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The Evects of Time Pressure on Chess Skill: an Investigation Into Fast and Slow Processes Underlying Expert Performance
Psychological Research (2007) 71:591–597 DOI 10.1007/s00426-006-0076-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE The eVects of time pressure on chess skill: an investigation into fast and slow processes underlying expert performance Frenk van Harreveld · Eric-Jan Wagenmakers · Han L. J. van der Maas Received: 28 November 2005 / Accepted: 3 July 2006 / Published online: 22 December 2006 © Springer-Verlag 2006 Abstract The ability to play chess is generally Introduction assumed to depend on two types of processes: slow processes such as search, and fast processes such as One of the important challenges for cognitive science is pattern recognition. It has been argued that an increase to shed light on the processes that underlie expert in time pressure during a game selectively hinders the decision making. Across a wide range of Welds such as ability to engage in slow processes. Here we study the medical decision making and engineering, it has been eVect of time pressure on expert chess performance in shown that expertise involves both slow processes order to test the hypothesis that compared to weak such as selective search and fast processes such as the players, strong players depend relatively heavily on recognition of meaningful patterns (e.g., Ericsson & fast processes. In the Wrst study we examine the perfor- Staszewski 1989). This distinction between fast and slow mance of players of various strengths at an online chess processes is very applicable to the game of chess and server, for games played under diVerent time controls. therefore research on chess is of considerable impor- In a second study we examine the eVect of time con- tance for the understanding of expert performance. -
No. 123 - (Vol.VIH)
No. 123 - (Vol.VIH) January 1997 Editorial Board editors John Roycrqfttf New Way Road, London, England NW9 6PL Edvande Gevel Binnen de Veste 36, 3811 PH Amersfoort, The Netherlands Spotlight-column: J. Heck, Neuer Weg 110, D-47803 Krefeld, Germany Opinions-column: A. Pallier, La Mouziniere, 85190 La Genetouze, France Treasurer: J. de Boer, Zevenenderdrffi 40, 1251 RC Laren, The Netherlands EDITORIAL achievement, recorded only in a scientific journal, "The chess study is close to the chess game was not widely noticed. It was left to the dis- because both study and game obey the same coveries by Ken Thompson of Bell Laboratories rules." This has long been an argument used to in New Jersey, beginning in 1983, to put the boot persuade players to look at studies. Most players m. prefer studies to problems anyway, and readily Aside from a few upsets to endgame theory, the give the affinity with the game as the reason for set of 'total information' 5-raan endgame their preference. Your editor has fought a long databases that Thompson generated over the next battle to maintain the literal truth of that ar- decade demonstrated that several other endings gument. It was one of several motivations in might require well over 50 moves to win. These writing the final chapter of Test Tube Chess discoveries arrived an the scene too fast for FIDE (1972), in which the Laws are separated into to cope with by listing exceptions - which was the BMR (Board+Men+Rules) elements, and G first expedient. Then in 1991 Lewis Stiller and (Game) elements, with studies firmly identified Noam Elkies using a Connection Machine with the BMR realm and not in the G realm. -
Bold Experiment YOUR NEW YEAR’S RESOLUTION: OVERCOME CHESS HOARDING!
Bold Experiment YOUR NEW YEAR’S RESOLUTION: OVERCOME CHESS HOARDING! Maurice JANUARY 2015 & Ashley Amy Lee’s Bold Experiment FineLine Technologies JN Index 80% 1.5 BWR PU JANUARY A USCF Publication $5.95 01 GM Wesley So and a friendly spectator hold up his winner’s check. 7 25274 64631 9 IFC_Layout 1 12/10/2014 11:28 AM Page 1 SLCC_Layout 1 12/10/2014 11:50 AM Page 1 The Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis is preparing for another fantastic year! 2015 U.S. Championship 2015 U.S. Women’s Championship 2015 U.S. Junior Closed $10K Saint Louis Open GM/IM Title Norm Invitational 2015 Sinquefi eld Cup $10K Thanksgiving Open www.saintlouischessclub.org 4657 Maryland Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63108 | (314) 361–CHESS (2437) | [email protected] NON-DISCRIMINATION POLICY: The CCSCSL admits students of any race, color, nationality, or ethnic origin. THE UNEXPECTED COLLISION OF CHESS AND HIP HOP CULTURE 2&72%(5r$35,/2015 4652 Maryland Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63108 (314) 367-WCHF (9243) | worldchesshof.org Photo © Patrick Lanham Financial assistance for this project With support from the has been provided by the Missouri Regional Arts Commission Arts Council, a state agency. CL_01-2014_masthead_JP_r1_chess life 12/10/2014 10:30 AM Page 2 Chess Life EDITORIAL STAFF Chess Life Editor and Daniel Lucas [email protected] Director of Publications Chess Life Online Editor Jennifer Shahade [email protected] Chess Life for Kids Editor Glenn Petersen [email protected] Senior Art Director Frankie Butler [email protected] Editorial Assistant/Copy Editor Alan Kantor [email protected] Editorial Assistant Jo Anne Fatherly [email protected] Editorial Assistant Jennifer Pearson [email protected] Technical Editor Ron Burnett TLA/Advertising Joan DuBois [email protected] USCF STAFF Executive Director Jean Hoffman ext. -
Multilinear Algebra and Chess Endgames
Games of No Chance MSRI Publications Volume 29, 1996 Multilinear Algebra and Chess Endgames LEWIS STILLER Abstract. This article has three chief aims: (1) To show the wide utility of multilinear algebraic formalism for high-performance computing. (2) To describe an application of this formalism in the analysis of chess endgames, and results obtained thereby that would have been impossible to compute using earlier techniques, including a win requiring a record 243 moves. (3) To contribute to the study of the history of chess endgames, by focusing on the work of Friedrich Amelung (in particular his apparently lost analysis of certain six-piece endgames) and that of Theodor Molien, one of the founders of modern group representation theory and the first person to have systematically numerically analyzed a pawnless endgame. 1. Introduction Parallel and vector architectures can achieve high peak bandwidth, but it can be difficult for the programmer to design algorithms that exploit this bandwidth efficiently. Application performance can depend heavily on unique architecture features that complicate the design of portable code [Szymanski et al. 1994; Stone 1993]. The work reported here is part of a project to explore the extent to which the techniques of multilinear algebra can be used to simplify the design of high- performance parallel and vector algorithms [Johnson et al. 1991]. The approach is this: Define a set of fixed, structured matrices that encode architectural primitives • of the machine, in the sense that left-multiplication of a vector by this matrix is efficient on the target architecture. Formulate the application problem as a matrix multiplication. -
YEARBOOK the Information in This Yearbook Is Substantially Correct and Current As of December 31, 2020
OUR HERITAGE 2020 US CHESS YEARBOOK The information in this yearbook is substantially correct and current as of December 31, 2020. For further information check the US Chess website www.uschess.org. To notify US Chess of corrections or updates, please e-mail [email protected]. U.S. CHAMPIONS 2002 Larry Christiansen • 2003 Alexander Shabalov • 2005 Hakaru WESTERN OPEN BECAME THE U.S. OPEN Nakamura • 2006 Alexander Onischuk • 2007 Alexander Shabalov • 1845-57 Charles Stanley • 1857-71 Paul Morphy • 1871-90 George H. 1939 Reuben Fine • 1940 Reuben Fine • 1941 Reuben Fine • 1942 2008 Yury Shulman • 2009 Hikaru Nakamura • 2010 Gata Kamsky • Mackenzie • 1890-91 Jackson Showalter • 1891-94 Samuel Lipchutz • Herman Steiner, Dan Yanofsky • 1943 I.A. Horowitz • 1944 Samuel 2011 Gata Kamsky • 2012 Hikaru Nakamura • 2013 Gata Kamsky • 2014 1894 Jackson Showalter • 1894-95 Albert Hodges • 1895-97 Jackson Reshevsky • 1945 Anthony Santasiere • 1946 Herman Steiner • 1947 Gata Kamsky • 2015 Hikaru Nakamura • 2016 Fabiano Caruana • 2017 Showalter • 1897-06 Harry Nelson Pillsbury • 1906-09 Jackson Isaac Kashdan • 1948 Weaver W. Adams • 1949 Albert Sandrin Jr. • 1950 Wesley So • 2018 Samuel Shankland • 2019 Hikaru Nakamura Showalter • 1909-36 Frank J. Marshall • 1936 Samuel Reshevsky • Arthur Bisguier • 1951 Larry Evans • 1952 Larry Evans • 1953 Donald 1938 Samuel Reshevsky • 1940 Samuel Reshevsky • 1942 Samuel 2020 Wesley So Byrne • 1954 Larry Evans, Arturo Pomar • 1955 Nicolas Rossolimo • Reshevsky • 1944 Arnold Denker • 1946 Samuel Reshevsky • 1948 ONLINE: COVID-19 • OCTOBER 2020 1956 Arthur Bisguier, James Sherwin • 1957 • Robert Fischer, Arthur Herman Steiner • 1951 Larry Evans • 1952 Larry Evans • 1954 Arthur Bisguier • 1958 E. -
Extended Null-Move Reductions
Extended Null-Move Reductions Omid David-Tabibi1 and Nathan S. Netanyahu1,2 1 Department of Computer Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel [email protected], [email protected] 2 Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA [email protected] Abstract. In this paper we review the conventional versions of null- move pruning, and present our enhancements which allow for a deeper search with greater accuracy. While the conventional versions of null- move pruning use reduction values of R ≤ 3, we use an aggressive re- duction value of R = 4 within a verified adaptive configuration which maximizes the benefit from the more aggressive pruning, while limiting its tactical liabilities. Our experimental results using our grandmaster- level chess program, Falcon, show that our null-move reductions (NMR) outperform the conventional methods, with the tactical benefits of the deeper search dominating the deficiencies. Moreover, unlike standard null-move pruning, which fails badly in zugzwang positions, NMR is impervious to zugzwangs. Finally, the implementation of NMR in any program already using null-move pruning requires a modification of only a few lines of code. 1 Introduction Chess programs trying to search the same way humans think by generating “plausible” moves dominated until the mid-1970s. By using extensive chess knowledge at each node, these programs selected a few moves which they consid- ered plausible, and thus pruned large parts of the search tree. However, plausible- move generating programs had serious tactical shortcomings, and as soon as brute-force search programs such as Tech [17] and Chess 4.x [29] managed to reach depths of 5 plies and more, plausible-move generating programs fre- quently lost to brute-force searchers due to their tactical weaknesses. -
The Process of Decision Making in Chess
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the author, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Copyright © 2014 by Philip Ochman. First Edition, 2014 ISBN: 9781483538822 In the memory of my grandfather Shulem Keilis (1924-2001), forever a soldier and a true fighter for what is right, my first ever “chess student”, for teaching me that a teacher has a lot to learn from every one of his students. Contents Foreword Acknowledgements and contact info Process application chart Introducing the practical application – a motivational example From the full process to shorter ones Observation Tactical observation The nature of a position The “Critical Squares” method Classification of tactical opportunities Threats analysis Our tactical resources The initiative Positional observation Survey of the positional criteria Survey of the pawn structure Types of structure Pawn structure weaknesses Endgame planning Square weaknesses Main illustration examples – observation stage: Beginner: Opening | Middlegame | Endgame Intermediate: Opening | Middlegame | Endgame Advanced: Opening | Middlegame | Endgame Expert: Opening | Middlegame | Endgame Identification of goals Defensive goals Offensive goals Main illustration examples – goals stage: Beginner: Opening | Middlegame | Endgame Intermediate: Opening | Middlegame | Endgame Advanced: Opening | Middlegame | Endgame Expert: Opening | Middlegame | Endgame Plans Meeting the goals Setting the priorities -
Andrew-Soltis-Studying-Chess-Made
Studying Chess Made Easy Andrew Soltis BATSFORD First published in the United Kingdom in 2010 by Batsford Old West London Magistrates' Court 10 Southcombe Street London W14 ORA An imprint of Anova Books Company Ltd Copyright © Batsford 2010 Te xt copyright ©Andrew Soltis 2010 The moral right of the author has been asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. ISBN 9781906388676 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 10 9876543 21 Reproduction by Spectrum Colour Ltd, Ipswich Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Mackays, Chatham MES STD This book can be ordered direct from the publisher at the website www.anovabooks.com, or try your local bookshop. Contents Foreword 5 Chapter One: Chess isn't school 7 Chapter Tw o: Cultivating your chess sense 31 Chapter Three: The biggest study myth 71 Chapter Four: The right way to study an opening 95 Chapter Five: Tw o-and-a-half move chess 124 Chapter Six: Overcoming endgame phobia 156 Chapter Seven: Learning to live with TMI 189 Chapter Eight: How to learn more from a master game 220 Solutions 256 4 Foreword Instructional chess books promise a lot. Most promise to make you a better player. Some promise to make you a master - if you study the proper techniques. But very few books say anything about the technique of studying. -
Developing Chess Talent
Karel van Delft and Merijn van Delft Developing Chess Talent KVDC © 2010 Karel van Delft, Merijn van Delft First Dutch edition 2008 First English edition 2010 ISBN 978-90-79760-02-2 'Developing Chess Talent' is a translation of the Dutch book 'Schaaktalent ontwikkelen', a publication by KVDC KVDC is situated in Apeldoorn, The Netherlands, and can be reached via www.kvdc.nl Cover photo: Training session Youth Meets Masters by grandmaster Artur Yusupov. Photo Fred Lucas: www.fredlucas.eu Translation: Peter Boel Layout: Henk Vinkes Printing: Wbhrmann Print Service, Zutphen CONTENTS Foreword by Artur Yusupov Introduction A - COACHING Al Top-class sport Al.1 Educational value 17 Al.2 Time investment 17 Al.3 Performance ability 18 A1.4 Talent 18 Al. 5 Motivation 18 A2 Social environment A2.1 Psychology 19 A2.2 Personal development 20 A2.3 Coach 20 A2.4 Role of parents 21 A3 Techniques A3.1 Goal setting 24 A3.2 Training programme 25 A3.3 Chess diary 27 A3.4 Analysis questionnaire 27 A3.5 A cunning plan! 28 A3.6 Experiments 29 A3.7 Insights through games 30 A3.8 Rules of thumb and mnemonics 31 A4 Skills A4.1 Self-management 31 A4.2 Mental training 33 A4.3 Physical factors 34 A4.4 Chess thinking 35 A4.5 Creativity 36 A4.6 Concentration 39 A4.7 Flow 40 A4.8 Tension 40 A4.9 Time management 41 A4.10 Objectivity 44 A4.11 Psychological tricks 44 A4.12 Development process 45 A4.13 Avoiding blunders 46 A4.14 Non-verbal behaviour 46 3 AS Miscellaneous A5.1 Chess as a subject in primary school 47 A5.2 Youth with adults 48 A5.3 Women's chess 48 A5.4 Biographies -
3 Fischer Vs. Bent Larsen
Copyright © 2020 by John Donaldson All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. First Edition 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Donaldson, John (William John), 1958- author. Title: Bobby Fischer and his world / by John Donaldson. Description: First Edition. | Los Angeles : Siles Press, 2020. Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020031501 ISBN 9781890085193 (Trade Paperback) ISBN 9781890085544 (eBook) Subjects: LCSH: Fischer, Bobby, 1943-2008. | Chess players--United States--Biography. | Chess players--Anecdotes. | Chess--Collections of games. | Chess--Middle games. | Chess--Anecdotes. | Chess--History. Classification: LCC GV1439.F5 D66 2020 | DDC 794.1092 [B]--dc23 Cover Design and Artwork by Wade Lageose a division of Silman-James Press, Inc. www.silmanjamespress.com [email protected] CONTENTS Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii A Note to the Reader xx Part One – Beginner to U.S. Junior Champion 1 1. Growing Up in Brooklyn 3 2. First Tournaments 10 U.S. Amateur Championship (1955) 10 U.S. Junior Open (1955) 13 3. Ron Gross, The Man Who Knew Bobby Fischer 33 4. Correspondence Player 43 5. Cache of Gems (The Targ Donation) 47 6. “The year 1956 turned out to be a big one for me in chess.” 51 7. “Let’s schusse!” 57 8. “Bobby Fischer rang my doorbell.” 71 9. 1956 Tournaments 81 U.S. Amateur Championship (1956) 81 U.S. Junior (1956) 87 U.S Open (1956) 88 Third Lessing J. -
Glossary of Chess
Glossary of chess See also: Glossary of chess problems, Index of chess • X articles and Outline of chess • This page explains commonly used terms in chess in al- • Z phabetical order. Some of these have their own pages, • References like fork and pin. For a list of unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece; for a list of terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems; for a list of chess-related games, see Chess variants. 1 A Contents : absolute pin A pin against the king is called absolute since the pinned piece cannot legally move (as mov- ing it would expose the king to check). Cf. relative • A pin. • B active 1. Describes a piece that controls a number of • C squares, or a piece that has a number of squares available for its next move. • D 2. An “active defense” is a defense employing threat(s) • E or counterattack(s). Antonym: passive. • F • G • H • I • J • K • L • M • N • O • P Envelope used for the adjournment of a match game Efim Geller • Q vs. Bent Larsen, Copenhagen 1966 • R adjournment Suspension of a chess game with the in- • S tention to finish it later. It was once very common in high-level competition, often occurring soon af- • T ter the first time control, but the practice has been • U abandoned due to the advent of computer analysis. See sealed move. • V adjudication Decision by a strong chess player (the ad- • W judicator) on the outcome of an unfinished game. 1 2 2 B This practice is now uncommon in over-the-board are often pawn moves; since pawns cannot move events, but does happen in online chess when one backwards to return to squares they have left, their player refuses to continue after an adjournment. -
Issue CT-300 of Chess Today
The First Daily Chess Newspaper on the Net Editors: GM Alexander Baburin, GM Ruslan Scherbakov and IM Vladimir Barsky. CT-300, 3 September 2001 Zagrebelny maintains not big , this tournament is a Chess Today very prestigious tournament. lead in AbuDhabi Mikhail Tal had a huge Celebrates its' collection of Moscow Lighting th samovars. This prize was also s reported in yesterday's CT, 300 Issue! won by Tigran Petrosian, David Sergei Zagrebelny is still a Bronstein, and Yury Averbah point and a half ahead of his nearest rivals. (this time he was the main arbiter). 8-time winner A th After drawing in the 7 Round of the AbuDhabi of the samovar, 68-years old Evgeni Vasiukov, Open he has 6 points. 11 (!) players have 4½. Some was also among the participants. results of the 7th Round: Safin – Zagrebelny ½:½, Bagirov – Kotsur ½:½ Vladimirov – The Russian Olympic team was prepared Dizdar ½:½, S. Gouliev – Gleizerov ½:½ for it’s match vs. China in Moscow Magerramov – Arkhipov 1:0. Top boards region last week, and the members from for the 8th Round: (6) Zagrebelny – Kotsur another town (St-Petersburg - Sergei (4½); (4½) Bagirov – Magerramov (4½); Rublevski – Kazan, and Peter Svidler (4½) Dizdar – S. Gouliev (4½), (4½) also were invited. In total there were 20 Barsov – Gleizerov (4½), (4½) Ulibin – participants in this round-robin system Safin (4½), (4½) Mherramzade – event). Vladimirov (4½) Sergei Rublevsky, Sergei Rublevsky lead almost the picture from whole tournament and his win was At the European Youth Chess www.kasparovchess highly deserved. Alexander Championships in Chalkidiki, Greece, tow Morozevich in the 3-5 rounds lost 3 rounds have been played.