Immigration and Integration in a Mediterranean City: The Making of the Citizen in Fifteenth- Century Barcelona Volume 1 Carolina Obradors Suazo Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, July 2015. European University Institute Department of History and Civilization Immigration and Integration in a Mediterranean City: The Making of the Citizen in Fifteenth-Century Barcelona. Volume 1 Carolina Obradors Suazo Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board Prof. Luca Molà, (EUI, Supervisor). Prof. Regina Grafe, (EUI, Second Reader). Dr. Roser Salicrú i Lluch (Institució Milà i Fontanals -CSIC, External Supervisor). Prof. Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla (EUI, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville). Prof. James Amelang (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid). © Carolina Obradors Suazo, 2015. No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Immigration and Integration in a Mediterranean City: The Making of the Citizen in Fifteenth-Century Barcelona Carolina Obradors Suazo Thesis Supervisor: Professor Luca Molà Abstract. This thesis explores the norms, practices, and experiences that conditioned urban belonging in Late Medieval Barcelona. A combination of institutional, legal, intellectual and cultural analysis, the dissertation investigates how citizenship evolved and functioned on the Barcelonese stage. To this end, the thesis is structured into two parts. Part 1 includes four chapters, within which I establish the legal and institutional background of the Barcelonese citizen. Citizenship as a fiscal and individual privilege is contextualised within the negotiations that shaped the limits and prerogatives of monarchical and municipal power from the thirteenth to the late fourteenth centuries. This analysis brings out the dialogical nature of citizenship. I study how the evolution of citizenship came to include the whole citizenry of Barcelona as a major actor in the constant definition and perception of the rights and duties of the citizen. In an attempt to mirror the considerable literature on Italian jurists, the last chapter of part 1 contrasts the legal intricacies of Barcelonese citizenship with the thought developed by major contemporary Catalan jurists. From the analyses conducted in these first chapters, I argue that reputation was the basis of citizenship in fifteenth-century Barcelona. Thus, the three chapters that constitute part 2 are devoted to a cultural analysis of citizenship and unravel the social mechanisms that determined the creation of citizen reputation. The making of the citizen is therefore placed at the core of Barcelonese daily life in an attempt to elaborate on the social imagination and experience of citizenship in the Catalan city. Throughout the whole dissertation, Barcelona and the Barcelonese remain at the core of the analysis. The richness of the material conserved for this city allows me to employ micro- analytical lenses in the study of the citizenry and its citizens, exploring, in the words of Pietro Costa, the ‘exasperation of differences’ that characterised the experience of medieval citizenship. Nonetheless, Barcelona also emerges in this study as a methodological reference point that can help to reframe medieval citizenship in broader terms, shedding new light on the meaning of civic life in the Late Medieval Mediterranean. I II A mis abuelos y abuelas. Casimiro y Susana. Manuel y Manuela. III IV TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………………….VII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………………………........XI LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES……………………………………………………………………… XI INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 Late Medieval Citizenship and Fifteenth-Century Barcelona: A historiographical account………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 Sources and Methodology…………………………………………………………..................................15 Structure of the Thesis……………………………………………………………………………………………….24 PART I LATE MEDIEVAL BARCELONA AND THE DEFINITION OF THE CITIZEN. AN INSTITUTIONAL AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND. Chapter I: Features of Urban Society in the Crown of Aragon (TheThirteenth to Fifteenth Centuries). The Model of Barcelona…………………………………………………………31 Building a Political Interaction. The Urban Political System of the Crown of Aragon…..32 On the Features of Urban Institutional Organisation: An Approach to the Role and Dynamics of the Council of the Hundred (1249 –Fifteenth Century)…………………………..35 Living in the Cities under the Rule of the King of Aragon: Considering Barcelona’s main Social and Economic Features (fourteenth-fifteenth centuries)………………………………….45 Chapter II: The Progressive Articulation of a Citizenship Law between the Monarchy and the Council of the Hundred (1249-1385)…………………………………………………………..55 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….55 Citizenship under the Control of the Crown: Emergence……………………………………………57 Towards a Municipal Citizenship………………………………………………………………………………..63 New Royal Interventions…………………………………………………………………………………………… 67 The Crown and the City in the Projection of Citizenship: Retracing the Reception of Barcelonese Citizenship in the ‘Viles de Carreratge’…………………………………………………..72 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..79 Chapter III: From Citizenship to Citizenry. Citizenship as a Prerogative of the City and its Citizens (1385-1457)…………………………………………………………………………………………..83 Introduction: On the First Evidences of a New Documentary Tradition………………………83 ‘Admetre en Ciutadanatge’: The Informacions de la Ciutadania (1375-1457)…………….88 The Citizen in Fifteenth-Century Barcelona: Rights, Duties and Ambiguities………………94 ‘Expel·lir/Gitar de Ciutadanatge’: Citizenship and Institutional Exclusion………………… 134 ‘Sortir de Ciutadanatge’: Rejecting Citizenship……………………………………………………….. 141 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………145 V Chapter IV: From Legal Practice to Legal Theory. Thinking the Citizen in Late Medieval Catalonia………………………………………………………………………………………………………………147 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….147 Medieval Citizenship within the Tradition of Legal Thought: The Mirror of the Italian Jurists: Bartolus de Sassoferrato (1313-1357) and Baldus degli Ubaldi (1327- 1400)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….153 Other Contexts, Other Concerns: Gradating Citizenship in Late Medieval Catalonia..164 Some Final Thoughts: Jurists’ Reflections between Political Thought and Social Practices………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….186 PART II BECOMING A CITIZEN: INTEGRATION EXPERIENCES IN FIFTEENTH-CENTURY BARCELONA Chapter V: Foreign Citizens in Late Medieval Barcelona………………….......................195 Introduction: Foreigners, Strangers and Foreign Citizens…………………………………………195 Barcelona and Its Foreigners: Precedents (twelfth-fourteenth centuries)………………..201 Foreigners in the Informacions de la Ciutadania: Description of the Main Profiles…..206 Foreign Citizens Practising Citizenship……………………………………………………………………..218 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..246 Chapter VI: On the Spaces of the Citizenry. Forms, Mechanisms, and Influence of Solidarity Networks………………………………………………………………………………………………253 Introduction: Completing the Social Experience of Medieval Citizenship…………………253 For the Sake of Friendship: On the Nature and Role of Protectors in the Definition of Citizenship……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….257 Families and Kinsmen in the Making of the Citizen………………………………………………….263 Negotiating Citizenship within Professional Solidarities…………………………………………..285 The Citizen in the Streets: Neighbourliness, Belonging and Citizenship……………………302 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..321 Chapter VII: At the Margins of the Citizenry? Women, Converts, the Poor and Citizenship……………………………………………………………………………………………………………325 Introduction: On Marginal Lenses…………………………………………………………………………….325 Gender and Citizenship in Fifteenth-Century Barcelona…………………………………………..328 Jews and Converts as Citizens…………………………………………………………………………………..341 The Poor within the Citizenry……………………………………………………………………………………361 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………366 CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………………369 Defining the Citizen, Becoming a Citizen: Barcelonese Citizenship in light of Institutional, Legal, Intellectual and Cultural Analysis………………………………………………370 An Exercise of Asymmetrical Comparison………………………………………………………………..376 Moving Forward………………………………………………………………………………………………………380 VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My first words of gratitude should go to my supervisor, Professor Luca Molà. I thank him for his constant support of my work, his advice and his endless availability. His help and his encouragements have continually fuelled my motivation and invigorated my self-confidence as a researcher. Barcelonese citizens of the Late Middle Ages entered my life well before the EUI. In July 2008, Dr. Roser Salicrú i Lluch first proposed to me to undertake a doctoral research along these lines. I want to thank her warmly, not only for the initial idea of this dissertation but also for her dedication in pushing me towards research. While I am the author of this PhD, she was the mother of this project and it is my pleasure and honour to ‘close’ this research with her among the members of the evaluating committee. This research has benefited considerably