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• • I I Free Women of Spain Anarchism and the Struggle for the Emancipation of Women I Martha A. Ackelsberg l I f I I .. AK PRESS Oakland I West Virginia I Edinburgh • Ackelsberg. Martha A. Free Women of Spain: Anarchism and the Struggle for the Emancipation of Women Lihrary of Congress Control Numher 2003113040 ISBN 1-902593-96-0 Published hy AK Press. Reprinted hy Pcrmi"inn of the Indiana University Press Copyright 1991 and 2005 by Martha A. Ackelsherg All rights reserved Printed in Canada AK Press 674-A 23rd Street Oakland, CA 94612-1163 USA (510) 208-1700 www.akpress.org [email protected] AK Press U.K. PO Box 12766 Edinburgh. EH8 9YE Scotland (0131) 555-5165 www.akuk.com [email protected] The addresses above would be delighted to provide you with the latest complete AK catalog, featur­ ing several thousand books, pamphlets, zines, audio products, videos. and stylish apparel published and distributed bv AK Press. A1tern�tiv�l�! Uil;:1t r\llr "-""'l:-,:,i!'?� f2":' �!:::: :::::;:;.p!.::.;: ..::.:.:..-..!vo' :uh.. ,.",i. IIt;W� and updates, events and secure ordering. Cover design and layout by Nicole Pajor A las compafieras de M ujeres Libres, en solidaridad La lucha continua Puiio ell alto mujeres de Iberia Fists upraised, women of Iheria hacia horiz,ontes prePiados de luz toward horizons pregnant with light por rutas ardientes, on paths afire los pies en fa tierra feet on the ground La frente en La azul. face to the blue sky Atirmondo promesas de vida Affimling the promise of life desafiamos La tradicion we defy tradition modelemos la arcilla caliente we moLd the warm clay de un mundo que nace del doLor. of a new world bom of pain. jQue el pasado se hunda en fa nada! Let the past vanish into nothingness! jQue nos importa del ayer! What do we care for yesterday! Qileremos escrihir de nuevo We want to write anew fa palahra MUlER. the word WOMAN. Puna en alto mujeres del mundo Fists upraised, women of the world Jwcia horizontes preiiados de [Ul, toward horizons pregnant with light por rutas ardientes on paths afire adefante, adelante onward, onward de cara a La luz. toward the light. Mujeres Libres' Anthem Lucia Sanchez Saomil Valencia 1937 Contents Acknowledgements ................................. .7 Abbreviations ...................................... 11 Preface to the AK Press Edition ........................ 15 Introduction .......................................21 Anarchist Revolution and the Liberation of Women ........37 Community Mobilization and Union Organization Women and the Spanish Anarchist Movement ........6 1 Civil War and Social Revolution ........................ 89 The Founding of Mujeres Libres ... ........ ........11 5 Education for Empowerment Preparation as Revolution ........................14 7 Separate and Equal? Dilemmas of Revolutionary Mobilization .............1 7 7 Conclusion Community and the Empowerment of Women ...... 19 9 Interview with Geert Dhondt .........................22 1 Appendices ......................................23 0 Notes ............................................2 34 Glossary ..........................................279 Index ............................................28 1 Illustrations begin on page 139 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many individuals and groups contributed to the creation of this book. Chief among them, of course, are the men and women of the Spanish anar­ chist and anarcho-syndicalist movements and especially the women of Mujeres Libres, who gave generously of their time and energy, told me their stories, and otherwise took me into their lives. It is impossible to find words to thank them; if the courage and integrity they shared with me finds even a faint echo in this volume, I hope it begins in some measure to repay my debt. Jacinto Borras, Felix Carrasquer, Josep Costa Font, Gaston Leval, Arturo Parera, Jose Peirats, and Eduardo Pons Prades shared their person­ al knowledge of anarchist collectives and helped me make some of my ini­ tial contacts with members of Mujeres Libres. Matilde Escuder, Lola Iturbe, Igualdad Ocana, Concha Perez, and Cristina Piera in Barcelona, Federica Montseny in Toulouse, and Amada de No and Teresina Torrelles in Beziers, each spent hours discussing with me their experiences in the years preceding, during, and following the civil war and social revolution. Finally, Pura Perez Arcos, Azucena Fernandez Barba, Pepita Carpena, Mercedes Comaposada, Anna Delso, Soledad Estorach, Sara Berenguer Guillen, Suceso Portales, Dolores Prat, and Enriqueta Fernandez Rovira opened their homes to me-often not at terribly convenient moments-and inspired me with their stories and their courage. Others in Spain also provided crucial support and resources. Mary Nash shared her extensive knowledge of women in Spanish working-class movements. Mary's work on Mujeres Libres opened the field of women's history in Spain; she has been an important and generous colleague and friend. Through her, I met Ana Cases and Bernard CatHa, who took me into their home in Lerida and made possible my exploration of the Lerida col­ lective, Adelante. Verena Stokke, Juan Martinez-Alier, and their daugh­ ters, Nuria and Isabel, welcomed me into their family, provided a place for me to stay during the many months I conducted my research in Barcelona, and have become valued friends and colleagues. Rafael Pujol, Albert 7 8 Martha A. Ackelsberg Perez-Bar6, Nazario Gonzalez, Enric Fusteri Bonet, Ram6n Sol, and Mercedes Vi lanova shared their research and provided important introduc­ tions and resources at one stage or another of this research. My debts are also great to those on this side of the Atlantic. Jose Nieto, Clare Lida, Temma Kaplan, Edward Malefakis, and Suzanne Berger were particularly helpful at the initial stages. It was an early article of Te mma's that firstaler ted me to the existence or Mujercs Libres; I am grateful for her comments and criticisms over the years on various aspects of this man­ uscript. J feel particularly fortunate to have had the opportunity to know the late Ahrne Thorne. His own commitments and energy were matched only by his extensive network of friends and associates, into which he wel­ comed me. Through him, I came to know Anna Delso, Pura and Federico Arcos, and Paul Avrich. Federico maintains an extraordinary private col­ lection of material related to the Spanish anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist movements. He and Pura both willingly and enthusiastically opened their collection and their home to me, and they have taken a personal interest in the completion of this project. Their careful reading of the manuscript, their comments, and Pura's efforts at "translation"-both of my words into Castilian and of Mujeres Libres' activities and commitments into contem­ porary terms-have been invaluable. Lisa Berger and Carol Mazer helped me to contact Dolores Prat and Concha Perez. I am also deeply indebted to archivists in libraries and archival collec­ tions on both sides of the Atlantic who made the process of digging up materials on Mujeres Libres and on Spanish anarchism a very pleasurable one. I would like to acknowledge, in particular, the assistance of those in the Reference and Interlibrary Loan departments of the Smith rollpge Library, the Industrial Relations section of Firestone Library, Princeton University, the Rare Books and Manuscripts division of the New York Public Library, the Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan, the Hoover Institution Library at Stanford University, the Bibliotheque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine, Universite de Paris, Nanterre, the Institut d'Etudes Politiques, Paris, the Casa del Arcediano, Instituto de Historia de la Ciudad (Barcelona), Fundaci6n Figueras (Barcelona), Biblioteca Artis (Barcelona), Biblioteca de Catalunya (Barcelona), Ateneu Enciclopedic Popular/Centro de Documentaci6n Hist6rico Social (Barcelona), Ministerio de Hacienda (Lerida), Hemeroteca Municipal (Madrid), the Archivo Hist6rico Nacional/Secci6n Guerre Civil-Salamanca, and International Institute for Social History (Amsterdam). During most of the time I was doing my research, the archives in Salamanca, which are a mine of information on the period of 9 the Civil War, were under the control of the Spanish military. The change of government in Spain in recent years has improved working conditions­ and the condition of the archives-dramatically. But I remain indebted to Paco and Miguel of the "old regime," who, despite our obvious differences, were unflagging in their willingness to search for files, pamphlets, and newspapers and to arrange for photocopying. Conditions of work at the International Institute were far superior. I spent a number of months there very early in my research on Spanish anarchism, and I returned years later when the CNT and FAl archives were opened to the public. I am partiCll­ larly grateful to Rudolf de Jong, formerly director of the Spanish section, for his continued advice and support, and to Thea Duijker, Mieke lj zer­ mans, and Mr. G. M. Langedijk for facilitating my research. A number of groups and organizations have offered moral or financial support at various stages of this undertaking. I began this research as a member of the Project on Wo men and Social Change at Smith College, an interdisciplinary faculty research group funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Project funds and a fellowship from the American Association of University Wo men enabled me to spend a semester in Spain at the ini­ tial stages and, together with faculty development funds from Smith College, to
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    1 Ética, Anarquia e Revolução em Maria Lacerda de Moura (Margareth Rago en Reis, Daniel Aarão e Ferreira, Jorge. As esquerdas no Brasil, vol. 1 A Formação das Tradições, 1889-1945. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2007, p. 262-293). “A vida não cabe dentro de um programa...” Maria Lacerda de Moura Se, ainda hoje, são reduzidos os nomes conhecidos das ativas militantes políticas de esquerda não só Brasil, é na história do movimento operário brasileiro que se encontra uma das mais importantes figuras do anarquismo: Maria Lacerda de Moura. Educadora libertária, escritora feminista, jornalista polêmica e oradora prestigiada, destaca-se por uma vibrante atuação nos meios políticos, culturais e literários brasileiros e sul-americanos, desde as primeiras décadas do século 20, quando se constitui o movimento operário, com a formação do mercado de trabalho livre, a industrialização e a vinda dos imigrantes europeus e de suas doutrinas políticas.1 Além dos inúmeros livros, artigos e folhetos em que denuncia as múltiplas formas da dominação burguesa, da opressão masculina e da exploração capitalista do trabalho, pesquisas recentes revelam que vários dos textos de Maria Lacerda de Moura podem ser encontrados não apenas nos periódicos brasileiros, mas também nas revistas anarquistas, publicadas na Espanha e na Argentina, entre as décadas de 1920 e 1930. Mesmo assim, apenas em 1984, vem a público a única biografia existente sobre ela, graças aos esforços da historiadora feminista Míriam Moreira Leite.2 A partir de então, sua figura ganha visibilidade para além do universo do 1 Veja-se Boris Fausto – Trabalho Urbano e Conflito Social.