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From the Geosphere to the Cosmos

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From the Geosphere to the Cosmos From the geopshere to the cosmos Synergies with astroparticle physics www.aspera-eu.org CREDITS Written by: Dr Ino Agrafioti (IN2P3/CNRS, France). Editorial Committee (in alphabetical order): Eugenio Coccia (INFN, Italy) Karl‐Heinz Kampert (Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Germany) Stavros Katsanevas (IN2P3/CNRS, France) Fabrice Piquemal (LSM/IN2P3/CNRS, France) Sean Paling (University of Sheffield/BUL, UK) Pasqual Coyle (CPPM/IN2P3/CNRS, France) Christian Spiering (DESY, GERMANY) Special thanks to the researchers that also proofread the pages related to their research: Michel Andre FFF SSSSSSS FFF SSSSSSS Nikoletta Bellou FFF SSSSSSS FFF SSSSSSS Anne Deschamps FFF SSSSSSS FFF SSSSSSS Benedetto d’Etorre FFF SSSSSSS FFF SSSSSSS Jasper Kirkby FFF SSSSSSS FFF SSSSSSS Jacques Marteau FFF SSSSSSS FFF SSSSSSS Hans Van Haren FFF SSSSSSS Cover by: Arnaud Marsollier Produced by: ASPERA‐2 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS CREDITS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................................................................ 3 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................... 5 2. ApP RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES.....................................................................................................................8 2.1. DETECTING THE COSMIC RAIN........................................................................................................................8 2.2. COSMIC SILENCE TO LISTEN TO THE PAST ................................................................................................... 10 2.3. JOURNEY INTO THE DEEP.............................................................................................................................. 13 3. SYNERGIES.............................................................................................................................................................15 3.1. UNDERSTANDING THE ATMOSPHERE.......................................................................................................... 15 3.1.1. SPACE WEATHER....................................................................................................................................... 16 3.1.2. ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING.............................................................................................................. 17 3.1.3. COSMOCLIMATOLOGY..........................................................................................................................21 3.1.4. ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE VARIATION .......................................................................................23 3.1.5. THUNDERSTORMS AND LIGHTNING ...................................................................................................24 3.2. UNDERSTANDING THE EARTH FROM THE SURFACE TO THE DEEP............................................................25 3.2.1. EROSION RATE CALCULATION ............................................................................................................26 3.2.2. COASTAL ROCK CLIFF EROSION .........................................................................................................27 3.2.3. CHRONOLOGY for PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH...................................................................28 3.2.4. PALEOCLIMATE.....................................................................................................................................29 3.2.5. VOLCANO TOMOGRAPHY using MUONS............................................................................................30 3.2.6. EARTH’s INTERIOR using GEONEUTRINOS ......................................................................................... 31 3.2.7. EARTH RADIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................................................32 3.3. UNDERSTANDING THE OCEAN......................................................................................................................33 3.3.1. CONTINUOUS OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA ..............................................................................................34 3.3.2. SEDIMENT TRANSPORT .......................................................................................................................35 3.3.3. OXYGEN DYNAMICS .............................................................................................................................36 3.3.4. RADIOACTIVITY.....................................................................................................................................37 3.3.5. INTERNAL WAVES.................................................................................................................................38 3.3.6. CORAL CHRONOLOGY..........................................................................................................................39 3.4. MEASURING AND ATTEMPTING TO PREDICT EARTHQUAKES................................................................... 40 3.4.1. EARTHQUAKE MONITORING GRID...................................................................................................... 41 3.4.2. EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI MONITORING .....................................................................................42 3.4.3. STUDYING THE LAKE ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................43 3 3.4.4. SEISMO‐ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLINGS ......................................................................................... 44 3.4.5. EARTHQUAKE PHYSICS .......................................................................................................................45 3.4.6. SLOW EARTHQUAKE MONITORING................................................................................................... 46 3.5. BIODIVERSITY.................................................................................................................................................47 3.5.1. UNDERWATER SOUND MONITORING ............................................................................................... 49 3.5.2. DEEP SEA BIOLUMINESCENCE.............................................................................................................50 3.5.3. BIODIVERSITY UNDER ICE....................................................................................................................52 3.5.4. BIODEGRADATION ...............................................................................................................................53 3.5.5. MICROBIOLOGY....................................................................................................................................54 3.5.6. BIOFOULING .........................................................................................................................................55 3.5.7. IMPACT OF RADIATION........................................................................................................................56 3.5.8. EXTREMOPHILES ..................................................................................................................................57 3.6. APPLICATIONS................................................................................................................................................58 3.6.1. WINE DATATION...................................................................................................................................59 3.6.2. SALT CHARACTERISATION.................................................................................................................. 60 3.6.3. SOFT‐ERROR RATE IN ELECTRONICS................................................................................................... 61 3.6.4. ROCK DEFORMATION ..........................................................................................................................62 4. PERSPECTIVES FOR THE FUTURE........................................................................................................................ 63 4.1. CLIMATE CHANGE ......................................................................................................................................... 64 4.2. GEOHAZARDS................................................................................................................................................ 66 4.3. ENERGY...........................................................................................................................................................67 4.4. BIODIVERSITY.................................................................................................................................................70 4.5. TOWARDS COLLABORATIONS WITH OTHER SCIENCES ..............................................................................72 4.5.1. WHAT TYPES OF COLLABORATION?....................................................................................................72 4.5.2. WHAT BARRIERS? WHAT CHANGES ARE NEEDED? ............................................................................73 4.6. SYNERGIES USING ApP INFRASTRUCTURES ................................................................................................76
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