Unit 5 Library and Information Storage and Retrieval Software

Application Software

UNIT 5 LIBRARY AND INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SOFTWARE

Structure 5.0 Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Microcomputer Software Packages 5.2.1 Software Availability 5.2.2 CDS/ISIS Software (Micro Version) 5.2.3 INMAGIC Plus 5.2.4 CAIRS LMS 5.2.5 TECLIB Pius 5.2.6 Softlink Library Automation Software Package 5.3 Summary 5.4 Answers to Self Check Exercises 5.5 Key Weds 5.6 References and Further Reading 5.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit, you will be able to: • understand the special features concerning Library and Information Storage aid Retrieval Software; • discuss the significant characteristics of some select software packages designed for the purpose; and • identify and select the most appropriate software package to meet your specific Leeds. 5.1 INTRODUCTION

IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) was one of the earliest to invest money to develop software packages intended for Information Storage and Retrieval. The well known package STAIRS (an acronym for Storage and Information Retrieval System) was developed to be used on IBM machines, that too mainframe series. STAIRS was a machine dependent program which was commercially made available for any one who could afford its cost. This package has been used by some organisations to manage bibliographic databases. It was a powerful text-retrieval system which enabled string searching from any part of the record. Following the introduction of STAIRS, similar programs soon became available on mainframes as well as minicomputers. Packages like ISIS, MINISIS came into existence. But most of these packages were hardware dependent, and therefore could not be used on a wider scale due to lack of portability. Hence, need was felt to develop software packages which could be used for library and information storage and retrieval operations on a wider range of computers, especially microcomputer systems. Several attempts were made in this direction by commercial firms and international organisations like UNESCO, resulting in the proliferation of a number of microcomputer oriented software packages. Many of such packages are being commercially marketed, while a few packages like CDS/ISIS are supplied almost free of cost to educational and non- profit making institutions, particularly in India. Today, there are a number of microcomputer oriented software packages intended for automating library, routines and information retrieval operations. In recent years, the movement towards integrated modular software, which means that the librarian can spread the cost and effort of implementation without the risk of software incompatibility, has become common. There are packages such as 'Bookshelf' which contain programs for individual operations like acquisitions, cataloguing, serials control, etc. Each of these modules can be purchased separately, if necessary, and one can use the same set of records without the need to re-enter data each time. Some of the significant software packages are discussed and explained in this Unit. The 14 information furnished is only indicative and not exhaustive. It provides a broad perspective

Library and Information relating to some of the packages available for automating library operations and information Storage and Retrieval Software storage and retrieval. Indigenous packages are discussed in a separate Unit (Unit-6).

5.2 MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE PACKAGES

There are a number of possibilities for using microcomputers in libraries and centres. What the microcomputer can accomplish is limited by two main factors first one is the librarian's imaginative outlook and his perception regarding the potentialities of this gadget and the second one is the availability of suitable hardware and software. The point to be emphasised here is that the librarian need not be satisfied at the automation of mere library routines. He may try to examine and think of areas, where the application of microcomputer leads to improved performance. Some of the areas, where microcomputer might be used with advantage are: i) compilation and maintenance of reference and fact files; ii) compilation of current and retrospective bibliographies (both on demand and on a regular basis); iii) compilation of catalogues; iv) preparation of indexes to journal articles for special collection of material; v) online searching from commercially available databases; vi) provision of SDI services and many other services to the users. It is essential to consider some important factors related to library and information storage and retrieval operations in order to make effective use of such software. Some of the factors are: i) How large a record can the software program can handle? ii) The maximum number of records in a file. That is to say the upper limit to the number of records that the software can manipulate at one time; iii) Search facility will be the most vital part of any ISAR system; iv) Whether the software can handle only fixed field or can it also process variable fields? v) Rapid access to stored data in the file is yet another important feature to be looked into, For example, inverted file techniques provide access to the file by a field other than key fields. This facility has a great impact on the response time. 5.2.1 Software Availability In the present day context, software suppliers have realised the potential demand and also the special requirements of library and information profession and are now offering software packages for the entire range of library routines from acquisitions to user education including bibliographic information retrieval. One of the significant developments has been the movement towards integrated modular software, which means that the librarian can spread the cost and effort of implementation without the risk of software incompatibility. Some of the most significant commercially available packages have been discussed in the following sections of this Unit. The packages discussed here are given purely for the sake of example. Fuller details and other examples can be found in the directories, many of which are available in the market today. The basic objective is to expose you to some of the available software packages. 5.2.2 CDS/ISIS Software (Micro Version) Micro CDS/ISIS is an advanced non-numerical information storage and retrieval software package. It was developed by UNESCO in 1985 to meet the requirements of many institutions, specially in developing countries. It is meant to facilitate streamlining of the information processing activities in developing countries with the help of relatively inexpensive modem technologies. This software was originally, based on the mainframe version of CDS/ISIS started in the late '60s. Main Features The main features of CDS/ISIS software may briefly be summarised as follows: 15

Application Software • the handling of variable length records, fields and sub-fields, thus saving disk space and making it possible to store greater amounts of bibliographic information. • it comprises a database definition component which allows the user to define the data to be processed for a specific application; • it has a data entry component which facilitates entering and modifying data through user-created database specific worksheets; • possesses an information retrieval component with a powerful search language providing for field level and proximity search operators, in addition to Boolean search techniques along with facilities for free-text searching; • it has a powerful report generator facility allowing the user to create desired printed products such as catalogues, indexes, etc., according to required formats of the users. • it has a data interchange facility based on the ISO 2709, which is used as standard format by, leading database producers; • it has an integrated application programming language (CDS/ISIS Pascal) which allows the user to tailor the software 10 specific needs; • it functions helping the user to build pseudo-relational databases; • the package .also contains an interface between the micro CDS/ISIS and the IDAMS software for statistical analysis. Since tie beginning CDS/ISIS has been created as a multi-lingual software, providing integrated facilities tie le development of different linguistic versions. UNESCO supplies the package in English ,French, end Spanish versions. Historic Perspective Unesco developed version 1.0 of the software package in 1985. It was designed to run on IBM PC/X with 256K RAM and hard disk capacity. Six different programs were required to execute the various functions. Version 1.0 was limited to databases containing 32,000 records. In the year 1989, version 2.0 of CDS/ISIS was developed by Unesco with integration of all programs into one and the additional advantage of extending the capacity of the database to 16,000,000 records. The special feature of this version is the introduction of the CDS/ISIS Pascal pr ramming language interface. The CD-ROM version of the CDS/ISIS also came out in 1989. In 1993,version 3.0 which supports Local Area Network (LAN) was developed. Also, in 1993 the development of UNIX version of CDS/ISIS became available. In 1997, Version of 1.0 of CDS/ISIS for Windows was developed. It may be stetted that at present Unesco maintains three fully compatible versions of the software for different hardware/software platforms, which have been developed by Unesco in response to user reeds ail or to the technological developments which have taken place during remit years. The three versions are. • the MS-DOS Version, which supports the local area networks as version 3.0, • the UNIX Version, initially developed to provide multi-user remote access especially through tat Internet and, • the Windows Version. Hardware and Software Requirements

The present versions of CDS/ISIS require the following minimum hardware and software:

i) MS-DOS Version: an IBM PC or Compatible microcomputer with a minimum of 640 K RAM, 2 MB hard disk and a 3 1/2 inch high density D) diskette unit, 16

Library and Information ii) UNIX Version : An Intel 386/486 processor, a 31 /2 HD diskette unit, operating Storage and Retrieval Software System V, release 3 or higher (or SCO), VT 100 or compatible terminals and peripherals like printer, iii) Windows Version : An Intel Pentium processor, at 16 NIB RAM, 10 MB hard disk space and a 3 1/2 inch HD diskette unit, Windows 3X or Windows 95 operating system. As a result of a strategic development policy enunciated by Unesco, it was decided to completely rewrite the CDS/ISIS software in C++ in order to provide a common standardised language for all its versions. This effort resulted in reducing maintenance costs of different versions of CDS/ISIS. Also, this helps in the adoption of a multi- platform software development system in order to increase the level of portability to different hardware as well as operating systems. In other words the present change results in the portability level being increased to cover a range of hardware from stand alone PC's to powerful mini-computers. This obviously leads to the implementation of a Client Server architecture using market standard interfaces. Micro CDS/ISIS Application In libraries there are a number of repetitive operations. I f one Miens the procedures for ordering, receiving, processing and circulating a book, one can observe that the same basic .information such as author, title, date of publication, etc. is used in acquisition forms, catalogue cards, circulation lists, etc. This leads to duplication of effort. Micro- computer-based database management programs like CDS/ISIS are being used to obviate this type of duplication in library work. This can be done by entering different pieces of information such as author, etc., into the database management programs like CDS/ISIS and then manipulating it to produce various types of outputs. This section discusses, how micro CDS/ISIS is used in developing a micro CDS/ISIS application. In developing a CDS/ISIS application the following tasks must be performed: a) application design b) database definition c) data entry and indexing d) searching a) Application Design

Micro CDS/ISIS is a text oriented software package. It is a good , ho ice if one wishes to store textual data, retrieve the data by certain criteria, and display or print the data in a convenient user defined format. A machine-readable library catalogue is c of its typical applications. All the data describing a book or any other document is stored the form of a record and all such records are stored in the form of master file. In the same manner, we can store data pertaining to any entity such as plants, persons, institutions. etc. The machine-readable master file is known as a database. While designing a database, the data elements and their corresponding characteristics must be specified. In a bibliographical database, one can specify data elements such as i) author names ii) titles iii) publication data iv) subject descriptors, etc. It is also necessary to specify which of the fields can occur in a particular database. The specification includes i) a numerical identifier called tag ii) a descriptive name iii) the maximum length (field length) iv) an indicator for repeatability of a field CDS/ISIS requires the fields into which a record is to be divided. It also requires specification of maximum length for a field, although that could be modified later. CDS/ISIS package is 17

Application Software designed to handle fields and records of varying length with a maximum record length of 4096 characters. Deciding on the field and sub-field structure of a database is a highly responsible task. One must think not only of the precise data entry and the correct printing displaying capabilities, but also of the feasibility of the record and field structure for different types of searches. b) Database Definition There are four basic steps involved in defining a database. They are: i) Creating a Field Definition Table (FDT) : The possible content of data records should be determined in a Field Definition Table (FDT). This table is set up by using The Line Editor of micro CDS/ISIS. Tag number, name, maximum length, repeatability end possible sub-field identifiers are to be specified for each field. ii) Creating a Data Entry Worksheet: The default data entry worksheet is to be compiled, Worksheet editor facilitates this job. Separate worksheets can be compiled to suit different requirements using the facilities of worksheet editor. iii) Defining the Display/Print Formats : A default display/print format has to be specified. The output sequence and layout of the fields are to be described with the help of Print Formatting Language. This language is used throughout the system to specify field manipulations. Separate display formats can be specified as per the requirement. iv) Creating the Field Selection Table (FST) : Entering of data and creating indexes for searching is a very important feature associated with any information storage and retrieval software package. User-friendliness, reliability and data validation are the major aspects to be considered in this context. Worksheet should be defined by the system manager before any data is entered into the file. After the worksheet is created then data entry is accomplished with the help of data entry menu. Entering and editing aspects of fields is controlled by the Field Editor. It provides the following features: i) insert and over write mode ii) moving cursor within a field iii) text deletion to the end of the field iv) cut and paste facilities Moving hack and forth among fields and pages of worksheet can be done on the fly. If the field is found to be erroneous, error messages and audio signals are issued by the program. Also multiple values of a field can be entered continuously if these are separated by a (%) sign. c) Indexing The CDS/ISIS package indexes all fields selected for indexing into a single file. This file is known as `inverted file'. There are indexing techniques for building index elements from lines, phrases enclosed in triangular brackets (< >) or slashes (/ 1) and from each word in the field. Non-significant words may be ignored by defining them in a stop work file. Once the new records are entered into the database, the inverted file must be updated so as to enable new records to be retrieved in searches. The CDS/ISIS allows you to select appropriate time for updating the inverted file. d) Searching the Database Searching the database and printing the results of a search are important features associated with CDS/ISIS package. The query formulation strategy provided in the package uses basically Boolean logic which is enriched by proximity operators. The software allows searching only on indexed fields (through FST). Searches may be stored and recalled again for display. sorting, writing to disk or printing. Saved search expressions may also be combined by using Boolean operators to further refine the searches. The search results may be output in a variety of formats by using the 18 formatting language,

Library and Information In addition to the main features discussed in the foregoing sections, the `micro Storage and Retrieval Software CDS/ISIS package provides data exchange facilities. In other words, the software package is able to accept and to produce data files applying the ISO 2709 standard format. This facility allows moving of databases from one information management system to another.

Distribution of the Package

In the last 12 years of its existence CDS/ISIS software has become one of the most popular packages of its kind. It is estimated that there are about 20,000 users of this package distributed all over the world. Although, Unesco distributes directly many copies of the package from Paris, the policy is to promote the establishment of distribution centres in as many countries as possible, provided the number of users is significant so as to reduce the financial burden on Unesco. There are 138 officially appointed distributors around the World of which 72 are national members of Unesco. The conditions for the use of CDS/ISIS are specified in the form of a license Agreement signed between UNESCO (or the official distributor) and the receiving institution. The package is distributed free of charge or at cost price) for non-profit making organisations. The basic information relating to CDS/ISIS package may be. found, from the Internet CDS/ISIS Home Page.

DELPHI-ISIS: A front-end for CDS/ISIS Database under Windows 95fNT.

Recently in Information Studies Vol.4, No. 4, Oct 1998, a new front-end user interface for CDS/ISIS databases under Windows 95/NT has been reported. The interface attempts to provide solutions to some of the problems faced by users with the standard DOS version of CDS/ISIS.

DELPHI-ISIS is a graphical user interface (GUI)- based 32 bit application and uses Borland's Rapid Application Development (RAD) tools. Using the Single Document Interface model (SDI) it brings together in a single Window the entire search, browse, display, sorting, printing and downloading functions. User gets concurrent access to search history, retrieved records, dictionary of search terms and ANY terms. User can customise search output, and search two or more databases concurrently. DELPHI-ISIS comes on a single diskette with an install feature making it easy for users to install the software and configure it for their machines. The full software can be had on payment of the cost from Shell L.J. Haravu, 69 Krishnapuri Colony, Hyderabad. Self Check Exercise l) Briefly explain the main features of CDS/ISIS Software Package. 2) What are the three different version of CDS/ISIS? 3) Explain the four basis steps involved in defining a database as the procedures discussed in CDS/ISIS. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below ii) Check your answer with the answers given at the end of this Unit. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 19

Application Software 5.2.3 INMAGIC Plus INMAGIC Plus is a microcomputer- based software package designed to build, maintain and use textual databases including bibliographic databases. As a generalised text retrieval package with customers such as libraries, etc. INMAGIC Plus offers a great flexibility to the user in setting up and maintaining textual databases. It is an upgraded program for the older INMAGIC (release 7.2). It may be mentioned that INMAGIC Plus is not a typical automated library system. It has been designed as a general tool for text management with additional capabilities built into it for a library. Using INMAGIC a customer can establish multiple databases using a database design tool to create data structure. The data structure establishes what fields are found in each record within. In addition, the library can control access to the different databases using passwords. The data is stored in a separate file. Records can be imported into the database or they can be manually entered one by one. The software allows a library to build in consistency and validity checking to ensure that a high quality database is created and maintained. INMAGIC is a screen based system. Screens are designed such that the bottom of every screen presents the menu options. The menu options are: Open database, define, utilities, help and quit The user can move to any option by pressing the first letter of the Word or by using the arrow keys. Messages on the bottom line reveal what action will result when the highlighted option is selected,

Hardware Requirements INMAGIC Plus software package requires the following computer configuration: i) Micro : IBM PC or compatible with a minimum 640 K RAM. ii) Operating System : PC/MS-DOS 3.0+ iii) Language C, FORTRAN iv) LANs Supported : Novell and other DOS-based LANs Data storage

In INMAGIC Pius does not limit the size of a field or record. Records may be repeated. The Library can define as to what fields are used to create what indexes and how many indexes are necessary for each record. Thus, the library has flexibility to decide how and what data is to be stored.

MARC records can be imported into INMAGIC Plus for libraries. It may however be noted that these records can neither be stored nor can they be output. Thus, fixed fields, indicators and sub-field information are not preserved within INMAGIC Plus.

Search Facilities

In INMAGIC Plus, the search screen is simple to use. It has five search options presented to the user. They are: subject, date, title, abstract, and names. The cursor is placed immediately to tile right of the first prompt. After the search request is entered, the system identifies the number of records found. The user must then request the display of these records on the screen. If in case too many records are retrieved, the search can be modified. If no record format is specified by the user, INMAGIC Plus displays the complete record with the different elements labeled.

The search argument is highlighted in-the display of the record. The user can specify Boolean AND, OR, and NOT, search terms, but must enter the characters" -" for the Boolean AND, OR, and NOT, respectively. Truncation and proximity searching are available when a search is entered or later modified. Searches can be modified by datas including a range. 20

Library and Information Left to right or character by character, phrase and key word searching is possible in this Storage and Retrieval Software system. Also, search results can be stored, saved, and recalled' for a later use. A command option is also available in INMAGIC, which allows the user to search without employing prompts. The command syntax used for this purpose is very simple. Using INMAGIC Plus, it is also possible to browse through a list of index entries in case a precise search statement is not known. It also provides a number of pre-defined reports. These include book catalogues, research reports, bibliographies, etc. One of the strengths of INMAGIC Plus is its flexible Report Writer, which allows the user to specify the reports to be created and printed. Overall Assessment INMAGIC Plus for libraries is an easy to use generalised text management package. It has additional features provided to make it appealing to libraries. The strength of the package lies in its flexible nature enabling the users of the package to avoid a number of repetitive activities. The package is provided with an excellent documentation which makes it user friendly. However, some libraries may find it lacking some of the automatic features generally associated with such software packages such as recalls, reserves, and other loan management facilities. A number of users are using this software package around the world. 5.2.4 CARS-LMS In earlier two sections (5.2,2 and 5.2.3) you have been exposed to two software packages namely CDS/ISIS and INMAGIC Plus. In this section let us try to learn about a different software package, which is commonly used in some of the libraries abroad. The package is known as CAIRS/LMS or CAIRS Library Management System. CAIRS has been developed by. Leatherhead Food Research Association (LFRA), U.K. It differs from other packages in two important aspects. Firstly, CAMS has been developed by information scientists who continue to depend upon it to run an information service and a series of databases at the Leatherhead Food Research Association. Ls other words, CAMS staff bring an Understanding of library operations which is not the case with other packages. Secondly, CAIRS staff are committed to developing the software for their wider business, and are very responsive to the suggestions made by their customers to improve the product. CAIRS may be considered as an ideal package for any information centre or a library looking for a totally integrated solution to its library housekeeping and information retrieval requirements. It provides the advantages of the more conventional relational database for immediate transaction processing. CAMS includes one of the most powerful indexing and retrieval environments available in any software package. The package also offers solutions to cataloguing requirements where bibliographic abstract and added keyword indexing are used. Readymade modules are available for acquisitions, cataloguing, borrowers, suppliers, issues/returns and renewals. It has facilities for serials holdings and interlibrary loans. CAIRS also provides facilities for user defined catalogue structure. Standard features in all the modules include command and menu driven modes.. The package has novice and expert searching capabilities, full data entry and editing facilities, free text and keyword indexing, interactive error reporting, free format control, current awareness services, SDI bulletin generation, accounting aids and statistical management aspects. In conclusion, it may be said that CAIRS appears to offer a great deal of flexibility. The package is under constant revision and development and a good relationship between the supplier and the User Group exists. All these aspects attract library professionals towards use of CAMS. 5.2.5 TECHLIB Plus This is yet another comprehensive package based on BASIS plus, one of the world's leading Document DBMS and Text Retrieval Systems. It is designed to streamline and facilitate all day to day operations of a fully electronic library. 21

Application Software The package provides facilities for patron access, catalogue maintenance, circulation, serials management, acquisitions processing and MARC cataloguing. One of the most significant features of this package is that image references can be stored directly on the databases created through TECHLIB Plus. In other words, users can access images and information stored In databases developed using BASIS Plus DBMS and Text Retrieval System. The package also provides direct access to information contained in Current Contents. TECHLIB Plus is flexible and is simple to customise. It conforms to your library's unique profile and then maintains that profile in new releases of the software. It is built to accommodate continued growth and diversion both in document collection and computing requirements. TECHLIB Plus is a proprietary item of Information Dimensions Inc., USA and is marketed in India by the National Informatics Centre, New Delhi. Further information relating to this package can be obtained from NIC. 5.2.6 Softlink Library Automation Software Package This is an international software package which is marketed through a number of agencies. In our country (India), SoftLink Library Automation Package is marketed by Softlink Asia Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Recently, the company has taken a decision to call this software with two names OASIS for DOS version of the package and Alice for Windows version all over the world to maintain consistency in nomenclature. The softlink library automation package is available to all the customers in four distinct versions. These are: • The public library version • The special library version • The academic library version • The school library version. It is .a modular package and has a number of salient features. Some of these are: • It enables a library to purchase only those modules which suit its immediate requirements; • It facilitates a library to undertake its automation activities in stages; • The package allows the automated library to expand its services; • The package has inbuilt capabilities to enable libraries to respond to the changing needs of their clientele. The modules of the software package have been categorised into: standard modules; advanced modules and special modules. Fol. the management of day to day functions in any library, it is necessary to have all the standard modules. These modules are: 1) Management, Reports and Utilities; 2) Circulation; 3) Inquiry (OPAC) On the other hand, the advanced modules facilitate the extension and the useability of the automated library. These modules comprise Acquisitions, Periodicals, Communications, Journal Indexing, and Remote Inquiry. Special modules are useful to libraries which have specialised needs. In this manner, there is a certain amount of flexibility and freedom to the libraries to acquire only such modules of the software, which are essential and of immediate use to them. Hardware Requirements The software operates on any IBM compatible microcomputer using MS or PC DOS, equipped with 4 MB of RAM and 150 MB hard disk. The software also operates across Local Area Networks (LANs) which support DOS record locking. This includes Novell's NetWare and NetWare Lite and many other, platforms. Both OASIS and Alice can also run on Windows NT. Training facilities and after sale support services are provided by the company for those who 22

Library and Information go in for this software package. Storage and Retrieval Software Self Check Exercise

4) What is INMAGIC Plus? Mention the hardware requirement necessary to install the package. 5) Discuss the salient aspects of CAIRS Library Management System . 6) Explain some important features of library Automation software package. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below ii) Check your answer with the answers given at the end of this Unit. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………….. 5.3 SUMMARY

In this Unit, an attempt has been made to expose you to some of the software packages which can be used for automating the library house keeping operations as well as to provide some computer-based information services in libraries. Out of a plethora of software packages available in the market, only a few (five) have been discussed in this Unit. The packages listed here are given purely for the sake of example and are with no recommendation. Fuller details of these packages and other examples can be found in the directories. The increasing availability and use of packages for all tasks means that,users must be able to evaluate the most appropriate software for their needs. The infonnation presented and discussed in this Unit will be helpful to you to understand the nature of software packages and in choosing an appropriate package which will satisfy the specific requirements of your library.

5.4 ANSWERS TO. SELF CHECK EXERCISES

1) The following are the main features of CDS/lSlS Software Package:

a) the software package has the capability of handling variable length records which enables saving of disk space resulting in the storage of greater amounts of bibliographic information;

b) the package contains a database definition component that allows the user to define the data to be processed for a specific application;

c) it has a data entry component which facilitates data entry and modification through user-created database worksheets;

d) the package contains an information retrieval component with a powerful search language along with Boolean search techniques and other facilities for free-text searching; 23

Application Software e) it possesses a powerful report generator enabling the user to create printed products such as indexes, etc. f) a has a data interchange facility based on ISO 2709, which is used as standard format for bibliographic databases. g) the package contains an integrated application programming language (CDS/ ISIS Pascal) which facilitates the user to tailor the software to his specific needs;

h) the package assists the user to build relational databases and also contains an interface between the micro CDS/ISIS and the IDAMS software for statistical analysis. 2) Presently, the CDS/ISIS is maintained by Unesco in three fully compatible versions for different hardware/software platforms. The three versions are: a) the MS DOS version, which supports the local area networks as version 3.0; b) the UNIX version, initially developed to provide multi-user remote access especially through Internet; and c) the Windows version. 3) Database creation is one of the important activities which can be carried out using CDS/ISIS Software. There are four basic steps involved in defining a database as per the procedure laid down in the software package. They are: i) Creating a Field Definition Table (FDT): The possible content of data records should be determined in a Field Definition Table (FLIT). This table is set up by using the Line Editor of micro CDS/ISIS. Tag number, name, maximum length, repeatability, and possible sub-field identifiers are to be specified for each field. ii) Creating a data entry Worksheet: The default data entry work-sheet is to be compiled. Worksheet editor facilitates this job. Separate worksheets can be compiled to suit different requirements using the facilities of worksheet editor. iii) Defining the Display/Print Formats: A default display/print format has to be specified. The output sequence and layout of the fields are to be described with the help of Print Formatting Language.This language is used throughout the system to specify field manipulation. Separate display formats can be specified as per the requirements. iv) Creating the Field Select Table (FST): Entering of data and creating indexes for searching is a very important feature associated with any information storage and retrieval software package. User-friendliness, reliability and data validation are the major aspects to be considered in this context. Worksheet should 'be defined by the system manager before any data is entered into the file. After the worksheet is created data entry is accomplished with the help of data entry menu. Entering and editing aspects of field is controlled by the Field Editor. 4) INMAGIC Plus is a microcomputer-based software package designed to build, maintain and use textual databases including bibliographic databases. As a generalised text retrieval package designed for libraries, the package offers a great flexibility to the user in setting up and maintaining textual databases. It may be stated here that INMAGIC is not a typical automated library system. It has been designed as a too for text management with additional capabilities built into it for managing library operations. INMAGIC Pius is a screen based system. Screens are designed in such a way that the bottom of evey screen presents the menu options. The menu options are: open database, define, utilities, help and quit. The user can, move to any option by pressing the first letter of the word by using the arrow keys. Messages on the bottom line reveal what action will result when the high-lighted option is selected. The package requires the following computer configuration for installation: i) IBM PC or any compatible microcomputer with a minimum of 640 K RAM; 24 ii) Operating System: PC/MS DOS 300+

Library and Information iii) Language: C, FORTRAN Storage and Retrieval Software iv) LAN Support: Novell and other DOS-based LANs.

5) CAIRS Library Management System has been. developed by Leatherhead Food Research Association (LFRA), U.K. It differs from other software packages in two important aspects. Firstly, CAIRS has been developed by information scientists, who continue to depend upon it to run an information service and a series of databases at the Leatherhad Food Research Association. This situation enables CAIRS staff to utilize their understanding of library operations to enhance the utility of the software and secondly, CAIRS staffs are committed to developing the software for their wider business and are very responsive to the suggestions made by their customers to improve the product. CAIRS may be considered a very ideal package for an institution (library or information centre) looking for a totally integrated solution to its library house keeping and information retrieval requirements. CAIRS includes one of the most powerful indexing and retrieval facilities available in any software package. It offers solutions to cataloguing requirements where bibliographic abstract and keyword indexing are used. Readymade modules are available for all the library routines including facilities for user defined catalogue structure.. Standard features in all the modules include command and menu driven modes. The package contains facilities which could be used both by novice as well as expert users. In other words, CAIRS has expert searching capabilities, full data entry and editing facilities, free text and keyword indexing, interactive error reporting, free format control, current awareness services, SDI bulletin generation, accounting aids and statistical management aspects. The package is under constant revision and development. All these aspects attract customers towards this software package.

6) Softlink Library Automation Software Package is an international software package. It is marketed in India by Softlink Asia Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Recently, the company has taken the decision to give this package two names OASIS for DOS version and Alice for Windows version. The software package is available for all customers in four distinct versions. They are: i) the Public Library Version ii) the Special Library Version iii) the Academic Library Version iv) the School Library Version Depending upon their requirements, libraries may obtain any of these distinct versions. i) It is a modular package and has a number of salient features. Some of which are: ii) it enables a library to purchase only those modules which suit its immediate needs; iii) it facilitates ,a library to undertake. its automation activities in a phased manner; iv) the package allows the automated library to expand its services; v) the software has inbuilt capabilities to respond to the changing needs of the clientele of the libraries. The modules of the software package have been categorised into: a) Standard modules b) Advanced modules c) Special modules. For the management of day-to-day functions in any library, it is necessary to have all the standard modules. These are: 1) Management, Report and Utilities; 2) Circulation 3) Inquiry (OPAQ 25

Application Software On the other hand, advanced modules facilitate the extension and usability of the automated library. These modules comprise: Acquisitions, Periodicals, Communications, Journal Indexing and Remote Inquiry. Special modules are used by libraries which have specialised needs and requirements. 5.5 KEY WORDS

Client-Server Architecture: This is one of the recent trends in DBMS design. It relates to the use of DBMS in conjunction with LAN. Within this approach a more logical split of the processing between the user's machine and the server is achieved. The database is stored on the server in a form which allows standardised requests for data to be put In effect the requests for data themselves are separated from the other activities, the latter bear carried out in user's machine. This cuts down the amount of traffic on LAN and allows the database to be stored once only and be available to other users.

DELPHI-ISIS: It is a graphical user interface (GUI) based on 32 bit application and uses Borland's Rapid Application (RAD) tools.

Integrated Software: A single software application that includes several productivity functions - typically a word processor, database, graphics, etc.

Kiosks: Kiosks are workstations which are specifically designed for public access. They may be stand alone or networked through a larger computer system.

LAN (Local Area Network): It is a data communications network used to link together a number of computers, terminals, printers, backing storage devices over a limited geographical area, typically upto 10 sq.km,

Library Management Systems (LMS): Library management systems are now established as an essential tool in the support of effective customer service, stock management and, in general, management of the services offered by libraries and other agencies engaged in the provision of access to collection of documents.

Menu-driven: Software systems that are menu-driven use layers of menus to help the user navigate through the various functions which the software has been designed to handle.

OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue): OPACs have been described as the shop window of a library. Significant recent innovations in OPACs are concerned with public access terminals in a Kiosk format, and links to the internee. These terminals are based on touch screens. Some software packages provide OPAC modules.

Utility: An operating system program that provides the user with a tool that helps in the management of computerised operations.

Utility Software: Software made available by computer equipment manufacturers so that certain basic functions may be performed. These functions are common to many applications. They include sorting, merging, file copying, etc.

User-friendly Software: It is a software easy to use', designed with the needs of the users in mind. The term UF may be applied to any system which appropriates natural interaction with the user. It seems fair and reasonable to define the friendliness of a system in terms of the degree to which it permits a relaxed, familiar environment to the user.

Window: An enclosed area on the screen which is an independent object for data processing purposes. Several windows can be open at the same time, enabling the user to easily switch from one task to another. 5 6 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

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Bawden, D. and Blakeman, K.H. (1990). IT Strategies for Information Management. London: Butterworths.

Burton, P.F. and Petrie, J.H. (1991). Information Management Technology. London: Chapman and Hau.

CAIRS Library Systems. INTERNET. httpl/www cairs.co uk/Library htm. 20th March, 1999.

Chaube, A, and Prasad, H.M. (1997). Disaster Management of CDS/ISIS: A Study of Stability and Integrity of the Database. Annals of Lib. Sci Doc. 44(3),93-97.

Cogliano, Betsy F. (1992). TECHLIB and TECHLIB plus in a Special Library. Library Software Review. Jan-Feb.

Datta, V.K. (1987). Use of CAIRS at the Tropical Development and Research Institute. Program, 21(4),360-375.

Kimberly, R. (ed.) (1990). Text Retrieval: Directory of Software. Aldershot: Gower. Marrable, D. (1989). Integrating Library House Keeping Systems. Aslib Information. 17(9),207-209.

Narayanan Kutty, N. (1999). CDS/ISIS Program for record duplication. In: Information Studies. 5(2),99-108.

Narayanan Kutty, N. (1999). Preparing Copy of CDS/ISIS Database. In: Information Studies. 5(2),95-98.

Perrow, David (1991). Implementing CAIRS-LMS in a Small Academic Library. Program. 25(3),207-221.

Rowley, Jennifer (1998). The Electronic Library, Fourth Edition of Computers for Libraries. London: Library Association Publishing.

Saxena, S.C. and Srivastava, R.K. (1998). Software Packages for Library Automation and Networking. In: Kaul, H.K., (eel). Library and Information Networking. Delhi: DELNET. pp.300-319.

Tedd, L. (1987). Computer-based' Library Systems: A Review of the Last 21 Years. .I Doc. 34(2),145-165.

Trenner, Lesley (1990). User-friendly Software. In: Perspectives in Information Management. London: Butterworths. Vol.2. pp.59-75.

(The) UNESCO micro CDS/ISIS Software. INTERNET CDS/ISIS Home Page: http.// www.unesco.orgn/web world/ISIS/ISIS ht.