-taking will begin before the end of 2016 The future effort of CUORE, CUPID, will completely explore Inverted hierarchy with less background

Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 23 CUORE Collaboration CUORE

(Oct. 2, 2015 @ LNGS) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory SOL PER NOCTEM

CUORE Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 24 CUORE

Extra Slides

Kyungeun E. Lim (Yale University) 25