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The Future of High Energy Physics and China’s Role Yifang Wang Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing HKUST, Sep. 24, 2018 A Very Active Field ILC,FCC, China-based LHC: ATLAS/CMS CEPC/SPPC High China-participated Others Energy Compositeness AMS, PAMELA Extra-dimensions Supersymmetry Antimatter Higgs CP violation Daya Bay, JUNO,T2K,Nova, SuperK,HyperK,LBNF/DUNE, Icecube/PINGU, KM3net/ORKA, Neutrinos SNO+,EXO/nEXO, KamLAND-Zen, Precision Standard COMET, tests Model Gerda,Katrin… mu2e, g-2, K-decays,… Hadron physics Cosmology & QCD Standard Model of Cosmology Rare decays Dark matter LUX, Xenon, LZ, BESIII,LHCb, Axions PandaX, CDEX, High BELLEII, Darkside, … precision PANDA,… ADMX,… Fermi, DAMPE, AMS,… 2 Roadmaps of HEP in the World • Japan (2012) – If new particles(e.g. Higgs) are discovered, build ILC – If θ13 is big enough, build HyperK and T2HK • EU (2013) – Continue LHC, upgrade its luminosity, until 2035 – Study future circular collider (FCC-hh or FCC-ee) • US (2014) – Build long baseline neutrino facility LBNF/DUNE – Study future colliders A new round of roadmap study is starting 3 Where Are We Going ? • ILC is a machine we planned for ~30 years, way before the Higgs boson was discovered. Is it still the only machine for our future ? • Shall we wait for results from LHC/HL-LHC to decide our next step ? • What if ILC could not be approved ? • What is the future of High Energy Physics ? • A new route: – Thanks to the low mass Higgs, there is a possibility to build a circular e+e- collider(Higgs factory) followed by a proton machine in the same tunnel – This idea was reported for the first time at the “Higgs Factory workshop(HF2012)” in Oct. -
The Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory Program
The Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory Program Eugenio Coccia INFN Gran Sasso and University of Rome “Tor Vergata” [email protected] XXXIII International Meeting on Fundamental Physics Benasque - March 7, 2005 Underground Laboratories Boulby UK Modane France Canfranc Spain INFN Gran Sasso National Laboratory LNGSLNGS ROME QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture. L’AQUILA Tunnel of 10.4 km TERAMO In 1979 A. Zichichi proposed to the Parliament the project of a large underground laboratory close to the Gran Sasso highway tunnel, then under construction In 1982 the Parliament approved the construction, finished in 1987 In 1989 the first experiment, MACRO, started taking data LABORATORI NAZIONALI DEL GRAN SASSO - INFN Largest underground laboratory for astroparticle physics 1400 m rock coverage cosmic µ reduction= 10–6 (1 /m2 h) underground area: 18 000 m2 external facilities Research lines easy access • Neutrino physics 756 scientists from 25 countries Permanent staff = 66 positions (mass, oscillations, stellar physics) • Dark matter • Nuclear reactions of astrophysics interest • Gravitational waves • Geophysics • Biology LNGS Users Foreigners: 356 from 24 countries Italians: 364 Permanent Staff: 64 people Administration Public relationships support Secretariats (visa, work permissions) Outreach Environmental issues Prevention, safety, security External facilities General, safety, electrical plants Civil works Chemistry Cryogenics Mechanical shop Electronics Computing and networks Offices Assembly halls Lab -
Effective Neutrino Masses in KATRIN and Future Tritium Beta-Decay Experiments
PHYSICAL REVIEW D 101, 016003 (2020) Effective neutrino masses in KATRIN and future tritium beta-decay experiments † ‡ Guo-yuan Huang,1,2,* Werner Rodejohann ,3, and Shun Zhou1,2, 1Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 2School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Postfach 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany (Received 25 October 2019; published 3 January 2020) Past and current direct neutrino mass experiments set limits on the so-called effective neutrino mass, which is an incoherent sum of neutrino masses and lepton mixing matrix elements. The electron energy spectrum which neglects the relativistic and nuclear recoil effects is often assumed. Alternative definitions of effective masses exist, and an exact relativistic spectrum is calculable. We quantitatively compare the validity of those different approximations as function of energy resolution and exposure in view of tritium beta decays in the KATRIN, Project 8, and PTOLEMY experiments. Furthermore, adopting the Bayesian approach, we present the posterior distributions of the effective neutrino mass by including current experimental information from neutrino oscillations, beta decay, neutrinoless double-beta decay, and cosmological observations. Both linear and logarithmic priors for the smallest neutrino mass are assumed. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.101.016003 I. INTRODUCTION region close to its end point will be distorted in com- parisontothatinthelimitofzeroneutrinomasses.This Neutrino oscillation experiments have measured with kinematic effect is usually described by the effective very good precision the three leptonic flavor mixing neutrino mass [7] angles fθ12; θ13; θ23g and two independent neutrino 2 2 2 2 mass-squared differences Δm21 ≡ m2 − m1 and jΔm31j≡ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 − 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 jm3 m1j. -
Neutrino Mass Analysis with KATRIN
Technical University Munich Max Planck Institute for Physics Physics Department Werner Heisenberg Institute Advanced Lab Course Neutrino Mass Analysis with KATRIN Christian Karl, Susanne Mertens, Martin Slezák Last edited: September 2, 2020 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 The KATRIN Experiment5 2.1 Neutrino Mass Determination from Beta-Decay............................5 2.2 Molecular Tritium as Beta-Decay Source................................6 2.3 Measuring Principle: MAC-E Filter Electron Spectroscopy.....................7 2.4 Experimental Setup.............................................8 2.4.1 Rear Section.............................................8 2.4.2 Windowless Gaseous Tritium Source..............................8 2.4.3 Pumping Sections.........................................9 2.4.4 Pre- and Main-Spectrometer...................................9 2.4.5 Focal Plane Detector........................................ 10 2.5 Modelling of the Integrated Beta-Decay Spectrum.......................... 10 2.5.1 Final State Distribution...................................... 10 2.5.2 Doppler Effect........................................... 11 2.5.3 Response Function......................................... 12 2.5.4 Model of the Rate Expectation................................. 13 3 Basic Principles of Data Analysis 15 3.1 Maximum Likelihood Analysis...................................... 15 3.2 Interval Estimation............................................. 16 4 Tasks 18 4.1 Understanding the Model........................................ -
Required Sensitivity to Search the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay in 124Sn
Required sensitivity to search the neutrinoless double beta decay in 124Sn Manoj Kumar Singh,1;2∗ Lakhwinder Singh,1;2 Vivek Sharma,1;2 Manoj Kumar Singh,1 Abhishek Kumar,1 Akash Pandey,1 Venktesh Singh,1∗ Henry Tsz-King Wong2 1 Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India. 2 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. E-mail: ∗ [email protected] E-mail: ∗ [email protected] Abstract. The INdias TIN (TIN.TIN) detector is under development in the search for neutrinoless double-β decay (0νββ) using 90% enriched 124Sn isotope as the target mass. This detector will be housed in the upcoming underground facility of the India based Neutrino Observatory. We present the most important experimental parameters that would be used in the study of required sensitivity for the TIN.TIN experiment to probe the neutrino mass hierarchy. The sensitivity of the TIN.TIN detector in the presence of sole two neutrino double-β decay (2νββ) decay background is studied at various energy resolutions. The most optimistic and pessimistic scenario to probe the neutrino mass hierarchy at 3σ sensitivity level and 90% C.L. is also discussed. Keywords: Double Beta Decay, Nuclear Matrix Element, Neutrino Mass Hierarchy. arXiv:1802.04484v2 [hep-ph] 25 Oct 2018 PACS numbers: 12.60.Fr, 11.15.Ex, 23.40-s, 14.60.Pq Required sensitivity to search the neutrinoless double beta decay in 124Sn 2 1. Introduction Neutrinoless double-β decay (0νββ) is an interesting venue to look for the most important question whether neutrinos have Majorana or Dirac nature. -
Search for Neutrinos from TANAMI Observed AGN Using Fermi
Search for neutrinos from TANAMI observed AGN using Fermi lightcurves with ANTARES Suche nach Neutrinos von TANAMI-AGN unter Verwendung von Fermi-Lichtkurven mit ANTARES Der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrads Dr. rer. nat. vorgelegt von Kerstin Fehn Als Dissertation genehmigt von der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 24.03.2015 Vorsitzender des Promotionsorgans: Prof. Dr. Jörn Wilms Gutachter/in: Prof. Dr. Gisela Anton Prof. Dr. Ulrich Katz ν Abstract Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are promising candidates for hadronic acceleration. The combination of radio, gamma ray and neutrino data should give information on their properties, especially concerning the sources of the high-energetic cosmic rays. Assuming a temporal correlation of gamma and neutrino emission in AGN the background of neutrino telescopes can be reduced using gamma ray lightcurves. Thereby the sensitivity for discovering cosmic neutrino sources is enhanced. In the present work a stacked search for a group of AGN with the ANTARES neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean is presented. The selection of AGN is based on the source sample of TANAMI, a multiwavelength observation program (radio to gamma rays) of extragalactic jets southerly of −30◦ declination. In the analysis lightcurves of the gamma satellite Fermi are used. In an unbinned maximum likelihood approach the test statistic in the background only case and in the signal and background case is determined. For the investigated 10% of data of ANTARES within the measurement time between 01.09.2008 and 30.07.2012 no significant excess is observed. -
Dissertation Imaging Single Barium Atoms in Solid Xenon for Barium
Dissertation Imaging Single Barium Atoms in Solid Xenon for Barium Tagging in the nEXO Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Experiment Submitted by Timothy Walton Department of Physics In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Spring 2016 Doctoral Committee: Advisor: William M. Fairbank, Jr. Bruce Berger Alan Van Orden Robert Wilson Copyright by Timothy Walton 2016 All Rights Reserved Abstract Imaging Single Barium Atoms in Solid Xenon for Barium Tagging in the nEXO Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Experiment The nEXO experiment will search for neutrinoless double beta decay of the isotope 136Xe in a ton-scale liquid xenon time projection chamber, in order to probe the Majorana nature of neutrinos. Detecting the daughter 136Ba of double beta decay events, called barium tagging, is a technique under investigation which would provide a veto for a background-free measurement. This would involve detecting a single barium ion from within a macroscopic volume of liquid xenon. One proposed barium tagging method is to trap the barium ion in solid xenon at the end of a cold probe, and then detect it by its fluorescence in the solid xenon. In this thesis, new studies on the spectroscopy of deposits of Ba and Ba+ in solid xenon are presented. Imaging of barium atoms in solid xenon is demonstrated with sensitivity down to the single atom level. Achievement of this level of sensitivity is a major step toward barium tagging by this method. ii Acknowledgements I thank my adviser William M. Fairbank, Jr. with inadequate words for his inspiring courage, foresight, and intuition as a physicist. -
The R-Process Nucleosynthesis and Related Challenges
EPJ Web of Conferences 165, 01025 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201716501025 NPA8 2017 The r-process nucleosynthesis and related challenges Stephane Goriely1,, Andreas Bauswein2, Hans-Thomas Janka3, Oliver Just4, and Else Pllumbi3 1Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 226, 1050 Brussels, Belgium 2Heidelberger Institut fr¨ Theoretische Studien, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany 3Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Postfach 1317, 85741 Garching, Germany 4Astrophysical Big Bang Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan Abstract. The rapid neutron-capture process, or r-process, is known to be of fundamental importance for explaining the origin of approximately half of the A > 60 stable nuclei observed in nature. Recently, special attention has been paid to neutron star (NS) mergers following the confirmation by hydrodynamic simulations that a non-negligible amount of matter can be ejected and by nucleosynthesis calculations combined with the predicted astrophysical event rate that such a site can account for the majority of r-material in our Galaxy. We show here that the combined contribution of both the dynamical (prompt) ejecta expelled during binary NS or NS-black hole (BH) mergers and the neutrino and viscously driven outflows generated during the post-merger remnant evolution of relic BH-torus systems can lead to the production of r-process elements from mass number A > 90 up to actinides. The corresponding abundance distribution is found to reproduce the∼ solar distribution extremely well. It can also account for the elemental distributions observed in low-metallicity stars. However, major uncertainties still affect our under- standing of the composition of the ejected matter. -
Status and Perspectives of the Neutron Time-Of-Flight Facility N TOF at CERN
Status and perspectives of the neutron time-of-flight facility n_TOF at CERN E. Chiaveri on behalf of the n_TOF Collaboration ([email protected]) Since the start of its operation in 2001, based on an idea of Prof. Carlo Rubbia[1], the neutron time-of-flight facility of CERN, n_TOF, has become one of the most forefront neutron facilities in the world for wide-energy spectrum neutron cross section measurements. Thanks to the combination of excellent neutron energy resolution and high instantaneous neutron flux available in the two experimental areas, the second of which has been constructed in 2014, n_TOF is providing a wealth of new data on neutron-induced reactions of interest for nuclear astrophysics, advanced nuclear technologies and medical applications. The unique features of the facility will continue to be exploited in the future, to perform challenging new measurements addressing the still open issues and long-standing quests in the field of neutron physics. In this document the main characteristics of the n_TOF facility and their relevance for neutron studies in the different areas of research will be outlined, addressing the possible future contribution of n_TOF in the fields of nuclear astrophysics, nuclear technologies and medical applications. In addition, the future perspectives of the facility will be described including the upgrade of the spallation target. 1 Introduction Neutron-induced reactions play a fundamental role for a number of research fields, from the origin of chemical elements in stars, to basic nuclear physics, to applications in advanced nuclear technology for energy, dosimetry, medicine and space science [1]. Thanks to the time-of-flight technique coupled with the characteristics of the CERN n_TOF beam-lines and neutron source, reaction cross-sections can be measured with a very high energy-resolution and in a broad neutron energy range from thermal up to GeV. -
Henry Primakoff Lecture: Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay
Henry Primakoff Lecture: Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay CENPA J.F. Wilkerson Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics University of Washington April APS Meeting 2007 Renewed Impetus for 0νββ The recent discoveries of atmospheric, solar, and reactor neutrino oscillations and the corresponding realization that neutrinos are not massless particles, provides compelling arguments for performing neutrinoless double-beta decay (0νββ) experiments with increased sensitivity. 0νββ decay probes fundamental questions: • Tests one of nature's fundamental symmetries, Lepton number conservation. • The only practical technique able to determine if neutrinos might be their own anti-particles — Majorana particles. • If 0νββ is observed: • Provides a promising laboratory method for determining the overall absolute neutrino mass scale that is complementary to other measurement techniques. • Measurements in a series of different isotopes potentially can reveal the underlying interaction process(es). J.F. Wilkerson Primakoff Lecture: Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay April APS Meeting 2007 Double-Beta Decay In a number of even-even nuclei, β-decay is energetically forbidden, while double-beta decay, from a nucleus of (A,Z) to (A,Z+2), is energetically allowed. A, Z-1 A, Z+1 0+ A, Z+3 A, Z ββ 0+ A, Z+2 J.F. Wilkerson Primakoff Lecture: Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay April APS Meeting 2007 Double-Beta Decay In a number of even-even nuclei, β-decay is energetically forbidden, while double-beta decay, from a nucleus of (A,Z) to (A,Z+2), is energetically allowed. 2- 76As 0+ 76 Ge 0+ ββ 2+ Q=2039 keV 0+ 76Se 48Ca, 76Ge, 82Se, 96Zr 100Mo, 116Cd 128Te, 130Te, 136Xe, 150Nd J.F. -
A Measurement of the 2 Neutrino Double Beta Decay Rate of 130Te in the CUORICINO Experiment by Laura Katherine Kogler
A measurement of the 2 neutrino double beta decay rate of 130Te in the CUORICINO experiment by Laura Katherine Kogler A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Stuart J. Freedman, Chair Professor Yury G. Kolomensky Professor Eric B. Norman Fall 2011 A measurement of the 2 neutrino double beta decay rate of 130Te in the CUORICINO experiment Copyright 2011 by Laura Katherine Kogler 1 Abstract A measurement of the 2 neutrino double beta decay rate of 130Te in the CUORICINO experiment by Laura Katherine Kogler Doctor of Philosophy in Physics University of California, Berkeley Professor Stuart J. Freedman, Chair CUORICINO was a cryogenic bolometer experiment designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay and other rare processes, including double beta decay with two neutrinos (2νββ). The experiment was located at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and ran for a period of about 5 years, from 2003 to 2008. The detector consisted of an array of 62 TeO2 crystals arranged in a tower and operated at a temperature of ∼10 mK. Events depositing energy in the detectors, such as radioactive decays or impinging particles, produced thermal pulses in the crystals which were read out using sensitive thermistors. The experiment included 4 enriched crystals, 2 enriched with 130Te and 2 with 128Te, in order to aid in the measurement of the 2νββ rate. The enriched crystals contained a total of ∼350 g 130Te. The 128-enriched (130-depleted) crystals were used as background monitors, so that the shared backgrounds could be subtracted from the energy spectrum of the 130- enriched crystals. -
THE BOREXINO IMPACT in the GLOBAL ANALYSIS of NEUTRINO DATA Settore Scientifico Disciplinare FIS/04
UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO DIPARTIMENTO DI FISICA SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO IN FISICA, ASTROFISICA E FISICA APPLICATA CICLO XXIV THE BOREXINO IMPACT IN THE GLOBAL ANALYSIS OF NEUTRINO DATA Settore Scientifico Disciplinare FIS/04 Tesi di Dottorato di: Alessandra Carlotta Re Tutore: Prof.ssa Emanuela Meroni Coordinatore: Prof. Marco Bersanelli Anno Accademico 2010-2011 Contents Introduction1 1 Neutrino Physics3 1.1 Neutrinos in the Standard Model . .4 1.2 Massive neutrinos . .7 1.3 Solar Neutrinos . .8 1.3.1 pp chain . .9 1.3.2 CNO chain . 13 1.3.3 The Standard Solar Model . 13 1.4 Other sources of neutrinos . 17 1.5 Neutrino Oscillation . 18 1.5.1 Vacuum oscillations . 20 1.5.2 Matter-enhanced oscillations . 22 1.5.3 The MSW effect for solar neutrinos . 26 1.6 Solar neutrino experiments . 28 1.7 Reactor neutrino experiments . 33 1.8 The global analysis of neutrino data . 34 2 The Borexino experiment 37 2.1 The LNGS underground laboratory . 38 2.2 The detector design . 40 2.3 Signal processing and Data Acquisition System . 44 2.4 Calibration and monitoring . 45 2.5 Neutrino detection in Borexino . 47 2.5.1 Neutrino scattering cross-section . 48 2.6 7Be solar neutrino . 48 2.6.1 Seasonal variations . 50 2.7 Radioactive backgrounds in Borexino . 51 I CONTENTS 2.7.1 External backgrounds . 53 2.7.2 Internal backgrounds . 54 2.8 Physics goals and achieved results . 57 2.8.1 7Be solar neutrino flux measurement . 57 2.8.2 The day-night asymmetry measurement . 58 2.8.3 8B neutrino flux measurement .