CHILIAN

ADMINISTRATION IN TACNA - ARICA

THE PRESENT SITUATION IN THE PROVINCE

A RESUME OF PROGRESS MADE

"THE SOUTH PACIFIC MAIL" CALLE O'HIGGINS 63.

VALPARAISO

1923 A Translation of the President's Message to "The South Pacific Mail"

For the influential English Periodical published in Chile: "The South Pacific Mail"

The only justifiable contests between nations are those in which their noblest and most vigorous energies are expended in stimulating human progress, and for their common welfare, based upon the solidarity of interests and the brotherhood of man. A convinced believer in these noble and generous ideals, I assumed office impelled by the irresistible resolution to serve my country, setting a fixed course towards the solid, definite and lasting peace of the South American Continent. This lofty motive inspired my action with regard to the Washington Protocol. The end aimed at Was not limited only to the final liquidation of the results of the War of the Pacific, but constituted our contribution to the tranquillity of the continent, and an efficacious means of regaining the old and traditional friendship which united us to Peru in the most solemn and transcendental moments of our common history.

ARTURO ALESSANDRI, President of Chile. His Excellency, Don Arturo Alessandri, President of the Republic of Chile, 1920-25., TACNA-A RICA

EARLY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Neglect of Provinces By Peruvian Administration.

In the following article the results of the Chilian Administration of the provinces of Tacna and Arica are presented in an authoritative form for the first time in the English language. It will be admitted that under the present regime the region has made extraordinary progress, which is the most practical testimony to the wisdom and efficiency of the Chilian Administration. During the period of Peruvian domination, these provinces failed to attain prosperity or even to reap the common advantages that democratic rule, well understood and well applied, diffuses throughout the body politic of Republics. The abandonment in which they were left by the Central Government of Lima became eventually too painful to be endured by the inhabitants of the beautiful and historic region that now flourishes under the protection of the Chilian flag. This explains the fact that in the year 1836 the Corporations of Moquegua, Tacna, Arica and Locumba presented a statement to the Government, manifesting their desire to be annexed to the Republic of Bolivia. In the corresponding documents is shown with painful clearness the administrative disorganisation and indifference of the Government of Peru. The municipal authorities of Moquegua state, among other matters— "We refrain from speaking of the Constitution that has governed us, for it is well known to all thinking people to be full of political anomalies and may be regarded as the source and origin of the disturbances that have taken place, and in itself, merits universal animadversion."

Tacna's Desire For Separation.

The authorities of Tacna, referring to their own town, say, "Let it be declared separated from its capital, Lima, since that place has been the focus of the conspiracies whence have sprung the revolutions, one after the other, from which we have suffered, from which capital we have received no assistance whatever in the state of urgent necessity to which the province

has been reduced in consequence of the terrible earthquakes of the years thirty-one and thirty-two; since Commerce, the only support of the Province, has been reduced practically to nothing through the lack of interest of that Government in its prosperity and, finally, since experience has demonstrated that it will never rise from the state of depression and misery in which it is at present so long as it is dependent on that Capital."

Despair of the Future.

For their part the authorities of Arica, justifying their solemn demand for "the creation of a new Department composed of their province, that of Moquegua and Tarapaca, to be absolutely independent of Arequipa and Lima, base their opinion, like those of Tacna, on the abject and depressed condition in which they found themselves and to which they had been reduced by the political administration, whether through indolence or through the continual changes taking place in the Peruvian capital, the prejudicial effects of which had been suffered since the Independence, and, finally, for other sufficient reasons that have led the said provinces to despair of their future."

The Arica Customs-House.

They thus emphasise the third declaration of their "energetic and praiseworthy" utterance—"The city of Arica, so far as it is concerned, unites itself to the Bolivian nation and forms an integral portion of its family." The authorities in Locumba "Do not believe that their flattering hopes of bettering their lot are fallacious when they seek to put to flight so many calamities brought about by civil war, by the upheavals of nature and of politics," and they unanimously agree, "in behalf of their present and future welfare" to this declaration—"That Locumba is in sympathy with the separation decreed by the capital of the Province of the Department, and with the creation of a new Department made up of the three on the South coast, Tacna, Tarapaca and Moquegua."

Official Provincial Protest To Lima.

It must not be supposed that these recollections of a long past time reflect only accidental and transitory circumstances, to be excused in the early days of civic experiment and development. Not so. In March, 1878,

The Governor's Residence and General Post Office, Tacna.

that is to say, a year before the war with Peru, the representatives of Tacna sent to the Central Government in Lima a new statement, complaining of the decadence of the Department, occasioned by the state of abandonment , into which it had been allowed to fall; asking for more efficacious attention to its interests and hinting at a more energetic protest in case their petition was not listened to. They express themselves as follows—"However, if the precepts of economic and political science are neglected, if the thousand claims acquired by the Department are forgotten, and it is still abandoned to its own efforts; if, finally its unjustifiable and unnecessary sacrifice is consummated, it is our duty to raise still more loudly our voices to protest in the name of the people that have delegated to us their powers. Señor Minister, we request you to bring this document to the notice of the Supreme Government, in order that it may take the matter into consideration at the time of settling the customs question with Bolivia. Signed:—M. Tadeo Vargas.—Lucas Vargas.—José M. Gurrucha- ga.—Luis Ureta.—Celestino Vargas.—Hernán Lobe.—Juan L. Vidal.— Francisco Cabero." An Autocratic Reply.

The President of Peru, without attending to the legitimate aspirations of the Department of Tacna and without even giving explanations on which might be founded the hope of better times, dictated, under date March 26th of 1878, a decree to submit to trial, the "Councillors of the Departmental Council of Tacna who took part approving the agreement of the 18th of the same month and suspending them from the exercise of their functions, in

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Road under Construction to Quilla.

which they be replaced in conformity with the law and existing decrees." Such were the conditions of life in Tacna and Arica, and such the ctate of mind of the inhabitants on the eve of the war of 1879.

Death-Blow To Commerce.

It is true that these towns enjoyed, once upon a time, certain commercial advantages, since Bolivia, seeking an outlet to the sea, sent her products along the valley of Tacna, whence they continued their road to Arica, and since the importations for Bolivia followed the same route in the opposite direction. There was then a certain movement of pack animals and muleteers swarming on the mountain tracks. But the Government of Lima gave the death blow to the commerce of Tacna and Arica by constructing the Railway from Mollendo. The Peruvian Government did not then trouble itself even to be courteous to the territories which it now desires to revindicate for itself and over the fate of which it has filled America with romantic and doleful dirges. The construction of the Mollendo railway, which turned ir>'o other

channels the commercial interchange with Bolivia, completed the economic decadence of Tacna and Arica, flinging them into apathy and the funeral silence of towns on the way to disappearance.

A "Spurious Race."

In fact, before 1879, Tacna and Arica had spiritually and practically detached themselves from the Peruvian metropolis, since in the eyes of the central administration they figured as a spurious race and because, on the

Fresh-water Tanks and Reservoir for flushing drains, Arica, situated 49 metres above sea level.

other hand, they had suffered the convulsive fits of political agitation that, made them far from Lima, the nest of the ambitions of popular leaders, whence issued in due course anarchic revolts.

Turn in Fortune's Wheel.

In the long run the wheel of fortune turned in favour of Tacna and Arica and their discontented inhabitants. The Chilian Administration, in consequence of the Treaty of Ancon, bent all its efforts to advance the progress of the zone newly incorporated with its dominions. If it be permitted to attribute a moral significance to the zeal shown by the Chilian authorities for the welfare of these provinces, it might be deduced that the Government of Santiago always understood that the negotiation carried through with General Iglesias implied the definite handing over to Chile of the territories that now appear as the subjects of litigation. It is difficult otherwise to comprehend the preference with which the Government of Chile has watched over the development of that region and the welfare of its people. Citizens selected from among the most distinguished in the country, whether for military glory, family eminence, literary brilliance, social rank or political distinction, have carried out in Tacna and Arica the official representation of the Government of Chile and have laboured there with resolute energy in favour of industries, commerce and agriculture. The sum total of so many patriotically inspired and skilfully directed forces, has corrected, little by litttle, the economic apathy of those regions, as worthy

Entrance to the Public Market, Tacna.

of a more prosperous fate. The dreams of a humanitarian and progressive idealism, brought to earth in the form of hopeful possibilities have been converted, in the end, into a real and effective flowering of the multiple and diversified activities that now assure for ever the future of the people. This evolution that at the present day is attaining its most admirable development was foreseen by the genius of that illustrious administrator, Don Maximo R. Lira.

A Memorable Address.

Nineteen years ago that distinguished Intendente of Tacna figured as the guest of honour at a banquet in which the people of the town endeavoured to make manifest their affection for him and their gratitude for his efforts on their behalf. Señor Lira, thanking those present, expressed himself as follows in the course of his oration: "It is true that we have caused this province to participate to the fullest extent in all the benefits of our laws and our administration in such manner that in no way does it differ from any other of the Provinces of the Republic nor has been made to feel the inconveniences of an abnormal status. This is true, but it is certain also that in the material sense it has languished, that

its productive energies are prostrated and that its founts of vitality appear to be dried up. You, gentlemen, know better than I do to what this state of prostration is due. It began in the moment when the fruitful stream of international commerce was turned aside from this territory; since there disappeared from the trails of the valleys and of the mountains the noisy troops of mules and llamas that, with incessant coming and going between the Plateau and the Coast, stimulated production and gave life to business. Since then this territory has suffered from economic and commercial debility and it is imperative, absolutely imperative, for our interest and our honour, to hasten its restoration to health." He sketched out his vast and far-seeing plan of labour and the outline of the work that needed to be realised.

Government School No. 11, Tacna.

The Fulfilment of Promises.

He traced, with bold strokes, a general programme, indicated the ends in view, the ways and means of realising them, in such a way that the governmental action of Chile seems almost the fulfilling of a prophecy. All that Don Maximo R. Lira hoped for the prosperity of Tacna and Arica and all that he suggested as to the course of action that the Government of Chile should follow to render these territories prosperous have been fulfilled, and more than fulfilled, to the letter. It will suffice to read the following passage and then to compare it with the work carried cut under the Chilian Government in the past and at present—as detailed later in this article—to appreciate the extraordinary foresight of the distinguished Intendente of Tacna.

Chile to the Rescue of the Province.

Don Maximo R. Lira, in an enthusiastic burst of patriotic eloquence, uttered the following admirable words: "The present object of our Government is to raise this Province from its state of depression, to make it economically convalescent, to prepare for it a prosperous future. It is relatively an easy task, for, after all, what is

(2) necessary, gentlemen, to bring about such a result? Nothing more than to attend to the teachings of nature to take full advantage of the lessons of experience and to float on the current that is bringing the economic trans- formation of the world. If there exist here vast extensions of territory condemned to sterility, if the horizons of commerce and the fields of industry have narrowed; if the means of communication are deficient; if, in a word, there are lacking, through weakening or breakage, the springs of economic movement, the remedies are indicated—let us render fertile the sterile soil,

Pupils of the i'acna Liceo on the School Tennis Courts. cut the bonds that bind the wings of commerce and prevent their extension, let us give to this country, with easy and rapid lines of communication, arteries through which warm and vitalising blood can flow, let us set on foot in it work that will fill it with workmen, and let us open wide its gates to the invasion of capital.

Spurred to Effort.

"Certainly, gentlemen, we cannot obtain from heaven rain instead of dew to fertilise the dry fields, but we can capture and harness in irrigation canals waters that to-day are lost to agriculture, and moreover, it is possible that the magic wand of science, like that of Moses, may find for us in the depths of the earth water, and bring it to the surface as a perennial source of fecundity. It may be that the bells of the Indian and colonial pack-troops will never again break the silence of the Andean solitudes, but, in exchange, over the new roads that the rail will open, the locomotive will climb to tjie crest of the mountains singing with its powerful voice the triumphant hymn of resurrection!" Prophecy Fulfilled.

All this, indeed, has come to pass, all this now forms a harmonious concert of living forces that are advancing towards a splendid future for Tacna and Arica and to the greater glory of the name of Chile. Was it asked that the sterile lands should be fertilised? The waters of the Uchuzuma lave with their intermittent waves the earth in which the cane thickets of the Azucarera seem to be essaying their youthful vigour, covering with green an extension of twenty hectares.

Tanks of the Town Water Supply, Tacna.

Was it desired that the bonds that hindered commerce from using her wings should be cut? Tacna is recovering her mercantile interchange with Bolivia, and Arica, equipped with her magnificent and increasing port works, she facilitates and augments the currents of importation and exportation.

Railways Instead of Mule Tracks. Was it asked that the territory should be given good roads which should serve as arteries for commerce, attract population and open the door to capital? Well, the means of communication have been multiplied and spread like a net. The old pack-animal routes that were mere trails beaten over the mountain summits and precipitous cliffs by the hooves of mules and llamas, nowadays wind easily, smoothing the asperities of the way, making it possible for an automobile to reach Ca'.ientes by the Tarata trail or to descend in an easy spiral from the heights to the very foot of the precipices, as on the road to Putre, which descends in corkscrews in Jamiraya. Above all, the railway from Arica to La Paz, after running along the Lluta Valley, climbs the hills, gracefully and easily, soon dominates the foothills, in a short time reaches the 3,728 metres altitude of Puquios, goes on climbing, spreading and speeding up with its bustle of commercial move- ment everywhere in its passage, the movement that means life to the towns in two nations that ought to be united, not so much by the railway as by the force of their mutual interests.

Government School No. 4, Tacna.

Peopling the Territory.

1 his railway has contributed to the realisation of another and very important part of the Chilian programme, the peopling of the territory with workmen, as Señor Lira foretold. The railway from Arica to La Paz attracted and continues to attract workmen for its operation and main- tenance, as is also the case with the agricultural industry in the farms with which Chilians have enriched the zone, after having drained the swamps to convert them into fertile land and to extirpate malaria. The names of Fuenzalida, Lopehandia, Acuña, Nuñez and Saavedra deserve to be recorded as symbols of the efforts with which Chilian proprietors are transforming the Lluta Valley. Workmen have also gathered around the metallurgical establishments and the Sulphur deposits, where Chilian energy and capital are predomi- nantly represented, and also on the Sugar cane plantations, with the deve- lopment of which is bound up the hope of raising the economic yoke imposed by Peru, obliging Chile to pay her annually, for sugar, the sum of twenty million pesos.

Great Activity.

Fruitful activity, then, reigns in the northern provinces. There does not exist there the painful silence of lands condemned to everlasting sterility nor the dumb tragedy of the solitudes that seem to await a planetary con-

Cemetery Chapel, Tacna. vulsion as the only hope of changing their destiny. There is the joy of work, the noise of business, hives of industrious labourers who have carried there the toughness and enterprising spirit of the race and who toil feverishly every minute, like the companions of Aeneas, newly disembarked in Italy after the tempest. Virgil's phrase "Fervet Opus" may well be applied to this efferves- cence of activity. It is a fact, moreover, that the Government of Chile has not spared sacrifices and has emptied its coffers with the end in view of urging on the progress of these favoured regions and of contributing to the well being of their people. The National Treasury, though limited in capacity, has effected wonders, even converting itself into torrents of millions that have been shed with a profusion comparable only with that of the blood poured out by Chilian soldiers as a gift to the fatherland. A Variety of Improvements.

Honourable and persevering efforts have not been confined to one determined sphere of action, to one type of development, or to a single sec- tion of the universal task. On the contrary, Governmental foresight and the intellectual, physical and economic pressure of the Chilians have touched everything, from the sea-shore to the mountain top, from the labour of the mines to a perfect administration, from agriculture to education, from the irrigation of extensive stretches of sterile land to problems of sanitation, of hygiene and public health; from barracks and workmen's dwellings to the models that exist in Tacna and in Arica; from a good service of posts and telegraphs to the roads through the Andes and the paving and sanita- tion of the towns, from the plazas, parks, gardens and avenues to the construction of public market buildings; from the providing of services of

Garden of the San Ramon Hospital, Tacna. potable water, electric light and hygienic services that, during the time of the Chilian occupation, have banished yellow fever and malaria, to the installation of the public slaughter houses; from the safeguarding labours of the Sanitary Station, of the Public Disinfecting Station and of the Sanitary police for vegetation, to the construction and beautifying of the cemetery. Nothing has escaped the beneficence of Chile, as may readily be appreciated by a glance at published statistics. For example, in the branch of Public Instruction, during the Peruvian Administration, secondary education was unknown in 7 acna and Arica.

Nowadays students receive this instruction in four establishments, the Liceos for Men and for Women in Tacna, and in the Commercial Institute and Liceo for Women in Arica. With regard to Primary instruction, during the Peruvian administration, there were only three municipal primary schools in Tacna and two in Arica. In the rural villages of remote regions there were no schools at all.

Girls Liceo, Arica.

At present, under Chilian rule, there are thirty-seven public schools combating illiteracy not only in the principal towns but also in hamlets like Calana, Tala, Las Maitas, Molinos and in the pampa itself, as at Estique. This information speaks well for intellectual progress. If we desire to refer to the economic progress of the regions, it is neces- sary to point out, first of all, the great irrigation works put in hand and continued with praiseworthy perseverance by the Industrial and Sugar Growing Company of Tacna, in spite of obstacles that at times seemed insurmountable. 1 o-day the collection of water coming from underground springs and rivulets causes a scanty and inadequate flow of water to the Uchuzuma canal, insufficient for the irrigation of the vast agricultural concession. But within a short time the canal works in hand will be com- pleted and the waters of the Mauri, an international river, Chilian throughout a considerable part of its course, will irrigate five thousand hectares of land in the Province of Tacna, without taking into account the similar work that has been initiated in the Azapa Valley. Production of Sugar-Cane.

Already sugar cane is grown in promising, beautiful and dense masses which, bordered by paths facilitating access, cover a space of twenty hectares. Other forms of cultivation are being experimented with, all adding to the sum total of agricultural activity, as, for instance, a consider- able extension of barley grown to the South-east of the city of Tacna. Whoever has visited the region will be able to imagine the beauty that awaits in the near future those extensive stretches, the soil of which is not made up of sea sand, but of soft, nitrate charged earth which only awaits the vitalising water to unfold all its germinative virtue.

Entrance to the Tacna Cemetery. The brief notes given above give an idea of the economic life of the region, depending for the future on its agriculture. If the means of communication throughout the zone be considered, the efforts of the Government of Chile in behalf of Tacna and Arica will be still more appreciated. Without insisting on the construction and improvement of the roads and tracks leading to the mountain towns and villages, to which allusion has already been made, it will suffice to give a glance at the international railway to comprehend the cyclopean magnitude of the work carried out by Chile and the continental and American spirit that has animated the Government in its construction. Railway to Bolivia. This railway, in fact, the construction of which was begun in September 5th, 1906, occupying the attention of three Presidents of Chile, Don Ger- man Riesco, Don Pedro Montt and Don Ramon Barros Luco, and which cost a sum total of three and a half million pounds, does not merely satisfy the needs of commercial interchange between Chile and Bolivia, building up mutual interests and tending to neighbourly good will, but it is filso an effort of South American idealism that, imitated elsewhere, will contribute to the well-being of the great family of the New World. The task was no easy one. The track chosen as the most suitable, was not able to avoid topographical obstacles. It was neccessary to go up and up, to master the heights, to cleave them with formidable cuttings, to pierce then with tunnels, to overcome maximum gradients of 6 per cent, rack and pinion rails, to throw bridges across profound ravines, to create extensive terraces in that irregular, craggy orographic system that seems to have been shattered by the continual and revolutionary work of earth- quakes and volcanoes.

Calle Carrera, which leads to the Tacna Cemetery, a beautiful avenue constructed by the Chilian Administration on what was previously a refuse dump.

The Reward of Chilian Energy.

For this reason the firms carrying out the contract had to give up the laving down of the line for a few kilometers; for this reason also the original line of route had to be altered beyond kilometer 40, until, in the end, Chilian initiative, the energy of the Chilian workman and Chilian capital brought the enterprise to a happy termination in La Paz, thus completing the link of steel, of commerce and co-fraternity that commences humbly in Arica, runs through the Lluta Valley and winds up the first foot hills of the mountain incline leading up to the Plateau. To-day this railway covers the costs of working with its own revenue, in spite of the fact that its tariffs are relatively low and calculated in view of the territories that it serves and the class of product of industry and commerce which it chiefly handles.

Facing an Ecclesiastical Problem.

Having thus to some extent dealt with the physiological life of the political organism, emphasising certain analogies with the functions of the head, the heart and the members in which reside the locomotive facul- ties, it would be unjust to stop short here and make no mention of the service that concerns more especially the beliefs, affections and aspirations of the spirit.

Public Disinfection Station at Tacna.

During the period of Peruvian domination, the service of religion was very incomplete and defective throughout Tacna and Arica. By reason of the material interests that excessively intermingled with the practical exercise of the priestly office and also by reason of a certain vocational incompet- ence to be noted among those charged with the sacred task of caring for the souls of the faithful, religion had fallen into a sad state of decadence and flagrant inferiority, to the manifest prejudice of simple and ingenuous piety thus left without proper guidance. The conduct of the Peruvian clergy was not so edifying as might be desired, a fact that gave rise to repeated complaints which, in the end, assumed the dimensions of a general protest. T he circumstances reached such a point that the Government of Chile could no longer ignore the popular clamour that was being raised against extortion in the matter of emoluments and the unedifying lives of the ecclesiastics. There exists in this respect a very curious official investigation the circumstantial details of which are scarcely suitable for the present publi- cation.

Operating-theatre of the San Ramon Hospital, Tacna.

Creation of Military Vicariate.

Suffice to say that the Government of Chile, attending to the popular clamour, provided in the fullest form for the spiritual needs of the provinces of the North. Thanks to the creation of the Military Vicariate and after the dislodging of the priestly functionaries who failed to inspire confidence and win adherence, a group of Chilian priests took under their charge the spiritual requirements of the region. The Government of Chile entrusted this all-important task to a learned and carefully selected number of priests whose "walk and conversation" were a sufficient guarantee for the consciences entrusted to them, delivering the supreme direction of such noble activities to a Chilian priest who is universally respected for his gifts of clear intelligence, unquestionable virtue, apostolic zeal and exemplary patriotism. This distinguished personality, the Illustrious Bishop and Military Vicar-General, Dr. Rafael Edwards Salas, has organised in a praiseworthy manner a plan of religious service that satisfies to the full the requirements of even those given to criticism. The public can no longer complain of the burden of eccleciastical emoluments or against the private conduct of the servants of the faith. On the contrary, they consider themselves fortunate under the wise, discreet and enlightened guidance of their Chilian pastors, recognising in them the bul- wark of their protection and a guarantee of perfect tranquillity by reason of the disinterested manner in which they carry out their duties.

As regards the extension of religious service, the Chilian chaplains serve permanently, not only Tacna and Arica, but also the places of secondary importance scattered throughout the region, not excluding the hamlets and villages of the high mountain region. They exercise their worthy functions, for example, in Calana and Pachia, in Estique and Tarata, in Codpa and Putre, in Belen, Socoroma, Parinacota, Guayatire, etc. Significant Comparisons.

The people have been enabled to form significant comparisons between the old and the present religious administration, between the Peruvian priests and the Chilian chaplains. It is curious to note, moreover, that on certain occasions, when some unfounded rumour has been spread that one or other Chilian chaplain was about to be transferred to some other charge, the inhabitants of his district have hastened to solicit from the civil and ecclesiastical authorities, with every insistence, that their chaplain should remain permanently with them.

Public Disinfection Station, Tacna.

Such has been, and still is, the religious administration given by the Chilian Government to the territories of Tacna and Arica, thus completing the universality of the programme of their administration and fulfilling the popular demands. The references above given, scanty and incidental in their form, do not give, it is true, any sort of complete idea of the work of Chile in 1 acna and Arica, but they supply a clear outline to serve as a guide to those who desire to go more deeply into the matter and fully to comprehend it. Nor has any attempt been made here to write a monograph on matters of public notoriety, already dealt with in enough books to form a library. By way of example only, a glance has been given in passing, at public instruction, at the development of economic life and at the wealth of new means of communication that animate these regions of the North, for ever Chilian. It is as though we had particularised the thinking head, the heart that guards the treasure of living blood, and the organs of locomotion that held the secret and the spring of all fruitful activities. This demonstration of the condition of the organism as a whole bears in itself, without claiming to do so, the whole significance of a summary. In the following statistical account, added to the above preface, may be read information of the deepest interest which confirms the statements and deductions of the preceding lines, and which have their value as a splendid piece of evidence in favour of the conduct of Chile and of the Chilian Administration in Tacna and Arica.

View of the Sanitary Station, Arica.

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION

Educational Provisions.

During the Peruvian domination there did not exist in the Province of Tacna a single establishment of secondary education. There were primary Municipal Schools in the cities of Tacna and Arica, badly attended and worse installed. There were no schools whatever in the towns of the interior. Secondary Education.

To-day the Province counts on the following establishments of Ins- truction, secondary or special : In Tacna.—The Liceo for Boys. The Liceo for Girls. In Arica.—The Commercial Institute. The Liceo for Girls.

The "Maximo Lira" Liceo for Boys, Tacna.

The "Maximo R. Lira" Liceo for Boys in Tacna.

This establishment was founded in 1885. It is installed in a large and adequate building rented from the successors of Don Anselmo Blanlot Holley. The building has ten class rooms, laboratories for the study of Physics, Chemistry and natural science, a department for manual training and a library of 2,000 volumes. It has also a free dental clinic for the service of the students, a tennis court, swimming and shower baths.

4

Commercial Institute, Arica.

The following courses of study are followed. Two preparatory, six years of the "Humanities" with two parallel courses of the 1st and 2nd years. In the two last years of "Humanities" there is co-education of boys and girls, since the Liceo for girls lacks courses for the 5th and 6th years. The list for 1922 included 277 pupils, the average attendance being 207. As an auxiliary institution exists a "Student's Protection Society for Mutual Aid." The Liceo for Girls in Tacna.

This was founded in 1901 and is installed in a hygienic building with sufficient accommodation, rented from the Tacna and Arica Railway Co. The establishment has the necessary class rooms and laboratories, a gym- nasium and a section for instruction in cookery. It has the two following courses of study, two preparatory, four years of Humanities, and a course of domestic economy. The list for 1922 included the names of 197 pupils, the average attendance being 156. The Arica Commercial Institute.

Founded in 1909. Installed in a commodious two-storied building rented from the successors of Dr. Conrado Rios. The establishment has eight class rooms and other teaching facilities. The Chemical laboratory is specially well fitted and up to date; in it is carried out the work in connection with the Municipal Food Inspection. The Institute has the following 7 courses; 3 general, the studies in which correspond to the 3 first years of Humanities; and four dedicated more specially to commerce, after passing through which the students may obtain their diplomas as General Accountants. The list for 1922 included 180 pupils, the average attendance being 162. Liceo for Women in Arica. Founded in 1916. Installed in its own building. Recently an adjoin- ing house has been acquired for the extension of the building, the necessary work being now in hand. The establishment, together with the new construction, will have all the class rooms required, laboratories, gymnasium, section for teaching domestic economy, etc. The Liceo has the following courses, two prepar- atory, four years of humanities and a course of domestic economy. In 1922 there were 1 73 pupils with an average attendance of 1 33.

PRIMARY EDUCATION

Public Schools. During the Peruvian administration there only existed, as already noted, municipal primary schools, badly attended and worse equipped. 1 here were three only in Tacna and two in Arica. In the rural districts there were none, since these were only begun by the Chilian Government in 1886. There are to-day in the province 37 public schools distributed as follow: Department of Tacna.

Upper schools for Boys 3 For Girls 2 Elementary Schools, Boys 5 Girls 6 Both sexes 7 Total 23

In the Department of Arica.

Upper schools for Boys 1 For Girls 1 Elementary schools for Boys 2 Both sexes 10 Total 14 Grand Total 37 Of the above schools, two only, Nos. I and 4 for boys in the city of Tacna, are installed in edifices specially constructed for the purpose. Of the remainder of the schools, five are in houses belonging to the State, three in places given for that purpose and 27 in rented houses. The thirty-seven public schools are distributed throughout the cities, villages and hamlets of the Province in the following manner: TACNA 9 Pocollay 2 Calaña 1 Pachia 1 Miculla 1 1 arata 3 Tarucache . . . Estique pueblo . Estique pampa . Tala Chucatemani . ARICA . . . Azapata . . . . Alto Ramirez . Las Maitas . . Molinos .... Poconchile . . . Putre Socoroma . . . Belen Codpa

All the schools in the Province are under a Provincial Inspector and the staff of professors and assistants, of both sexes, number 93, all Chilian. Of these Professors and assistants, 34 are normalists, 53 proprietors, having passed the corresponding examination. Six probationers have not yet passed the examination. All the schools are adequately equipped with furniture, text books and apparatus. The scholastic statistics of the Province for 1922 give the following figures.

Department of Tacna.

General list 2,547 Average attendance 1,939

Department of Arica.

General list 1,661 Average attendance 1,103 Total for the Province 4,1 68 Average attendance 3,042

Pupils examined at the close of 1922: 3,120. In the schools of the different categories the educational Programme drawn up for the Republic is followed, including gymnastic exercises and singing, manual work and scholastic festivals.

Staff of the Girls' Liceo, Tacna.

Private Establishments.

The following private teaching establishments exist in the Province: In Tacna, a Kindergarten and a mixed night school for both sexes, of the Society "Twenty-sixth of May," with an average attendance of 80 pupils. In Arica; an elementary school, with fifty pupils, and the following night schools for working men: "Diego Barros Arana," "José Victorino Lastarria," the "Working Men's Federation School" giving elementary instruction, and the Industrial School "James Watt" giving practical in- struction in Mechanics, Engineering, Drawing and Mathematics. These schools have an average attendance of 170 pupils. All schools for the working classes are subsidised by the Municipalities.

Road under construction from Arica to Azapa. In the background the Lazarette or Isolation Hospital.

SANITARY WORKS AND HEALTH SERVICES

Town-Cleansing Plans.

The works of this class will be treated separately for Tacna and Arica. Outside the sanitation work already carried out or in hand in the cities of Tacna and Arica, the local authorities have dedicated, since the beginning of the Chilian occupation, special attention to the town- cleansing services. In Peruvian times the garbage simply accumulated inside the houses or on the roofs. Thanks to the severe measures taken by the Chilian authorities, the cities of the Province call attention by their cleanliness, and as a significant fact it may be mentioned that, since the occupation, yellow fever has disap- peared from the region. - 41 TACNA

The works of sanitation and health control carried out in this city by the new services installed are the following: Water supply, Drainage, canalisation of the Caplina, improvement of the Market; Slaughterhouse. Hospital, Cemetery, Public Disinfection, Sanitary policy for Vegetation: Public Baths and Workmen's dwellings.

Water Supply.

This service did not exist during the Peruvian Administration. There was nothing beyond an open tank, unenclosed, into which ran on certain days of the week water from the Caplina river, to serve, through a pipe line laid through the Calle San Martin, the fountain in the Plaza, now known as the Plaza Colon. During the rainy season in the Cordillera, when the river brought down much mud, the service was cut off.

Tacna Water Supply. Some of the modern filters for the town water supply at Tacna.

The people of the town supplied themselves with water in the Caplina, which was like an open sewer along the Alameda, with running water only on Thursday and Saturday, since on the other days of the week the waters of this brook were used up in the irrigation of other parts of the valley. The days on which the water ran permitted the inhabitants to fill barrels for the supply of the other days of the week, though the stored water often went bad; others provided themselves by buying water from the itinerant vendors who carried water from the river in earthen pots on the backs of donkeys. It is well to recall the fact also that the same river that served as a source of drinking water carried off the drainage and house garbage. From the beginning of the Chilian occupation the authorities set them- selves to remedy this state of affairs. The Peruvian tank was demolished and reconstructed in proper style, and six others were built also, so that there are now seven, two for settling and decantation and five for storage, all of cemented masonry. They have a capacity of 900 cubic metres, the daily consumption of the town being about 300 cubic metres of water. The tanks are situated in a walled-in enclosure. Filters have been built, none existing before, since, as has been said, in Peruvian times no attempt was made to settle or filter the water. It has now been arranged that there is no failure in the water supply on any day of the year, though at times it is necessary to suspend the service at night.

Road ill construction opposite Quilla.

As regards water piping,—formerly there was only the main pipe line in the principal street, for the service of the fountain, whence the water ran to the public baths. During the Chilian administration pipes from the main line have been put in and other main lines laid down with their secondary system, so that it may be said that there is now a complete net- work of pipes throughout the town. Last year, beside the gratuitous public services there were over a thousand house services. There were also ten hydrants for fires and twenty public water troughs. — i:i -

1 he value of the 1 acna Water Supply Works may be calculated as follows: Tanks $1,250,000 Main line piping 350,000

$1,600,000

Drainage.

All the rubbish and waste water of the town during Peruvian times were thrown into the bed of the river or into the open sewers that ran along ths pavements in some of the streets. In some of the houses there were cess-pools. A great deal has been done in this service, though there are still many important works uncompleted.

Sanitary Station, Arica: Partial View of the Chemical Laboratory.

The sewers (called in Spanish "acequias") have been covered in, and now there are no open ones left. A complete plan for the drainage service of the city has been drawn up and is being carried out, little by little, by the Municipal authority.

Closing in of the Caplina.

1 his stream, which only brings water to the town on certain days of the week, ran open to the sun along the Alameda; the townspeople flung into it all the rubbish and waste water of their houses and from it they drew the water that had to remain three days stored in barrels, in which mosquito larvae flourished. The stream was canalised and roofed in throughout its entire extension bordering the Avenida Baquedano, through which it traverses the city, during the administration of the Intendente Orrego Ovalle. Above it has been planted a palm avenue that will add greatly to the beauty of the locality when the plants are fully developed. The carrying out of this work and the strict cleanliness which is daily insisted on in the streets of the towns have their reward in the approval expressed by travellers who visit Tacna on entering Chile from the North.

Improvement of the Market.

During the Peruvian Administration, in the years 1873 and 1874, the Market building, occupying a block, was constructed, costing the Munici- pality 90,000 soles, a sum obtained as a loan from the Bank of Tacna and the paying off of which has been completed by the Chilian Adminis- tration.

Opposite the Encampment of Guacano Chico.

The interior of the edifice has been completely transformed. In Pe- ruvian times it was merely an immense shed, paved with river pebbles, into which entered daily Indians and country people with the donkeys laden with their merchandise, which they laid out on the floor. To-day the interior is paved throughout with concrete and counters have been provided., forty, for the use of the sellers. Its different installa- tions are hygienic and of good appearance. 7 he front of the building has been planted with a garden that makes one of the most pleasant walks in the town. Slaughter House.

The present slaughter house of Tacna is of Chilian construction, since before there was only a filthy compound provided for this purpose. The equipment is hygienic, it has an abundant water supply and is paved with concrete. The animals are inspected by a Municipal Vet when received and when cut up. A bridge has been built over the Caramolle, an old tributary of the Caplina, on the road leading to the Cemetery, and the carcasses, after receiving the stamp of the Municipal officer, are transported over it in a special zinc-lined car to the market.

Public Slaughter-house, Tacna.

The San Ramon Hospital.

—v In Peruvian times this establishment consisted of a few miserable sheds grouped around the San Ramon Church. The Hospital has been entirely rebuilt, with several new wards, an operating room, a section for paying patients and numerous offices, whilst around it have been made large plantations of trees and gardens. The San Ramon Hospital has five wards for men and five for women. It has a boarding section for the sick of both sexes, a Maternity depart- ment, an operation theatre, a chemist's shop and a free dispensary. It has all the surgical material necessary and an X Ray installation. There are also, of course, dwelling rooms for the nuns, a Chapel, wash-house, rooms for the staff and all necessary offices.

The Hospital staff consists of two Doctors, a Matron, two assistants, eighteen nurses and servants of both sexes. The service of the Hospital is under the care of nine nuns. The Hospital, which has 160 beds, attended, during 1922, 1,445 cases. The average attendance per day works out at 32.72 cases. 1 here is a special department where the unfortunate class are medically examined weekly. The examination is obligatory.

The Cemetery.

The old Cemetery of the city of Tacna has been enlarged and com- pletely transformed. The Intendente, don Maximo Lira, caused a beautiful facade to be built and an elegant Chapel; its area has been added to and its lay-out improved. A water supply has been provided which has per- mitted the cultivation of beautiful plantations, formerly absolutely non- existent.

The Cemetery at Arica.

In Peruvian times there was no such thing as a road to the Cemetery. It was necessary then to cross the Caramolle sewer, and a stretch of desert pampa which served for the deposit of town garbage. In the early days of Chilian administration, a bridge was made over the Caramolle and a beautiful avenue, paved and bordered with trees, was made that is now the longest and possibly the most striking in the neighbourhood.

Disinfection.

There is a perfectly installed public disinfection station where all objects brought for the purpose are disinfected free of charge; the compul- sory disinfection ordered by the law is carried out by it, the public coaches are disinfected every week, as are also the clothing of the Army and the clothing brought in by the conscripts. Sanitary Police for Vegetation.

1 his service lends its aid free of cost to the farmers of the agricultural zone, under the charge of an expert contracted by the Government who carries out disinfection and the curative treatment of trees and eucalyptus.

Sanitary Station, Arica: Apparatus for Disinfection.

For this purpose the service is provided with the sprays and other necessary equipment which are lent to farmers who are only charged the cost of the ingredients necessary for the treatment. The expert attends the whole Province and gives gratis the instruction and advice asked for. Public Baths. There is a Public Bath that dates from Peruvian times and which has been completely transformed and improved by the Chilian administration. At present there are three big swimming tanks and two smaller and also individual baths with hot and cold water. There are free public baths and others for admission to which a small sum is charged. The water of the swimming baths is constantly renewed. Workmen's Dwellings.

The Chilian Government has begun the construction of houses for workmen. These houses are well designed, healthy, properly ventilated, roomy and with boarded floors, a yard and bath service, water closet, water supply, drains and electric light. This is a step of the highest importance for the hygiene of the town, because it was a place of great importance in former days when it was the centre of Bolivian trade, before the construction of the railways of Mollendo and Antofagasta, and in consequence, there was no need to build new houses. The Chilian population, therefore, occupied the houses of Peruvian construction, small, dark and completely lacking in essential sanitation.

Improvements to the Port.

In this port and its neighbourhood the works connected with the improvemeht of the sanitary condition were most important, since sub- terranean water ran at not far below the surface; these, and the water of the San José or Azapa and Lluta, formed many swamps that rendered the region decidedly unhealthy. The works already carried out and those in construction—all under the Chilian administration—have practically got rid of the malaria that was formerly endemic. The works of sanitation and public health of the city of Arica and its neighbourhood carried out by the Chilian administration, some of them representing important and costly undertakings, are as follow—Drainage, Water Supply, Sanitary Station, Market, Slaughter house, Hospital, Laza- rette, Cemetery and Workmen's dwellings.

Drainage.

During Peruvian times there was no drainage service in the town of Arica, the houses being dependent on cesspools that were utterly deficient from the sanitary point of view. The Chilian authorities paid special attention to the task of finding a remedy for this state of affairs, which was occasioning serious damage to the health of the people. The Government has caused to be constructed a complete drainage system for the whole town, with a net of drains and flushing arrangements. The drain pipes and outlets of the roads are of reinforced concrete and have a length of eleven and a half kilometers. The outlet in the sea for the waste water is effected by means of a collector emptying into the sea at a considerable distance away from the town far enough to avoid all danger of contamination; a metal pipe 100 metres long carries it out to this distance from the shore. The automatic siphon system is used for the flushing of the pipes. There are 88 inspection chambers and 37 for flushing. Water Supply.

Under Peruvian rule the population depended entirely on well water, often infected by the cesspools and swarming with the mosquitos that carried the germs of malaria. The Chilian Government has carried out an important undertaking in bringing to the city by means of a pipe line 1 50 kilometers long the water

of the Caracarani quebrada in the mountain region of Tacora, of the very highest purity. On the slopes of the hill have been constructed tanks of reinforced concrete to hold the water for the town service, at fifty metres above sea-level. These tanks have a capacity of 1,000 cubic metres. To increase the volume of water, pumps have been installed also on the left bank of the San Jose stream, thus rendering available the inexhaustible supply existing there of water free from all contamination. A centrifugal high pressure pump system lifts the water to the level of the tanks. The installation of water supply is calculated for the needs of a population of 16,000 people, or double the present demand. -

A complete network of supply pipes has been laid down throughout the city. For the Fire service, in different parts of the town, there are 68 hydrants. The drainage and water supply works have cost the Treasury, exclusive of Municipal expenditure, more than one million three hundred thousand pesos.

Irrigation Tunnel between Huatillas and Balcota.

Suburban Sanitation.

A contract has been entered into for the carrying out of sanitation work in three districts, Las Chimbas, Chinchorro and the San José stream. Las Chimbas includes the suburban market gardens, situated to the North-east of the town, covering some 45 hectares of cultivated land, where there were swamps having an extension of about 4 hectares constituting a permanent peril to the place on account of their forming a breeding ground for malaria mosquitos. These lands have been completely sanitated by the construction of subterranean drains that carry off the water to the sea. The swamps have disappeared, the low lying places been filled in and all danger of malaria has been dissipated.

Chinchorro is the name given to the region that extends from the right bank of the San José stream to the boundary of the land occupied by the Railway repair shops of the La Paz Railway. The whole extent be- tween the railway and the sea, measuring about fifty hectares, is under cultivation, principally sugar cane, and there are many swamps there that make it unhealthy. The sanitation works are now in hand, drying up the swamps with underground drains and the results obtained up to the present show that malaria is disappearing and will vanish entirely when the task is finished. In the ravine of the San Jose stream, which runs into the sea at the time of the winter rains in the Cordillera, carrying off the waters of the Azapa ravine, there abound, for some 700 metres, underground springs left derived from waters held up in the stream bed, forming impassable and dangerous swamps. The canal station of the river is in hand in the part referred to, lateral drains being constructed in connection with the main canal, the effect of which will be the complete drainage and salving of the region. This work means the construction of over ten kilometers of drainage channels and eight thousand cubic metres of filling in the low lands. The cost will amount to more than a million pesos.

Sanitary Station.

By Supreme Decree bearing date April 17th 1905, the Northern Sanitary Station was created and placed under the control of the distin- guished specialist, Dr. Conrado Rios. Some days before a hulk had been sent to Arica, destined to serve as a floating Lazarette, and a Clayton stove fitted in a launch for the disinfection of ships. From the above date onwards the sanitary service of the Station was established. Since 1905 to the present year the Northern Sanitary station has disinfected 3,1 70 ships and has carried out the regulation medical inspec- tion of 387,034 sailors and 138.404 passengers. Since 1907 the Sanitary Station has owned two properties, the build- ing containing its offices, placed 33 metres above sea level and the Laza- rette, situated to the north east of the town and 300 metres from the Hospital. The first cost the Government $150 000. The Northern Sanitary station has a Microscopical Laboratory with a chemical laboratory annexed; portable apparatus for disinfection, a library, cages for experimental animals, baths, etc. For the maritime service it possesses a Clayton disinfection launch, a gasoline launch for the medical inspection service, a hulk to serve as floating hospital. The equipment of the Sanitary station is valued at over $200,000. The Sanitary Station has played a very important role in the works connected with sanitation carried out by the local authorities, contributing efficaciously to the object in view by its authoritative advice and decisive experiment. The founder of the Sanitary station, Dr. Conrado Rios, and its present chief, the Bacteriologist, Dr. Tomas Aravena, have undertaken several campaigns which have prevented the terrible consequences of typhus, smallpox, pneumonic influenza and bubonic plague. For five years past there has not been a case of the latter disease, a consequence of the prophylactic measures permanently taken to extirpate rats. The Sanitary station is in the charge of a Medical Bacteriologist and has a staff of disinfecting mechanics and sailors adequate for all branches of its service. Market and Slaughterhouse.

The Market was taken over from the Peruvian administration in the form of a ruinous building, without pavement. The Chilian authorities have rebuilt its walls and from the first moment have taken care to pave it, installing marble tables for the sale of foodstuffs and putting in a department isolated with wire netting for the meat. Services of sanitation have also been put in adequately. It may be said that the place has been reconstructed, since over $50,000 has been expended on it. The Slaughter House is exclusively the work of the Chilian admi- nistration. It has a cement pavement and abundant water supply. Its construction cost more or less $40,000.

1"

Entrance to the San Juan de Dios Hospital, Arica.

The San Juan de Dios Hospital.

The Chilian administration received in Arica a hospital consisting of three adobe rooms, with twenty beds for men and eighteen for women, the third room being for the administrative staff of the establishment. These constructions were demolished in consequence of their deplor- able state, under Chilian control, and in place there has been built a solid and spacious edifice, in the best hygienic conditions, amply sufficient for the needs of Arica. Seven hundred thousand pesos have been expended in this work. The establishment has five wards for the sick, a boarding section for men and for women, a special wing for consumptives, another for Mater- nity, an operating theatre and section for inspection of the unfortunate class. It has a disinfection department with all the necessary equipment, a com- plete outfit of surgical requirements and an X-ray installation. The Hospital akc has a wing for the accommodation of the nuns that attend it and all necessasy offices for mechanical washing and rooms for the staff. The service is under two doctors, a matron, with two asis- tants and seventeen nurses and servants. The Hospital is attended by 8 nuns of the Order of St. Anne. The establishment has 114 beds. During 1922, the cases treated numbered 1,617, .he number of cases attended daily numbering 22.89.

San Juan de Dios Hospital, Arica.

Lazarette.

1 his building erected in the suburbs in the direction of Azapa has lliree independent wings with accommodation for 45 beds. It is built in accordance with the best precedents. It has a car ambulance, baths, an isolation ward shut off by wire netting for yellow fever cases, a chemist's shop, convalescent department, etc.

Cemetery.

I his is the work entirely of the Chilian administration. In the year 1884 there existed in the same place that it now occupies a patch of desert imperfectly enclosed which served as the lay cemetery. There were about 80 niches and no plantations. At 300 metres distance was the Protestant cemetery better walled than the former, but very small and with only four tombs in it.

At present Arica has a really beautiful cemetery, ten times bigger than the old one. It is enclosed with solid walls, with a portal of fine appearance and excellent construction. Many well foliaged trees md beautiful gardens have replaced the desolation of the old pampa. The avenues are 830 metres long planted with more than 500 large trees. Workmen's Dwellings. The construction of workmen's dwellings begun by the Government is in an advanced stage in Arica. The construction of four of the eight blocks in contemplation has been contracted for, each having twenty houses grouped around a central plaza. The houses of which the construction is already well advanced are hygienic, with four rooms, kitchen, bath and water closet, drainage service, water supply and electric light. Each house has a small courtyard and in the interior of each block there is a big common garden. These houses are to be rented to work-people, but facilities for pur- chase are granted, based on the payment only of a monthly quota re- presenting approximately per year the nine per cent, of the value of the property.

in

COMMUNICATIONS

Town-Paving Work.

In this section must be mentioned the urban paving and that of the public roads. The Railway from Arica to La Paz is reserved for later description. In connection with these works reference will also be made to the lighting of the towns and the means of postal and telegraphic com- munication in charge of the State. During the Peruvian administration only a few blocks of the city of Tacna were paved, a street here and there, and then only with river pebbles, whilst in Arica no paving of the roads existed at all, and only a few side walks were floored with boards. Under Chilian administration the streets of the cities of Tacna and Arica have been paved throughout, and those of Tarata also. The Chilian administration has constructed pavements only with curbs and with concrete or tiles. In Tacna no less than two hundred thousand square metres have been paved and ten thousand metres of concrete side walks, over a million pesos being expended in this work. In Arica there were no public gardens, the Plaza Je Armas and the park at the sea side being entirely Chilian work. In Tacna the Plaza de Armas has been improved and paved, the Pinto Park planted and the Municipal Park constructed. In 1 acna, also, two bridges have been constructed over the Caramolle to communicate with the northern part of the town. Both cities now have public and private installations of electric light. CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS

improving Communications.

The nature of the region, made up of smali, inhabited valleys separ- ated by deserts and high mountains, makes the construction of roads that have to run over enormous uninhabited stretches to unite the scattered towns exceptionally expensive. In the desert pampas there was no need to build roads, it being only necessary to put in repair a few places and to indicate the route by signals;

J5 H but in the mountainous regions the work is very difficult, made more ex- pensive through lack of water and food for the workmen, everything having to be brought over long distances. In Peruvian times the only road in the Province was that from Tacna to Bolivia, through Pachia, Palca and Tacora. Elsewhere there were only trails marked out by the tracks of the mules and ilamas that served for transport purposes. That road had been the only way out for Bolivian products which came down the Tacna Valley eventually to be embarked at Arica; and the commerce in transit between Tacna and Arica increased considerably when the construction of the English railway that joined the two cities in 1856 made more easy the journey of the import and export merchandise to and from Bolivia. The Peruvian Government gave a death-blow to this commerce when it constructed the railway from Mollendo to Puno, and opened the former port and offered there every facility to commerce. In this situation, when the death-blow had been given to the com- mercial life of the Province by its former ruler, came the war of 1879.

Sulphur deposits at the foot of the Tacora Volcano (19,900 feet high). At once the Chilian administration busied itself with the repair of the road to Bolivia, and one of its first tasks was its complete overhaul in 1885. Twenty or more years later, the road has been made anew, and in the section of the Caplina valley, where it unites Tacna with Pocollay, Calana, Pachia and Calientes, it has been repaired throughout its entire length, bridges being made over the canals and acequias that it crosses.

The Station of the Aerial Railway tor transport of sulphur. At the back the Chupiqulina Mountain.

In the rest of the Province, where, as has been said, no work of com- munication had been attempted, the Chilian administration has built the following roads: From Tacna to Tarata: from Tacna to Sama; from Arica to Rosario ; from Arica to Azapa; from Puquios to Putre.

The Tacna-Tarata Road. Between these two places there only existed tracks for pack animals running for the most part along the quebrada from Chero or Quilia, and at times, in the rainy season in the hills, the path became impassable. During the administration of Intendente Lira, a new road was made by Calientes. A cart road is now under construction which, passing by Estique and Tarucache, will unite Tacna with Tarata. This latter town will see wheels for the first time, for at present there is not a single vehicle in it, not so much as a wheelbarrow. This road will cheapen the cost of transport between the above mentioned places and also that of the active commerce that is carried on with Ticaco and other towns of the Peruvian Province of Tarata. The road climbs the heights on leaving Tacna, crosses the pampa and continues along the Quilla quebrada and so over the mountains. In the Pampa the road is marked out with concrete obelisks, indicating the path to the traveller. This road is 75 kilometers leng and its cost is over a million pesos.

Road irom Tacna to Sama.

This was built a few years ago. A steep cart track was made to the Alto del Campo de la Alianza, and the Quebrada Honda pass was put in repair; for all the rest of the road the track follows the pampa, over which its course has been cleared. I his road measures son.e forty kilometers and serves for the com- merce with I omasiri and Sama.

Chislluma, the Discharging Station of the Aerial Railway.

Road from Arica to Rosario.

I his road has been built five years. it is 18 kilometers long, practicable for all kinds of vehicles, including automobiles and has enor- mously facilitated the transport of the products o!: the Lluta valley. 1 wenty thousand pesos have been spent on it.

Road from Arica to Azapa.

This road, macadamised and with sidewalks four metres wide, permits the easy transport to Arica of the products of the Azapa valley which previously could be brought only on mule back. Its cost has been $30,000. Road from Puquios to Putre.

Before the construction cf the railway from Arica to La Paz, the communication between Putre and the neighbouring towns with Arica was only by means of a track negotiable only by mules and donkeys, which descended the LIuta valley. The railway now permits of the movement of passengers and cargo as far as Puquios station, but, as from there onwards there were only rough and dangerous trails, a road has been put under construction from Puquios to Putre of a length of 30 kilometers. Four-fifths of the road are completed and very soon it will be quite finished.

The Mountain Roaci from Tacna to Tarata.

1 his road will cost five hundred thousand pesos but it will make communication easy between Arica and the Putre valley, the most popu- lous cf the interior of the Department. At present the continuation of this route to Codpa is being studied.

Posts and Telegraphs.

During the Peruvian administration there was no other postal service in this province than a daily one between Tacna and Arica served by the English railway which began running between the two cities on January 1st, 1856, and another, weekly, between Tacna and the city of La Paz, in Bolivia. None of the inland towns, not even Tarata, had any postal service whatever. There are now two principal postal administrations in Tacna and Arica and the following postal agencies: In the Department of Tacna—Pocollay, Calana, Pachia, Palca, Estique, Tarucache, Tarata and Chucatamani. In the Department of Arica—Azapa Grande, Poconchille, Central Puquios, Humapalca, General Lagos, Putre, Socoroma, Belen, Ticnamar, and Codpa. It may be affirmed that even the most remote parts of the Province have a postal service. As regards the telegraph service, the Chilian Government has joined up the whole Province by a net of lines so that from Sama and Tarata, on the Peruvian frontier, there is telegraphic communication with the rest of the country. The line has existed on from Sama through Peru since the wartime. There is telegraphic communication also with Bolivia.

Offices of the Electric L'ght Company, Arica.

Moles of the Port of Arica.

At present there are two moles in service and a new one under con- struction. Of the two moles in use, the larger is administered by the Arica- La Paz Railway. It is constructed on steel piles, set in concrete; its length is 1 68 metres. The whole of the imports pass over it and also the whole of the exportation on Bolivian account. This mole has four steam cranes by means of which cargo is deposited directly into railway trucks. The cost of this mole constructed by the Chilian Government, including repairs to date, amounts to $1,200,000. The cargo handled during the last five years is distributed as follows: 19)8 79,482 tons. 1919 ' 79,926 „ 1920 100,471 „ 1921 80,081 „ 1922 97,030 „

Total 436,990 tons. The smaller mole is used for the handling of the coastwise trade and measures 34 metres in length. It has two steam cranes and double railway line. Its cost exceeded $15,000. The working of the mole is in charge of Sr. Francisco Lopehandia, a Chilian, who has rented it. The movement during the past five years is as follows: 1918 15,800 tons. 1919 10,575 „ 1920 14,874 „ 192 1 13,256 „ 1922 12,786 „

Total 67,291 tons.

There is also in service a mole belonging to the Corocoro Company, a Chilian concern which makes use of it for the embarkation of ores from its mines in Bolivia. When there is an excess of business it is also used for the coast trade.

The Mole at Arica.

The New Mole.

In view of the increasing commercial development of the port and the volume of Bolivian commerce handled, the Chilian Government ordered the construction of a new mole for cargo, adequate to deal with the new demands. The construction, which is being carried forward with great activity, is being made of reinforced concrete, it will be 162 metres long and

Works of the Chilian Tin Smelting Company of Arica.

16 metres wide and will have a handling capacity of 215,000 tons per annum. Alongside the mole there is being built an esplanade with an area of 1 7,280 square metres, which will be utilised for the deposit and handling of merchandise of the custom house and the Arica-La Paz railway. For the carrying out of the work, the contracting firm, which is the Chilian concern known as "The General Construction Co.," has expended $350,000 in various installations and machinery. The basis of these installations is an electric railway of a kilometer in length, with branch lines, from the esplanade to the quarries at the foot of the Morro. The cost of the Mole will be $3,050,000 currency and the cost of the esplanade $200,000 gold.

Irrigation.

With respect to the irrigation works of the Province the reader may be referred for full details to chapters I and XII of the book "Tacna and Arica under Chilian Rule," published last year by Don Carlos Varas ("Montcalm"). The Industrial and Sugar Growing Co. of Tacna. The most important irrigation work undertaken in the province of Tacna is that of the above named company, at present in execution. About the middle of the year 1919, at the initiative of Don Ismael Pereira, who, by chance, visited the province of Tacna, a company was formed in Santiago to carry out studies and surveys for the irrigation of a wide area of land in the neighbourhood of the city of Tacna This company was formed with a Capital of $250,000 divided into 250 shares and with which was formed the company "Luis Echeverria Cazotte and Co." With the sum of $125,000 the necessary studies and surveys were carried out, a small farm being also purchased for the experiment with different plantations of cane Eventually the Company was formed known as the "Tacna Industrial and Sugar Growing Co" to which were trans- ferred the water rights and land concessions which the Company had acquired in accordance with the law of the land It was due, therefore to Chilian capitalists that with five million pesos, of which $2,240,000 were subscribed in 1920 and 1921, that the company was able to start work on a large scale.

Country House on the Estate of the Chilian Sugar Company.

The object which the Company aimed at was in the first place to construct a large canal to capture the waters of the rivers and springs of the Cordillera to the North-east to Tacna, among others, of the Mauri.

3,200 Litres Per Second.

By obtaining these waters it was estimated that a minimum quantity annually of 3,200 litres per second could be brought down to the fields around Tacna and irrigate 3,000 hectares. The canal once constructed, a work that from the first was seen to demand a great engineering and financial effort, it was proposed to devote the major extension of the land thus watered to the cultivation of sugar cane, a refinery being in due course installed for its elaboration. The realisation of this project would mean for Tacna the triplication of the area under cultivation and of its agricultural production giving a great impetus to its economic importance. For this it would be necessary to invest a large capital and by no means inconsiderable personal efforts, all of which, however, the company resolutely faced. It solicited and obtained from the National Congress a loan of three million pesos in irrigation bonds in the same form in which they have been granted for all the canals constructed in the country during the last eight years by the Office of Public Works. The Tacna Industrial and Sugar Co. began the work, contemplated in its programme in December 1920 and to-day, after two years and a half of labour, it has completed the first section of the big canal, for 50 kilometers, in which it has to overcome the difficulties of the contour of the country and of the mountain, constructing a great tunnel of 1,260 metres length to traverse the chain of hills that separates the valleys of Lluta and Tacna and another tunnel, 790 metres long, crossing the continental water shed of the region, and many other works of technical interest to cross rivers, roads, etc. With the section now completed of the canal the waters of the river Uchuzuma are brought to Tacna, at a volume of about 500 litres per second, with which, frcm the commencement of the present year, the cultivation has been started in 500 hectares, to which end several natural channels have been adapted to carry the water to the cultivated area. The land belonging to the Company is made up of 5,000 hectares of Government concession in the desert extending South-west of the city of Tacna, land that hitherto has been of no value whatever, but which, given sufficient irrigation, is capable of producing every kind of fruit. Several different kinds of sugar cane are being experimented with and the Company has at present sufficient plants for 400 hectares. In the work so far carried out, three million pesos have been expended, and production has already begun. Work is being carried on towards the river Mauri, for which it will be necessary to construct 100 kilometers more canal, the cost of which will be approximately one million nine hundred thousand pesos, a work which should be completed in about a year and a half. Together with the canal construction work the plantations of sugar cane have been laid out in such manner that at the end of the present year it is expected to have 300 hectares planted, as well as a wide extension of land dedicated to the agricultural exploitation of vegetab'es, barley, alfalfa, maize, etc.

The Irrigation of the Azapa Valley.

In this valley, watered by the San José river and situated 4 kilometers to the east of the port of Arica, Chilian enterprise has succeeded in increasing by 100 per cent, the agricultural production and has contributed in decisive form to the salving of land formerly scourged by endemic fevers. The Azapa Valley produces the vegetation characteristic of the tem- perate and even of the torrid zone, from apples to sugar cane, bananas and cotton. Fruit culture is the foundation of its wealth, the principal products being the orange and olive. Another fruit of exquisite quality and in great abundance is the chirimoya and plums of the most delicate flavour are grown, together with the pear, the peach and every kind of vegetable.

Chilian Landowner's Record.

The work of the Chilian Don Carlos Weguelin is well worthy of being placed on record. He stimulated agriculture in all its forms throughout the Azapa Valley and began the work of irrigation and sanitation, draining the land in all directions. He brought in the most modern methods of cultivation, and, finally, established in Arica a plant for the preparation of cotton. Among the landowners of the Azapa Valley figure other Chilians who are also deeply interested in the effecting of every kind of improve- ment and material advance in this region. A fact that reveals clearly the favourable influence of Chilian admi- nistration is the doubling of the population of the Valley since the year 1907. The "Industrial and Agricultural Syndicate of the Azapa Valley" is in formation in Santiago with capital of $300,000, for the purpose of acquir- ing from Messrs. Juan Manuel Valle, J. Arturo Quiroz and German Brain, the concessions obtained by these gentlemen from the Government for eight cubic metres of water per second from the lakes Chungará and Cotacotani, the marshes of Parinacota and the river Lauca, and 3,400 hectares of fiscal land in the Azapa Valley near Arica.

Plan to Raise Sugar and Cotton.

The Syndicate proposes to form a minimum lot of 4,000 hectares, to bring, as a beginning, four cubic metres of water per second to water this area, dedicating it to the cultivation of sugar and cotton. The Syndicate proposes the formation of a limited company which will raise the capital necessary to carry these projects into execution. The technical work projected by the engineer Sr. Brain and the plans of which have been approved by the Government, consist of a dam at the outlet of the Parina- cota, 19 metres high, which will convert the swamp into an extensive lake; a canal 29 metres long with capacity for 4 cubic metres per second with two siphons and two short tunnels, a tunnel 4,200 metres long to traverse the line of hills that separate the basin of the Lauca river from the Azapa Valley. The Parinacota reservoir thus formed will collect the rain water of a catchment basin of 460 square kilometers. The basin is divided into two parts, that correspond to the lakes of Chungará and Cotacotani and that of the Parinacota. The first of these is provided by nature with natural reservoirs; the lakes, which have a natural overflow in the springs of Parinacota that give a flow of 2,000 litres per second, even in the driest months, those of November and December. The waters of the different springs finally unite in the bottom of the Parinacota swamp, thence giving rise to the Lauca river. Water For Electric Power.

From the tunnel, the waters will run through a natural channel to below Axipar where the land to be irrigated begins. The waters run thus 60 kilometers, falling from a height of 4,400 metres to 800 metres above sea level. The Syndicate contemplates in its programme the for- mation of a Limited Company to take advantage of this considerable fall to obtain motive force for the electrification of the Arica-La Paz railway and for the general supply of Arica. In compliance with the terms of the land concession, the Intendencia of Tacna has handed over to the concessionaries 2,040 hectares of land, a considerable extension still remaining for delivery. These are flat, hitherto uncultivated lands which will require some preparation before they can be made use of for the planting of sugar and cotton. In the Hacienda "Cclomba" cf Azapa, the concessionaries have been making for some years past tests on the yield cf different kinds of cane, finally selecting three species that give seven tons of sugar annually per hectare. The concession obliges the holders to install a sugar ingenio for the treatment of the cane, with minimum capacity of 150,000 quintals per annum. The Syndicate is studying plans for the rrection of a complete plant of the most modern design for the elaboration of a minimum quantity of 500 tons of cane per 24 hours. The time in which the works c:x be completed is estimated at two years, the same time beinq required for the preparation of the land and the gathering of the first harvest.

Industrial Activities in Tacna-Arica

Agriculture.

The province of Tacna is not industrial, it is above all Agricultural. The little valleys that interrupt the deserts of which it is made up are of great fertility, growing all the vegetable products of the temperate and sub-tropical zone. The valleys watered by the streams of the Azapa or San José, Lluta and Caplina, those formed by the different streamlets that flow into the Sama in the Tarata region, together with that of the Vitor or Chaca make up the agricultural region of the Province, Of minor importance is the lower valley of the Sama. since most of the lands watered by that stream lie on the Peruvian bank. The Azapa valley, down which runs the stream of that name, also called the San José, has an irrigated area of about 1,000 hectares. Pro- duction is abundant, chiefly consisting of fruits, above all of oranges and olives, the latter forming an important article of exportation. The irrigation works in projection, already spoken of, will permit the productive capacity of this region to be very considerably increased.

Contending With Frosts,

1 he Lluta Valley has a cultivated area of over 6,000 hectares, watered by the Lluta stream, receiving in its course that known as the Azufre. The district is not so suitable for fruit growing, but rather for Maize and Alfalfa, the latter, in fact being the main product of the valley.

In the interior, the region of Putre and Socoroma it is only possible to grow crops that are capable of standing the frosts. The valley of the Caplina has a cultivated area of some 2,000 hec- tares, including the land called Los Lotes, to the South-east of the city of Tacna and which is watered from the Uchuzuma canal, a work constructed by the Peruvian Government in 1870. This canal carries the water of the Uchuzuma river through a channel 52 kilometers in length, as far as the tunnel through which it passes the hills, to fall into the Higuerani ravine, from which point it follows a natural bed. Water is now being brought to the desert streches situated to the South-east of the town from the Eastern plateau of the Tacna Sugar Grow- ing. Co. and when the work is completed, in two years more, it will be possible to irrigate 3,0C0 hectares.

Hay-Packing Machine on Hacienda Huanca, the poperty of Don Francisco Lopehandia, in the LIuta Valley.

In the 1 acna plain every kind of cultivation is carried on—alfalfa, maize, various vegetables and fruits, sugar cane and cotton. The Tarata region produces only aiialfa ;md maize; cotton is grown with good results in ihe Sama valley and it is probable that sugar care can also be grown there, to judge frcm the sugar cane plantations on the Peruvian side at Tomasiri. In the Victor ravine there is only a small prod-action of fruit in the Codoa region from which communication to Arica is difficult, owin.fj to the wide extent of desert that separates the places. The scjI of the province is for the most part of good quality, but largely uncultivated for lack of water. Wherever there is water, whether occurring naturally or brought by the hard of man, the earth produces its fruits in abundance.

Difficult Irrigation Work.

Unfortunately, the work of irrigation is difficult and demands large capital for its execution. For this reason, it is only owing to the fact that the territory is in Chilian hands that such work can be carried out. The reason is obvious. If the Peruvian Government made the Uchuzuma canal fifty years ago it was because Tarapaca was then in its hands and derived most of its supply of fruit and vegetables from Tacna. This interest would no longer exist for Peru. On the other hand Chile will always be interested in the cons- truction of expensive works for the irrigation of the province, since this is the only part of her territory where sugar cane can be grown, the culti- vation of which will permit her to free herself from the burden of paying Peru for sugar imported from that country a sum of more than twenty-five million pesos per annum. With few exceptions the agricultural property of the province is divided up into very small lots, and the methods of cultivation made use of are most primitive.

Chi'.ian Agriculturalists' Endeavours.

All the properties of any extent are in the hands of Chilians or Euro- peans, and all the farms that are in any sense up to date have Chilian owners. I here is only one big property with a Peruvian owner, the farm of Para, but this is worked entirely by Indians in exactly the same way as in the little native holdings. The effort made by Chilian agriculturalists in the Lluta valley is particularly deserving of attention. During the time of Peruvian rule this valley was simply an endless line of swamps, covered with thickets of rush and forming a terrible focus of malaria. In the course of years under Chilian sovereignty, the work of men of that nation has succeeded in draining the greater number of these swamps, and has converted the region into fertile fields, producing chiefly alfalfa in such quantity as not only to supply the needs of the Prov;nce but supplying to a great extent the requirements of the nitrate establishments in Tarapaca. In this valley there are important establishments devoted to this pro- duction, all in Chilian hands and equipped with the machinery necessary for cutting and baling up the alfalfa. The principal of these appertain to Messrs. Juan Fuenzalida, Francisco Lopehandia, Manuel Nuñez, Cesar Acuña and Nicolas Fuenzalida. The only establishment of the kind in the Tacna valley also belongs to a Chilian, Don Dario Saavedra.

H'2 -

The Farm of Don Julio Fuenzalida.

This farm extends across the whole breadth of the Lluta valley for a length of 20 kilometers, it has a total area of 2,100 hectares of which 700 are under cultivation and 1,400 in process of being rendered productive. Señor Fuenzalida has constructed sanitation canals on his property to a length of 50 kilometers and has adequately fertilised the soil, thus producing at present 40 000 metric quintals of fodder annually and main- taining flocks of over 4,000 ewes. The farm has three installations for baling fodder, one worked by steam power, another by an internal combustion motor, a third by hydraulic power; there are seven dwelling houses and three barns, two hundred workmen finding employment. The value of these agricultural installations is $1,260.000.

The Farm of Don Francisco Lopehandia.

In this farm, called "Huanta," sanitation and drainage work has also been carried out, it has an annual production of 5,000 metric quintals of fodder and flocks of sheep with 300 ewes. The capital invested in the farm is $150,000.

The Farms of Don Cesar Acuña.

The "Miraflores" is situated between the Lluta river and the port of Arica and the "Puro Chile" 35 kilometers higher up the valley. 1 he first has 350 acres of irrigated soil, producing up to six cuttings of alfalfa per annum, with an hydraulic equipment for baling fodder. These two pro- perties produce 6,000 metric quintals of fodder annually and represent a value of $280,000.

Farm of Don Nicolas Fuenzalida.

This farm is situated in Poconchile. It has also a complete installation for fodder compressing and produces 4.000 metric quintals per annum. The capita] invested is $105,000.

Farm of Don Manuel Nuñez.

1 his gentleman has recently begun the exploitation of his property, having invested in it $50,000.

The F\>dder Baling Works of Don Dario Saavedra.

This is an establishment in which the fodder grown in rented properties or purchased from private owners is prepared for the market. Mining and Metallurgical Industry.

Ail the establishments of this nature in the province are in Chilian or European hands with the exception of the salt deposits of Chacalluta and the Sulphur deposits of Aguas Calientes. The Chacalluta salt beds belong to a society formed by a Peruvian and a Chilian. The Sulphur deposit of Aguas Calientes belongs to-day to Caccaro Brothers, whose father, now dead, was a Peruvian and whose grown up sister is married to a Chilian officer. Mining for metals is of very little importance in the province. 1 he only mineral of any value is that of Choquilimpie, in the Belen sub- delegation of the department of Arica. This deposit was known and worked even from Colonial days. T he present establishment has been working since 1909, producing annually from 400 to 500 tons of ore containing 45 per cent, lead, some silver and a trivial percentage of copper. There is a small copper mine also working in the department of Tacna, called "La Descubridora," belonging to the Chilian firm of Espada and Donoso.

Sulphur Works.

In the neighbourhood of the Tacora Chupiquina volcanoes in the eastern plateau of the province exist important Sulphur deposits constituting a valuable source of wealth in this territory. The chief of these deposits are the following: Villa Industrial, Paucarance, Chislluma, Ancara and Aguas Calientes. The two first are in Chilian ownership, the third German, the fourth Italian, and the fifth Peruvian (born in this Province since the date of Chilian occupation.) In these establishments sulphur of three grades is produced, ground, flour of sulphur and granulated, which is sent to the south of the country or exported abroad. For the exploitation of these sulphur deposits the construction by the Chilian Government of the Arica-La Paz railways has been of enormous importance, permitting the easy transport of the product and doing away with the former mode of carriage on Mule-back to Tacna. It may be said, in fact, that these sulphur deposits owe their importance entirely to the above mentioned railway. Since the termination of the European war the exploitation of these sulphur deposits has lessened and some of the establishments closed down temporarily, but a recent improvement in the market has produced a favourable reaction and production is again on the increase. Villa Industrial.

This establishment belongs to the Chilian firm of Espada and Donoso, formed by Don José Espada, a Spaniard and his son-in-law, the Chilian citizen José Manuel Donoso Carvallo. The holdings of the Company cover an area of 547.45 hectares and according to the prospects made by various well known mining engineers it is calculated that the crude sulphur-bearing material would suffice to satisfy for 100 years a more intense exploitation than that carried on at present. These sulphur deposits have been worked for more than fifty years. Once the railway to Bolivia was constructed the Company abandoned its establishment in La Portada, in the Palca ravine and built at a cost of two million pesos a big sublimation works, beside the railway with a private branch line at the point to which the name Villa Industrial has been given. The Company has at present in construction a railway that will unite these deposits with those adjacent, a line measuring 27 kilometres in length and which, starting from a height of 4,100 above sea level, rises to 5,300 metres. Villa Industrial has 20 sublimation retorts producing easily from eight to ten thousand metric quintals per month, according to grade of sulphur. The foundations are laid of a plant that will double the productive capacity. According to analyses carried out by Dr. Morgues, the establishment produces granulated sulphur of 99.22 per cent, purity, and ground sulphur of 99.50 per cent., these grades being used in industry; and flour sulphur of 99.69 per cent, for agricultural and medical use. These percentages are superior to the best foreign sulphur, as recognised by the Judges in the Industrial Exhibition, when granting a Gold Medal, in the comparison against sulphur imported to this country. The administration of the company has only Chilian employees and finds work for 250 labourers, Chilians and Bolivians. The workmen only stay on the spot for a season of three or four months Ly reason of the rigorous climate occasioned by the great height,—4,100 metres at which the refinery is built—the actual deposits being at 5,000 metres above sea- level. 1 he large number of Bolivians employed is explained by the fact that they are used to the work and the altitude, whilst many of them own llamas that served for the transport until the construction of the railway. On the premises there is a shop and the dwellings necessary for the employees and labourers.

Chislluma.

This establishment was founded in 1886 by Messrs. Cock and Duran, and now belongs to the German firm Muecke and Co. The capital of the Company is £50,000 and the monthly production of the three grades of sulphur 4,000 metric quintals. The establishment is situated at 3 kilometers distance from the railway to Bolivia and for the transport to this line use is made of three Jeffery motor wagons. To transport the raw material to the refinery an aerial transporter has been constructed by the company 5 kilometers long. This establishment has all necessary equipment of most modern type and employs 250 labourers.

Paucarane.

Founded in 1916 by the Paucarane Syndicate, represented to-day by the Chilian firm of Gonzalez Soffia and Co. This has 7 sublimation fur- naces, producing monthly 1,500 metric quintals. The General Lagos station on the Bolivian railway serves these works.

Ancara.

' 1 his establishment belongs to Messrs. Daneri and Canessa, Italian citizens, who have resided in the province for many years. The firm has a capital of $200,000 and produces 1,200 metric quintals per month. 1 he firm has a refining and subliming works near Arica to which it brings down its raw material by the international railway, erected in 1916.

Metal Smelting Works.

With the object of smelting the ores of the Bolivian mines for embark- ation in Arica, there has been founded in the neighbourhood of the port two smelting establishments, one Chilian,—the Chilian Tin Smelting Co. founded in 1915 by the Chilian firm of the Llallagua mines and another, French, known as the Fonderies de Arica, founded in 1920 with a capital of 1,000,000 francs. In consequence of the crisis in the metal market, both these establish- ments are at present closed down. The installation of the Chilian Co. has three smelting furnaces, and when working, employs 200 men. The capital invested by this company was £81,000.

Other Industries.

It may be said that there are no manufacturing industries, properly so called, in the province, but all that there are are in Chilian hands.

Arica Electric Lighting.

A firm founded in 1912 thanks to the initiative of the Chilian Don Julio Fuenzalida. The power house built in the neighbourhood of the town has two Diesel engines of 160 HP. As the installation did not suffice to fill the needs of the town the firm is in process of installing a larger plant. The capital of the firm is £30,000. Attached to the Electric Light Plant is an Ice Manufactury with electric machinery which provides I acna and Arica.

Tacna Electric Light.

A Chilian firm which was founded the same year as the former, with a capital of £1,100. It has two Diesel motors and serves the public and private lighting of the city. Gun Powder Factory.

At the entrance of the Lluta valley, at 10 kilometers from the port, is situated the powder factory belonging to the Chilian Don J. Arturo Quiroz. The installations have a value of $100,000 and include an hydraulic press, grinding cylinders, sieving and granulating machinery, mills, etc. During the winter the machinery is operated by a canal of 1,800 metres length with a fall of ten metres and a flow of 300 cubic metres pet second. During the dry months a 20 HP. parafme motor is used. This industry produces from 300 to 400 metric quintals of gunpowde-' per month. The raw material, that is to say, nitrate, charcoal and sulphur are found in the provinces of Tacna and Tarapaca, a circumstance favour- able to the development of this industry. The product finds a ready sale in the Bolivian mines and in the nitrate region.

Wood Working.

In connection with the construction of the Artillery Barracks in Arica, Señor Francisco Lopehandia started this industry in one of his properties to the north of the town. The value of the installation exceeds $50,000. All kinds of wood for building purposes are prepared here.

Cement Tube Manufactory.

The firm of Oyarzun and Co. have an installation for the making of cement pipes and similar articles to be employed in the drainage service. In the first week of 1922 over 1,000 pipes of 10 cms. diameter by a metre long were manufactured.

Cement Works.

In order to take advantage of the good quality of the raw material found near Arica, it is proposed to form an important Chilian firm. The projectors are the owners of the deposits and at present studies are being carried out in Europe of the type of machinery best suited for the need of this industry. VII

IHK ARICA-LA PAZ RAILWAY

Most Important Undertaking by Chile.

This is the most important of all the work carried out by the Chilian Government in the Province of Tacna, whether from the point of view of magnitude or cost or from what it signifies for the economic life of Bolivia and for the political, commercial and other links that it creates between the two countries, uniting in one common interest the solution of the question pending between Chile and Peru as regards assuring the permanence of definite Chilian sovereignty in these territories. This work is also the most solid testimony in favour of Chilian rule in Tacna and Arica and represents the most eloquent manifestation of the lofty spirit of Americanism that has inspired the Government of Chile in thus constructing a railway so well calculated to develop commerce and aid the progress of the enemy of yesterday. In order to form an idea of the importance of the work as facilitating Bolivian Commerce, it will suffice to compare the length of the three rail- ways that unite La Paz to the Pacific. La Paz-Antofagasta.-l, 152 kilometres. La Paz-Mollendo.-840, with change at Lake 1 lticaca. La Paz-Arica.-440 kilometres. The length taken in the journey from the Bolivian capital to Anto- fagasta is 48 hours, to Mollendo 32 hours, from La Paz to Arica 18 hours. Cargo transported via Arica:

1914 37,971.88 tons. 1915 71,961.93 „ 1916 97,613.89 „ 1917 105,918.00 „ 1918 114,827.95 „ 1919 104,162.00 „ 1920 126,000.00 „

According to most recent statistics published in Bolivia in the year 1921 the total exportation of the country corresponding to the route via Arica was, in weight, 41.49 per cent, and the value 24.05 per cent, and the importations by the same route 31.61 per cent, and 28.16 per cent, respectively of the total. To appreciate the influence exercised by the railway from Arica to La Paz on the economic life of Bolivia, it is sufficient to note the progres- sive increase in importance of imports and exports since 1913, the year in which the railway was inaugurated.

— «o —

Exports.

Kilogrs. Bols. 1913 67,189,242 93,721,513 1917 151,797,031 157,748,084 1918 120,710,663 182,612,850 1919 119,091,218 144,251,527 1920 121,252,115 156,018,744

Imports.

Kilogrs. Bols. 1913 172,447,323 54,762,833 1917 147,267,227 53,480,817 1918 150,335,726 34,999,875 1919 115,981,022 34,665,781 1920 121,985,323 65,339,493 192 1 105,369,671 70,853,152

Houses of the Employees of the Arica-La Paz Railway.

In fulfilment of the 1 reaty of Peace and Amity with Bolivia, of January 20th 1904, in which is stipulated the construction of the Arica- La Paz railway at the account of the Government of Chile, and after studying the different routes that might be followed by the railway, on September, 1906, its construction was begun, the work being completed in 1913. On the 15th of May of that year the Railway was inaugurated under the auspices of Don Ramon Barros Luco, President of Chile, and Don Eleodoro Villazon, President of Bolivia, the Intendente of the Province of Tacna being Don Maximo R. Lira and the Governor of the Department of Arica Don Luis Arteaga G.

The inauguration ceremony was carried out in the presence on the part of Chile of the Ministers of State in the Department of Foreign Affairs, War and Marine, Industries, Public Works and Railways, the President of the Supreme Court, the Minister Plenipotentiary of Chile in Bolivia and the Director of Public Works. On the part of Bolivia were present their Excellencies the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Industry and Justice, the Minister of Bolivia in Chile and the Director of Public Works, with many of other notabilities of both countries.

In The Railway Station Yard, Arica. e Where the Line Starts.

The Railway starts from the neighbourhood of the Arica custom house and with a NNE course rune parallel to the coast and the I acna Railway for about a kilometer, leaving it then to mount the plateau of Chinchorro (2.5 metres -to 20.40 metres) where there has been installed a big repair shop with every modern requirement. All the workshops and the engine room have been erected of Hennebique system reinforced concrete. After crossing the San Jose river (1.28 km) the only cultivated part of the port of Arica, called Chimbas, is left behind to enter a sterile and sandy tract that reaches for over ten kilometers as far as the Lluta valley, first passing over the bridge of Chacalluta (km. 10.52) and continuing ENE across the green fields of the valley along its length as far as the beginning of the gradient (Km. 40.6, 605 metres above sea level.) There are two stations in the valley of Rosario at km. 28 and Po- conchile at km. 37. Immediately after crossing the third and last bridge of the Lluta river (km. 40.86) the railway begins to rise on the right bank of the river, leaving behind it the slopes as far as Pampa Colorada, first however bordering the slopes of the hills that on the east shut in the ravine of Molle Pampa, the only one existing on the North side of the valley.

Rack Railway.

From Pampa Colorada the lme goes on climbing by a sloping plain to Estation Central in Km. 70 at 1,481 metres. Between this point and Puquios station (3,728, km. 1 12.7) there has been laid down the rackwork rail with a grade up to 6 per cent, constructed of two plates on bearings set in steel sleepers on the Abt System. In both stations have been built repair shops to attend without delay to any repairs that may be required by the special locomotives of the rack railway.

Arica-La Paz Railway: Rack Section.

In the valley section the grades in general are slight, the greatest being 28 per cent, between Kms. 35 and 36, on the other hand from the beginning of the grade to Central the line rises with an almost continuous gradient of 30 per cent, and with curves greater than 120 metres radius. In the part served by the rack railway the minimum radius is 140 metres. The rack rail begins in km. 70,719 and ends in Km. 110.58. At more or less equidistant spaces three stopping and watering places have been placed. With a better knowledge of this abrupt and difficult region several modifications were introduced during construction shortening the length of the tunnels considerably. From Central the line ascends by a rough slope, much broken, to gain, by means of important cuttings and embankments, the south side of the deep "Quiroz" ravine and by which the line twists, supported in places on dry stone walls. It traverses the first two tunnels of length 48 and 14 metres respectively to cross the ravine at km. 86 turning in the reverse direc- tion on the opposite side to climb to the table land where the crossing is situated of km. 89.3 at 2,503 metres altitude.

Rack Section of the Arica-La Paz Railway. An Imposing Grandeur. The line continues, all the time climbing, to again touch the Quiroz ravine at about a kilometer distance, following it until it narrows in km. 94.3 into a deep and gloomy barranca. The railway at this point is 2,800 metres above sea level, but, shut in by high walls of granite, has an imposing grandeur.

The quebrada is abandoned here by a crossing no wider than 10 metres and curving to the right the line enters immediately a tunnel of 143 metres length to traverse the fourth tunnel of 93 metres length in km. 95.5. For the three last kilometers the line is carried on walls of some importance. In km. 97 the line curves to the left to follow on for 13 kilometers in a NE direction on steep slopes of another outpost of the Cordillera and traversing the last tunnel in km. 102 with a length of 170 metres arrives at the third crosing of this section, km. 102.4 at 3,228 metres altitude, the first crossing being situated in km. 80.6 at 2,064 metres above sea level. "A Cold and Rolling Plain."

Shortly afterwards emerging from the hill the ravine opens and there appears a cold and rolling plain; it is the end of the difficult portion of the line, km. 1 12.7, the threshold of the great plateau where there has been placed the station and repair shop of Puquios; here the railway has sur- mounted the Cordillera of Huailillas reaching an elevation of 3,728 metres above the sea. Without exaggeration it may be said that all the difficulties of construction and exploitation are concentrated in the section included between Central and Puquios. 1 he complicated problems that had to be solved, the enormous effort that the construction of the line demanded in such inclement regions makes this bit of the line one of the boldest and most important pieces of engineering work to be met with in the country.

The Highest Point.

Between Puquios and the Bolivian frontier, km. 206.16, and at an altitude of about 2,000 metres the route is continued on the plateau extend- ing to the east of the Cordillera Huilillas under working, reaching in Laguna Blanca its greatest altitude of 4,357 feet above the sea. It has long straight stretches on the flat and the curves are not less than 120 me- tres radius with 100 in exceptional cases. The greatest gradient of 30 per cent, does not exceed 12 kilometres, corresponding to 7,500 the develop- ment rendered necessary to pass in km. 131 the Huailas ravine in order to avoid the construction of a viaduct of enormous proportions. The railway continues across wide plains of gentle slope from km. 1 39 where the stopping place of Coronel Alcerreca, at 3,917 metres altitude has been placed, to receive the ores from the silver mines of Choquilimpie. In Humapalca, 4,083 metres, the station of that name has been constructed to serve the Tacora sulphur works, and the stopping place of General Lagos km. 185 serves the sulphur producing region of Chupiquina and the commerce of Putre.

Along the Edge of a Lake. The line for some distance passes along the edge of the lake to follow at a gentle curve the little valley of Palca leading to Visviri, the swamps . whlch 11 Passes t0 amve at 4,059 feet above sea level in Km 208 where i!| situated the station of Charana, the first in Bolivian territory, and where the Bolivian Government has placed its custom house. With regard to the engineering work in this section, there are two metal bridges over the Tacora river, kms. 159.7 and 172 and that of the Huaylas ravine, as well as mason work in the tunnels and others of brick. Bolivian territory is entered at 206.2 kms. from Arica in 1 7 degrees 36 south latitude and 69 degree 29 longitude west of Greenwich. After passing the Charaña station in Bolivian territory, the pampa of that name is crossed to arrive at the river Uchuzuma which it crosses in km. 213.38 by a bridge at 4,028 metres above sea level. The line follows the left bank of the Putani river to km. 222.8 follows the Caquena river and crosses it by a bridge 30 metres long in km. 225.43 to follow the right bank with some curvature till it jins the Mauri, km. 236.5. From this point on it follows the right bank to km. 292.7 where it again bridges the stream by a bridge 1 20 metres long. Here the line has an altitude of 3,853 and continues its decent to km. 32,378 where it crosses the Desaguadero river by a bridge 100 metres long and tubular foundations, at the lowest point of the Bolivian section. Between the Caquena and Mauri bridges there are also the bridges of Zascapa, 20 metres, Choca-Chocani, 15 metres, Llanquema, 10 metres, Vilcapalca, 30 metres, Pucara, 15 metres, Patocamaya 20 metres, Taru- cachi, 30 metres and Sogacachi, 60 metres. Before reaching Calacoto and for 14 kms. it leaves the banks of the Mauri river following the hills closely in order to avoid flood lands. The line is continued from the frontier in gentle gradients and curves, a section in which has been placed for the crossing of the trains the halting places of General Perez in Km. 250, General Campero in Km. 275, Ge- neral Camacho in Km. 295 and General Ballivian in Km. 352, as well as the station of Calacoto in Km. 316 at 3,805 metres altitude. In general an east and west course has been followed to Calacoto, turning from thence 6 kilometers north to the Desaguadero. Having passed this valley the line continues by the Tarija valley with a gentle gradient and long straight runs to Km. 338, where there is the station Taregra serving the important Copper mining centre of Corocoro, from which it is distant about 1 1 kilometers. The Bolivian Government has constructed a branch line that goes to this mineral group.

Technical Facts.

Following a North-easterly course the line continues by the right bank of the Portezuelo river which it crosses at Km. 342 by a bridge 40 metres long. About two kilometers before it crosses the top of a low ridge of hills separating the waters of this valley from those of Nozacara, the line leaves the Portezuelo river for a small tributary that rises with a gra- dient of 20 per cent, for a little more than a kilometer, descending from Km. 347 with an equal gradient and curves of 120 metres radius to Km. 354 whence it continues, still ascending for two kilometers more till it arrives at Alto de Comanche, Km. 364, at 4,131, the highest point reached by the railway in Bolivian territory. The 20 per cent, gradient is the maximum accepted in all this section. With a N. E. course the line now follows the valley of the Colorado river on its left side, to the bridge situated at Km. 397.3, where it crosses over two bridges of 40 and 60 metres respectively. Between the summit and the Colorado have been placed the stations of Comanches and Coniri, in kms. 369 and 393. The course is now North- east across several plains till it arrives at the stream at km. 407.5 con- tinuing to Viacha, km. 416, crossing the rivulet of the same name over a 20 metre bridge. The town of Viacha, the sectional capital of the province of Pacajes, is situated at 3,851 metres altitude. Its climate is that of the Plateau, cold, but healthy, and it has a population of about 2,000: it is the centre to which converage the railways of Mollendo, Arica and Antofagasta. The principal offices and workshops of the railway have been placed here by the Bolivian authorities. Leaving Viacha, the line enters a plain extending for 23 kilometers to the station of Alto, with an inclination of 10 per cent., a plain that is crossed with only two curves; arriving at the terminus in 4,083 metres above sea level and at a distance of 439.56 kilometers from the Pacific. From Alto can be seen the eternal snows of Sorata and the hill of Huayna Potosi; to the right lies the Murumata with its enormous summit covered with everlasting snow: a little beyond is Illimani, one of the loftiest peaks in the Continent. To the South lies the range of Tres Cruces in which terminates on this side the heights of the Cordillera, to continue in the chains of Los Frailes and Lipez till joined to the Chilian Andes. From Alto the trains of the Arica railway descend on the lines of the "Bolivian Railway" and that of the "Peruvian Corporation."

Abundant Supply of Water.

With the object of supplying the stations with abundant water, sev- eral surveys of the principal springs and rivers of the interior have been made. The most advantageous, as regards quality of the water, was on the western watershed of the high hills of Caracani, a great snowy mass of over 5,190 metres in height which on the north supplies the Tacora river in the middle of its course. Four inch pipes have been installed, starting from a height of 4,027 metres above sea level, at 6 kilometers from the railway line, or from Km. 151, Punta de Titiri. After running 125 kilometers the water arrives at the distribution tank constructed on the slope of the Morro of Arica. From Km. 50.5 a branch pipe line of 2 inches diameter and 7,735 metres length supplies the tank in the station of Poconchile. The station of Humapalca is supplied by its own pipe line and by means of an aeromotor, the General Lagos siding in the same manner, as well as the stations and sidings of the Bolivian section. CONCLUDING ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This account of the work of the Government of Chile in the Province of Tacna ought not to terminate without mention of the administration which exercises authority, a model of good Government, in charge of the intelligent and energetic Intendente, Don Luis Barcelo Lira, to whose enterprise and spirit of order we owe the greater portion of the data collected in these pages. The Intendente is admirably seconded in his labours by the Governor of Arica, Don Emiliano Bustos, and the Chief of the Combined Brigade, Colonel Don Carlos Fernandez Pradel.