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Change in National Identification a Study of the Catalan Case

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Change in National Identification a Study of the Catalan Case Change in National Identification A study of the Catalan case María José Hierro Hernández TESIS DOCTORAL Universidad Autónoma de Madrid / 2012 DIRECTOR DE LA TESIS Dr. José Ramón Montero Gibert Departamento de Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionals a Dídac, perquè vaig començar aquest camí amb tu i vas ser el meu suport durant tot aquest temps ABSTRACT This dissertation focuses on the study of individual change in national identification and examines the factors which lie behind change under particular circumstances. The dissertation starts proposing a conceptual and analytical framework for the study of change along different dimensions of identification (self-categorization, content, salience and intensity). From here, the dissertation focuses on the study of change in the category of national identification in the Catalan context. The Catalan context is argued to be a suitable case study because it has two characteristics which render change in the category of national identification possible. These two characteristics are a center-periphery cleavage and the presence of a demographically important immigration population. The findings of my research are thus generalizable to other contexts which share these two characteristics with Catalonia. The dissertation offers an alternative explanation which complements the decentralization argument, and provides a better account for the periodic changes that are observed when identification with Spain and Catalonia is tracked over time. The dissertation contends that political parties’ mobilization of the center-periphery cleavage drives individual change in national identification. Although the cleavage structures competition between political parties in a permanent way, there are some periods during which a particular policy or issue sharpens conflict between national and regional parties and exacerbates the cleavage. Individuals react to this conflict by updating their national identification. When individual changes occur in the same direction (or the changes which occur in one direction exceed the changes which occur in the other direction) and when they are numerically important, then individual change has large scale consequences on the aggregate. This argument is tested making use of longitudinal cross-sectional data from the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas and panel data from the Fundació Jaume Bofill. The empirical analyses show that higher levels of political confrontation have fostered the polarization of the feelings of attachment with Spain and Catalonia of the autochthonous population and second generations over the years. These analyses also show that dual identifiers’ exposure to Catalan public broadcasters makes individuals more prone to switch their identification towards a more Catalan oriented identification in periods in which the levels of political confrontation along the cleavage are high. The mechanism linking the mobilization of the center-periphery cleavage and individual change is illustrated with qualitative evidence from a number of semi-structured interviews. Individuals’ perception that their group identity is being attacked provokes a reaction which is contingent on individuals’ prior identification. When individuals feel exclusively Spanish or exclusively Catalan, they react reaffirming these identifications. Conversely, when individuals identify with both Spain and Catalonia, they prioritize their identification with the group they perceive is being mistreated and weaken their identification with the elite group making the negative-framed claim. In this way, confrontation has a polarizing effect on individuals’ identification. In addition to this, my dissertation examines the nationalizing role of parents and school. Contrary to what previous research has argued, my analyses of the Fundació Jaume Bofill household data show that the alleged influence exerted by the educational system over individual national identification is more limited than thought. The dissertation exploits variation in parents’ identification with Spain and Catalonia to tease out these two agents’ i impact. I show that the omission of relevant family background variables have led to an overestimation of the influence of school. The results of my research show that even though years of schooling can increase the chances that children of immigrants develop a bi-national identification, parents’ attachment to Catalonia is the key element that fosters a Catalan oriented identification. Other family characteristics, such as the immigrants’ family economic performance or immigrant families’ self-selection into neighborhoods in which the share of natives is above a certain threshold are decisive elements in promoting children of immigrants’ identification with Catalonia. ii ACKNOWLEDMENTS Me quedo con un sabor agridulce al acabar la tesis. Agrio por la insatisfacción que produce pensar que podría haber hecho el trabajo mejor o, quizás, de otra manera. Dulce porque la realización de una tesis doctoral implica un gran esfuerzo y llegar hasta aquí es, entre otras muchas cosas, un ejercicio de superación personal. Esta tesis doctoral nunca se habría iniciado sin el apoyo de la Fundación Juan March, institución a la que estoy profundamente agradecida. Fue un privilegio poder continuar mi formación con los excelentes profesores del Máster de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias Sociales. A todos ellos gracias. Me siento también afortunada de poder contar con el apoyo de los miembros de la comunidad CEACS y del estupendo equipo que forma la Biblioteca del CEACS: Paz, Gema, Almudena, Luis y, antes también, Martha. Gracias, también, a Magdalena y a Dolores, por hacer todo siempre más fácil. Desde que inicié este camino, mucho antes de que comenzara esta investigación doctoral, he estado siempre rodeada de compañeros que me han motivado a mejorar mi trabajo. En los inicios en la Fundación Juan March, ese pequeño-gran micro-cosmos en el que uno entra sin saber muy bien cómo y del que uno ya nunca dejará de formar parte. Y, en estos últimos años, en Barcelona, ese gran-pequeño micro-cosmos en el que a uno le cuesta entrar, pero del que no le gustaría salir. Al pensar en la March, pienso en Pedro, Alfonso y Sebas porque hace mucho tiempo que todos ellos dejaron de ser sólo compañeros de promoción, para convertirse en algo muy especial. Y pienso en Marga, quien no tenía tiempo de quedar conmigo aquel verano de 2004, y resulta que desde entonces siempre ha encontrado la forma de estar cerca. I al pensar en Barcelona, penso en el Jordi i en l’Helena perquè, des de que ens vam conèixer a Yale, ja no han deixat mai d’estar aquí. I penso en l’Aina, que quan vaig arribar a Barcelona em va obrir les portes de la ciutat i del Grup de l’UAB de par en par. Pienso también en Carol, con quien desde el primer minuto tuve una conexión especial. Y en Eva, porque también a mi me adoptó. Y pienso en todo el grupo de l’UAB: Robert, Guillem, Jorge, Camilo, Roser, Roberto, Laia y Marta. No sé, igual es que en ese grupo hay un sesgo de selección o algo así. I finalment, quan penso en Barcelona, penso també en l’Elna i en el Cesc amb qui podríem xerrar d’un munt de coses d’hores i encara trobaríem ganes de més. Cada uno de los capítulos de esta tesis se ha nutrido de las excelentes críticas y comentarios que recibí sobre mi trabajo de los profesores y compañeros de la March, de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, de Universidad de Yale, de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra y de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Modesto Escobar tuvo la paciencia de ayudarme a encontrar a padres e hijos en la base datos que analizo en el quinto capítulo de mi tesis. Santiago Pérez-Nievas, Sandra León, Ignacio Lago, Anna Cuxart, Abel Escribà, Luis Ortíz, Irene Martín, Guillermo Cordero (y, seguro que alguien más que me dejo en el tintero y espero me disculpe) supieron encontrar un momento para leerse con detenimiento algún capítulo de mí tesis y hacerme sugerencias sobre cómo mejorarlo. Espero haber sabido incorporar estas mejoras. Esta tesis doctoral nunca hubiera tenido la misma forma si no hubiera contado con la financiación de la Fundació la Caixa para hacer una estancia de dos años en la Universidad de Yale. Esa estancia supuso un aprendizaje, en todos los sentidos. I am grateful to Stathis Kalyvas for inviting me to stay at Yale, to Elisabeth Wood for her tips on how to do field research, to Kathryn Woolard, from USCD, for her willingness to exchange ideas with me, and to Juan Linz for helping me to start my doctoral research. Tanto iii Juan, como Rocío fueron un estupendo apoyo durante el tiempo que estuve en Yale. A los dos, gracias. Y en los poquitos meses que pasó por allí, fue estupendo volver a estar con Luis, quien sabe encontrarle “tres pies al gato” a mi trabajo. Y a Julia, que es capaz de sacarme una sonrisa, o dos o tres sin siquiera proponérselo… La Fundació Jaume Bofill merece una mención muy especial. Los datos del Panel de Desigualtats han sido la base de este trabajo, y la ayuda económica que la Fundació me ofreció permitió que llevase a cabo el trabajo cualitativo de la tesis. La Fundació Jaume Bofill apostó por realizar un panel de hogares cuando los principales centros de investigación de encuestas en España ni siquiera soñaban con un proyecto de esas características. El Panel de Desigualtats a Catalunya continúa siendo un referente. Per tant, gràcies a tot l’equip de la Fundació que treballa, no sense dificultats, en aquest projecte. I gràcies també a la Laura Morató, a la Laia Pineda i a la Teresa Climent per confiar en el meu treball. He d’agrair també a la Dolors Comas el seu suport a la hora de fer el disseny de la part qualitativa de la meva tesi. Els seus consells van ser molt útils, i em van ajudar a començar aquesta fase de la meva recerca amb més confiança. Estoy en deuda también con todas las personas que accedieron sin reparos a ser entrevistadas, a contarme un poquito de sus vidas, a desvelarme sus sentimientos y a ofrecerme sus puntos de vista sobre España y Cataluña.
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