Successful Examples of Participatory Regional Planning at the Meso-Level
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Successful examples of participatory regional planning at the meso-level Towards sustainable land use through negotiated conflict resolution A.M.Hoefsloo t and L.M. van den Berg (editors) < • ..3.\" Report 164 DLO-Staring Centre, Wageningen, 1998 \ ABSTRACT Hoefsloot, A. and L.M. van den Berg, (eds) Successful examples of participatory regional planning at the meso-level; Towards sustainable land use through negotiated conflict resolution, 1998. Wageningen, DLO-Staring Centrum. Report 164. 136pages . 14 fig.; 6tab. ; 61 ref. Six local examples, from four continents, of overcoming the contradictions between economic survival of farming communities and the need to stop environmental degradation are systematically analysed. For each case the perceptions are discussed, that stakeholders had ofth e problems at hand, along with the relations between the various categories of stakeholders. This is followed by a discussion of the negotiation process that took place between the stakeholders, including the role of initiators and mediators. Special attention is paid to the involvement of different knowledge systems in this process. Conclusions are drawn about conditions leading to success of the respective cases. Keywords: stakeholders, participation, negotiation, land use planning, environment, wildlife, soil conservation, agriculture, Africa, Australia, Bolivia, Gelderse Vallei, mediation, facilitation, problem perception, land degradation. ISSN 0927-4499 © 1998 DLO Winand Staring Centre for Integrated Land, Soil and Water Research (SC-DLO), Postbus 125,NL-670 0 ACWageninge n (TheNetherlands) . Phone:+3 1 317474200 ; fax: +3131 7424812 ;e-mail : [email protected] No part ofthi spublicatio n mayb ereproduce d or published in any form orb y any means,o r stored in a data base orretrieva l system,withou t the written permission ofth e DLOWinan d Staring Centre. The DLO Winand Staring Centre assumes no liability for any losses resulting from the use of this document. Projectnumber 7723 [Report 164/IS/03-98] Contents Preface 9 Acknowledgements 11 Summary 13 1 Introduction 19 1.1 General background and purpose ofth e study 19 1.2 Methodology used 20 1.3 Reading guide 22 2 The state of the art 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Negotiations as essential element in integrated land use planning 24 2.2.1 Negotiations atth e level of the central government: setting the margins 25 2.2.2 Interest and competence ofth e different government levels 26 2.2.3 Negotiation between all stakeholders at the meso-level 26 2.2.4 Mediation and win-win solutions 27 2.3 Dealing with different knowledge systems atth e negotiations table 27 2.3.1 Land use planning based on'scientific'knowledge 28 2.3.2 'Indigenous' knowledge as basis for locally steered development 28 2.3.3 Negotiations between stakeholders with a different knowledge base: clashing or working together? 29 3 'ROM' Project Gelderse Vallei (TheNetherlands ) 31 3.1 Introduction to the region and the project 31 3.2 Perception ofth e problem byth e different stakeholders 32 3.2.1 The problem as seen by the initiators 33 3.2.2 The problem as seen by other public agencies 34 3.2.3 The problem as seen by the other stakeholders 35 3.2.4 Overview ofth e perceptions of the parties involved 36 3.3 Description and time frame ofth e approach 36 3.4 Negotiations 38 3.4.1 Negotiations at different levels 38 3.4.2 The outcome ofth e negotiations 39 3.4.3 Mediation and decision making 41 3.5 Information as input inth e negotiations 41 3.6 Conclusions 43 4 Nature Conservation as local interest in the Chobe Enclave (Botswana) 45 4.1 Introduction to the region and the project 45 4.2 Perception ofth e problems by the different stakeholders 48 4.2.1 The start of the new approach 48 4.2.2 The problem as seen by the initiators of the new approach 50 4.2.3 The problem as seen by the International Donor Agencies 50 4.2.4 The problem as seen by government institutions 51 4.2.5 Overview of the perceptions of the parties involved 53 4.3 Description and time frame ofth e approach 54 4.4 Negotiations 55 4.4.1 Negotiations at different levels 55 4.4.2 The outcome ofth e negotiations: win-win solutions 56 4.4.3 Mediation 57 4.5 Dealing with different knowledge systems: clashing or working together? 57 4.6 Conclusions 58 'Planificación Micro regional' in Comanche (Bolivia) 61 5.1 Introduction toth e area and background ofth e project 61 5.1.1 National context 61 5.1.2 The municipality Comanche 63 5.1.3 Micro-regional planning 64 5.2 Perception ofth e problem by the different stakeholders 64 5.2.1 The problem as seen by the initiators ofth e new planning approach 65 5.2.2 The problem as seen byth e central government 67 5.2.3 The problem as seen by the municipality 67 5.2.4 The problem as seen byth e Dutch donors 68 5.2.5 The problem as seen byth e peasant organizations 68 5.2.6 Overview of the perceptions of the parties involved 69 5.3 Description and time frame ofth e approach 70 5.4 Negotiations 71 5.4.1 Negotiations at different levels 71 5.4.2 The outcome ofth e negotiations 72 5.4.3 Mediation 73 5.5 Information as input inth e negotiations 73 5.6 Conclusions 74 Integrated catchment management in the Murray-Darling Basin (Australia) 75 6.1 Introduction toth e area and background of the project 75 6.2 Perception ofth e problems by the different stakeholders 78 6.2.1 The Conservationists 78 6.2.2 The Commonwealth and State Governments 78 6.2.3 The farmers 79 6.2.4 The local authorities 80 6.2.5 Overview of the perceptions of the parties involved 80 6.3 Approach chosen for the management of the Murray Darling Basin 81 6.3.1 Agreement on land degradation asth e central problem 81 6.3.2 Specific programs 82 6.3.3 Landcare as the community based approach within the NRMS framework 84 6.3.4 Landcare in the Boorowa River Catchment (taken from: Hayman, 1996) 86 6.4 Negotiations 87 6.5 Information as input inth e negotiations 87 6.6 Conclusions: meeting atth e meso-level 88 Rural developments in the Western part ofth e Sous-préfecture of OUESSE (Benin) 91 7.1 Introduction toth e area 91 7.2 Perception ofth e problems by different stakeholders 94 7.2.1 The problem as seen by the Ministries 95 7.2.2 The problem as seen by the initiators (DFRN/PGRN) and the CFD 96 7.2.3 The problem as seen byth e CARDER and the GERAM team 97 7.2.4 The problem as seen by the local organizations 98 7.2.5 The problem as seen by Mahi farmers (men and women) and others local inhabitants 98 7.2.6 Overview of the perceptions ofth e parties involved 99 7.3 Description and time frame ofth e approach 99 7.3.1 Organizing fora and setting priorities about the problems 101 7.3.2 Networking for using expertise from other organizations 101 7.4 Negotiations 102 7.4.1 Four levels 102 7.4.2 Mediation 103 7.5 Dealing with different knowledge systems 104 7.6 Conclusions 105 8 Land use management inth e Meket Woreda, Northern Wollo (Ethiopia) 107 8.1 Introduction 107 8.1.1 Area and population 107 8.1.2 Revolutions that changed the structure of rural society 108 8.2 Perception of the problems byth e different stakeholders 110 8.2.1 The problem as seen by the initiators ofth e new approach 111 8.2.2 The problem as seen byth e Woreda Administration and the Regional Government 112 8.2.3 The problem as seen byth e Ministry of Agriculture 112 8.2.4 The problem as seen by the local leaders 113 8.2.5 Overview ofth e perceptions ofth e parties involved 114 8.3 Description and time frame ofth e approach 116 8.4 Negotiations 117 8.5 Dealing with different knowledge systems 120 8.6 Conclusions 121 9 Discussion and conclusions 123 9.1 Introduction 123 9.2 Circumstances determining success 124 9.3 Methods in negotiation 127 9.4 Recommendations 130 References 131 Preface Against the backdrop of a steadily growing world population, land and its associated natural resources like water and biodiversity are becoming increasingly scarce commodities. Little wonder therefore, that competition and the number of conflicts over the access to these resources are steadily rising. Where conflicts over the use of land in the past often had an economical background, growing environmental concerns have over time developed intojus t as strong an issue. Similarly, the concept of'land useplanning 'whe n it wasfirst develope d primarily addressed the economical, i.e. productive, factors and considerations rather than environmental concerns as associated with various options for land use. It was June 1992 at the occasion of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro when the need for integration of policies in various fields with a view to sustainable development first became globally recognized. Decisions which were taken with regard to a plan of action in different development sectors to be pursued through this integration have been laid down in a document which is commonly known as Agenda 21. Chapter 10 of this document, titled 'Integrated approach to the planning and management of land resources', primarily deals with the reorganization, and where necessary the strengthening and reorientation, of relevant decision making structures.