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Design Institutions and the Transition to Democracy: a Comparative Case Study of Spain and Hungary

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Design Institutions and the Transition to Democracy: a Comparative Case Study of Spain and Hungary 1 Design Institutions and the Transition to Democracy: a Comparative Case Study of Spain and Hungary Guy Julier with Steve Hoffman, 1997 This paper was given by Guy Julier at the 'Design, Government Initiatives and Industry' Conference at Brighton University in November 1995. Steve Hoffman provided invaluable research from which this paper was developed. Studies of the historical development of (Ceaucescu's Christmas). Thirdly, in design design institutions which promote the cause terms, each country was dominated culturally of their trade inevitably have to consider the and institutionally by a major city-- Barcelona impact of political change on them. However, and Budapest. Fourthly, each of these cities whilst the British Design Council has established design centres long before the maintained a pivotal role in the establishment transition and which survived, largely with the of role models for other countries' same personalities intact these transitions. promotional institutions it has not undergone Fifthly, and finally, both of these countries the same degree of radical shift of political conspire to re-draw the economic and cultural background as many other countries. In maps of Europe away from the dominance of particular, I refer to the political shifts which the North-Western Europe of Germany, took place parts of the 'Latin' world during the Benelux and the South-East of Britain to late 1970s. and earlier 1980s, and the Eastern instate the Western Mediterranean and the Bloc during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Vienna-Budapest axis as important clusters of economic and cultural activity. This may be In these countries we are not just looking at a read in terms of the historiography of design shift from a state dictatorship to free liberal as well. democracy, but also from a planned and protected economy to a market-driven and Theoretical Framework more widely international economy. And within this, the role of the individual, the Fundamental differences between these group and their relationship to the state is countries begin to emerge as we get into redrawn. more detail but I should like to begin my exploration with an overarching theory culled The aim of this paper is to review and from the discipline of political science but compare the relationship that respective which extends to sociology, social philosophy design councils in Spain and Hungary had with and many other areas which consider the state before and during their transitions transition politics and society. to democracy. They make comparable case studies for five reasons. Firstly, Spain and Civil society has been the subject of increasing Hungary are both countries which underwent discussion amongst social and political a marked degree of economic, political and scientists since the early 80s and its interest social liberalisation starting at least 8 years has been given further impetus since the before their final fall of regimes. Secondly, break up of the Soviet bloc (see for instance their transitions were relatively gradual and Hann, 1990). Emerging from this has been a peaceful by comparison with such countries liberal conception of civil society as essential as Argentina (the Malvinas factor), the to the maintenance of democractic Phillipines (the Aquino factor), Poland governance. This interest has been more (Marshall Law and Solidarity) or Rumania explicitly re-examined in the last two decades. This has been sparked off not only the by the 2 Latin and East European, but also the the growth of political movements associated transitions which include Thatcherism in the with industrialisation and the establishment U.K. with its notions 'active citizenship'. In the of capitalism; secondly, in the mid-20c. large- party-state system of left- and right-wing scale formally organised movements are dictatorships, the boundaries between civil formed to exact greater economic influence; society and the state are not recognised or do thirdly, in the post-industrial late-20c. social not exist-- depending on your own personal movements emerge to represent specific political perspective. However, once the state concerns (Vass 1992: 19). ceases to extend into all aspects of civil life, society and the state begin to separate, but In Hungary, all of these three have happened also reproduce each other. This means that at the same time. This in turn, I would the individual becomes the point of reference suggest, allows for some interesting dynamics for the state rather than the other way round. between different levels of interest groups, Formerly the party-state extended its including design institutions, and the new influence to the individual via the democratic state. If they emerge at the same machinations of national-syndicates in the time, then political movements, economic workplace and the district party. Conversely, interest groups and social associations may as this system is dismantled the growth of overlap and/or exist in tension. More central independent civil interest groups as to this paper is the idea that since the interest interlocutor between the individual and the groups pre-date and mature more quickly state is witnessed. The civil interest group than the establishment of the democratic becomes an important point of reference and state, then they are seen as an important information for the state whilst at the same source of reference in terms ideas, time, they serve as funnel for the individual to perspectives and skills by the newly elected direct his/her interests at the state. This is a government. very broad theory from which we may begin our examination of design institutions within In his article, Vass clearly identifies Spain as a transitional politics; but none the less, I think precedent for such phenomena. Fellow it is a useful one. countryman István Szilágy puts this similarity as follows: Hungarian political scientist László Vass has put this in more empirical terms (Vass 1992: Despite the significant differences that exist 11). His study of special interest groups shows between Hungary and Spain, the neo- their rapid growth in numbers and corporatist approach to social agreements membership during his country's transition. In that prevailed in the Iberian peninsula can still 1988 the Hungarian socialist government be considered a fundamental pattern for the made its last major reform prior to its development of the governmental system in cessation in the following year. This entailed Hungary. The prime reason for this is that, the representation of autonomous interest over the past 15 years, Spain has become a bodies at the level of local government. successful laboratory for the various regional Significantly, then, independent social groups (autonomous communities) and functional preceded the formation of autonomous (economic-social agreements) mediating political parties. institutions. (quoted in Vass 1992: 2) In 1992 there existed 19,950 non-profit To put this comparison into practice I would associations and 8,180 public foundations in now like to look in more detail firstly at the Hungary. The former figure compares with specific historical development of the 8,514 in 1989 and just 6,570 in 1982. Klaus Barcelona Centre de Disseny and its Offe suggests that historically, and classically, relationship to the state and independent the growth of interest groups may be seen to political and economic interest groups from have three phases: firstly, in the 19c.we find its inception in 1973 to roughly 1983. I shall 3 then look at the pre-history and history of its to a women's Catholic cultural organisation parallel bodies in Budapest, the Hungarian CICF. Council for Industrial Design, founded in 1975 and the Hungarian Design Centre, founded in However, with the slow liberalisation of the 1977. I consider the reasons for the creation Francoist regime through the 1960s, designers of not just one governmentally related design more daringly sought independence from bodies and subsequently review their destiny state structures. Thus, Elisava's offshoot in democratic Hungary. I then go on to look school, Eina was founded in 1965 in a manner slightly wider at other similar non- to deliberate distance itself from any state governmentally related bodies. The more regulation: it was financed entirely from complex picture reveals certain interesting contributions from its founders and its own similarities with Spain, and indeed other fee system. Similarly, ADIFAD's hosting of the countries, but also stunning dissimilarities. 1972 ICSID conference was deliberately sited 'offshore' on the island of Ibiza: it was felt by The Barcelona Centre of Design its organisers that there were distinct advantages in staging it away from the core of Central to the Francoist political strategy of the peninsular state and in the more relaxed control and coercion was the notion of island atmosphere. National Syndicates to replace independent trade unions. This was into the Falangist The institutionalisation of design within the consitution in 1934 with the following words: framework of the Spanish state, as it then existed, was as undesireable as it was We conceive the economic organisation of impossible. If initiatives for design promotion Spain in terms of a gigantic union of were met with indifference and producers. We shall organise Spanish society obstructiveness on the part of the regime on a corporative basis by means of a system then independence also ensured a 'no strings of vertical syndicates, arranged in accordance attached' space to flex the internationalist, with the various branches of production in the regionalist as well as technological and service of the national economic integrity. cultural avant-gardist aspirations of the (quoted in Anderson 1970: 30) middle-class, Catalan intelligentsia. In this respect, Barcelona's designers In this climate, therefore, the Barcelona consistently and deliberately avoided such Centre of Design was founded in 1973. Unlike incorporation. All independent interest groups ADI-FAD which represented the more and associations had to register themselves culturalist motivations for designers, BCD's with the Civil Governor.
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