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Vol. 1, No. 2, 2006 31st July, 2006 Journal of Eco-Friendly Agriculture Doctor's K re ri tu sh ul i E c v ri a g m A B y l a d g n w e a i r n f i - V o i c k E a f s o S l a a n n r s u t h o a J S ave the Planet Doctor's Krishi Evam Bagwani Vikas Sanstha (Doctor's Agricultural and Horticultural Development Society) Registered under Society Registration Act 21, 1860 Lucknow - 226 016, India Journal approved by office of the Registrar of News Paper for India, Government of India, West Block- B, Wing No.2, R.K. Puram, New Delhi – 110 066 (vide letter No.UPENG02990/24/1/2004-T.C, Dated 28/09/2004) JOURNAL OF ECO-FRIENDLY AGRICULTURE (A bi-annual Scientific Research Journal) Doctor’s Krishi Evam Bagwani Vikas Sanstha (Doctor’s Agricultural and Horticultural Development Society) Registration No. 544, 1-131380, Chief Patron Dr. C.D. Mayee, Chairman, A.S.R.B, New Delhi Chairman Dr. R.P. Srivastava, Former Director and Principal Scientist, CISH, Lucknow Editorial Advisory Board Dr. P.S. Chandurkar, Plant Protection Advisor, GOI, Dr. America Singh, Director, NCIPM, IARI Campus, Faridabad New Delhi Dr. M.D. Pathak, Chairman, CRDWML, Lucknow & Former Dr. V.K. Gupta, Chief Editor, Oriental Insects, P.O. Box Director, Training & Research, IRRI, Manila 358120, Gainesville, Florida (USA) Dr. Seema Wahab, Advisor, DBT, New Delhi Dr. A.N. Mukhopadhyay, Former Vice-Chancellor, Assam Dr. P. Pushpangadan, former Director, NBRI, Lucknow Agri. Univ., Jorhat Dr. V.M. Pawar, Director, Biotec International, Delhi and Dr. R. C. Saxena, Former Principal Scientist, ICIPE Former Vice-Chancellor, MAU, Parbhani (Kenya) Dr. P.K. Singh, Incharge, CFCAU of Blue-Green Algal IARI, Dr. R.K. Anand, Former Principal Scientist, IARI, New Delhi New Delhi and Former Vice-Chancellor, CSAUA&T, Kanpur Dr. Alok Kalra, Scientist, CIMAP, Lucknow Dr. Rakesh Tuli, Director, NBRI, Lucknow Dr. B.N. Vyas, General Manager, Godrej Agrovet Ltd., Dr. R.K. Pathak, Advisor, NBH, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi Mumbai and Former Director, CISH, Lucknow Dr. O.P. Singh, Vice President, Dhanuka Pesticide, Ltd., New Dr. P. Bhattacharya, Director, NCOF, Ghaziabad Delhi Dr. R.J. Rabindra, Director, Project Directorate of Biological Control, Bangalore Editor-in-Chief Dr. A.K. Bhattacharya, Former Professor and Head, Entomology, GBPUAT, Pantnagar Editors Dr. A.K. Misra, Principal Scientist, Plant Pathology, CISH, Lucknow Dr. R.M. Khan, Senior Scientist, Nematology, CISH, Lucknow Assistant Editor Dr. Jagdish Chandra, Former Principal Scientist, Entomology, IISR, Lucknow SUBSCRIPTION All authors should be member of the Sanstha (Society). The life membership fee for scientist working in India is Rs. 2,000 and US $ 1000 for abroad. For institutions/libraries Rs.12,000 in India & US $ 2,500 for abroad. ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE Personal Institution One year India Rs. 200 Rs. 2,000 Abroad US$ 100 US $ 200 Two years India Rs. 400 Rs. 4,000 Abroad US$ 200 US $ 400 Three years India Rs. 500 Rs. 5,000 Abroad US$ 250 US $ 500 Designed and Composed at : Panacea Computers,3rd Floor, Agarwal Sabha Bhawan, Subhash Mohal, Sadar, Lucknow, India. Tel. : 0522-2483312. DECLARATION FORM IV 1. Place of Publication : Doctor’s Krishi Evam Bagwani Vikas Sanstha A-601, Indira Nagar, Lucknow – 226 016 2. Periodicity : Half-yearly 3. Printer’s Name : Mr. Alok Srivastava, Neelam Printing Press Whether Citizen of India : Yes Address : 41/381, Narhi, Lucknow 4. Publisher’s Name : Dr. Ram Prakash Srivastava Whether Citizen of India : Yes Address : A-601, Indira Nagar, Lucknow – 226 016 5. Editors’ Name : Dr. A.K. Bhattacharya (Chief-editor) : Dr. A.K. Misra (Editor) : Dr. R.M. Khan (Editor) Whether Citizen of India : Yes Address : A-601, Indira Nagar, Lucknow – 226 016 6. Name of the Individual(s) who owns the : Dr. Ram Prakash Srivastava newspaper and Partners / Share holders holding more than one per cent of the total capital. I, Ram Prakash Srivastava, hereby declare that particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. Sd. RAM PRAKASH SRIVASTAVA Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 1(2): 89-99 : 2006 Review An overview on the biotechnological approaches in the control of crop pests Seema Wahab Advisor, Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110003, India ABSTRACT Biotechnology with its promise to revolutionise agriculture around the world is assuming an increasingly greater role in agricultural research in India. The indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides has affected humans and their environment. Insect pests are one of the major limiting factors in sustaining the productivity of various crops. The concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for sustainable development has emerged with increasing realisation of the importance of sustainable agriculture. IPM with emphasis on pest suppression aims towards sustainability and is being promoted in all the cropping systems in the country. Biotechnology has opened an exciting frontier in major set back due to monocropping under intensive agriculture which is one of the most important sectors of the condition. As such a large diversity of crops under varying developing countries. Indian economy is basically an agroclimatic conditions and ecologically unsound agriculture economy and its economic development is largely agricultural practices have led to the out break of a large dependent upon the development of agriculture. Agriculture number of insect and other pests. There are 200 major pests represents almost 1/3 (26.7%) of India’s GDP and around of economic importance in India and around 70,000 pest 70% of the population in the country depends primarily on species (9,000 insects and mites) worldwide that damage agriculture, which provides employment to about 64% of agricultural crops. the work force. Agriculture production contributes nearly 40% to our national income and about 35% of the total export Damage by Insect Pests, Diseases and Weeds of the country. India has now achieved self- sufficiency in food and is emerging as a recognisable exporter of In India, the estimated damage (20-30%) caused by agricultural commodities. Food grain production in the pests, diseases and weeds in various crops in the field and country has shown a phenomenal growth which has attained stored grains was around Rs. 60-70 billion annually in 1983 a record 212 million tonnes in 2001-02. India exported nearly which at today’s prices could easily exceed Rs.200 billion. $ 500 million worth of fruits, vegetables, seeds, processed Crop losses due to just one pest i.e. Heliothis armigera which food, ornamental plants and cut flowers during 2000-2001, attacks a number of important crops is estimated to be over a jump of 20% from the previous years. In 2002 the country’s Rs.I0 billion per year in the country. Weeds like Parthenium agricultural imports were only US $ 1.8 billion which is much hysterophorus, Solanum elaeagnifolium and Eupatorium lower than agricultural exports of US $ 6 billion. The Green, glandulosum are very difficult to control due to their perennial Blue, White and Yellow Revolutions are examples of nature and wider adaptability. Other weeds which can be remarkable accomplishments. Now, with the ever increasing identified based on the seriousness of yield loss and other human population the challenge before us is to double the allied problems include Eichhornia crascipes, Salvinia spp., food production in the next 30 years in the country on an Striga spp., Orobanche spp., Cyperus spp. environmentally sustainable basis. Pesticide use Outbreak of Crop Pests, Diseases and Weeds The pesticide usage has gone beyond 100,000 MT Green revolution in India resulted in increased food during the year 1997-98. Among the total pesticides used in production on one hand and innumerable problems of pests/ the country more than 60% of the pesticides are used in the diseases and weeds on the other hand. After the advent of agriculture sector. The use of pesticides is highest in Andhra intensive agriculture, there has been a vast change in the Pradesh (20%), followed by Punjab (10%), Tamil Nadu (9%) scenario of pests, disease or weeds syndrome in the field of and Karnataka and Gujarat (6%). Cotton, rice and vegetables plant protection resulting in aggravation of post harvest use maximum quantity of pesticide in the country. Of the losses. Quite often minor pests, diseases or weeds may cause total annual pesticides usage 55-56% is used for cotton alone, ©2006 Seema Wahab though cotton is grown in only 5% of the cropped area. On organically produced fruits and vegetables and their the other hand, the pesticide share is only 6-7% in the case of products to a value of Rs. 5,500 crores annually during the millets, oil seeds and pulses though they have a cropped Tenth Five Year Plan period. This would require enormous area share of 58%. Farmers are unable to use even minimum efforts to produce and use bio-pesticides in the context of quantity of pesticide due to their high cost. The use of IPM. Similarly the pesticides in beverages like tea and coffee pesticide is also heavy in vegetables, fruits and plantation have also affected export of these commodities in the last crops but very moderate in sugarcane. The rice crop also few years. There is considerable export market for cotton uses about 17-18% of the total quantity of pesticides used in fabrics and garments devoid of pesticide residues in Japan the country. Among the chemical pesticides, insecticides and Western countries, as even traces of chemicals could are used to a large extent of about 80% in India followed by cause skin ailments in human beings.
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  • Molecular Phylogenetics of the Superfamily Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera)

    Molecular Phylogenetics of the Superfamily Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera)

    Molecular Phylogenetics of the Superfamily Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) Conrad Paulus Dias Trafford Gillett A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of East Anglia Norwich, Norfolk, England March 2014 © This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there-from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. 1 Molecular Phylogenetics of the Superfamily Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) Conrad Paulus Dias Trafford Gillett March 2014 Thesis abstract This thesis examines higher-level evolutionary history within the superfamily Curculionoidea, the most speciose family-level taxon, which includes beetles commonly known as weevils. This is achieved using a phylogenetic approach incorporating the largest datamatrix yet employed for weevil molecular systematics, and includes an investigation into the prospect of obtaining short phylogenetically informative amplicons from archival museum specimens. Newly obtained DNA sequence data is analysed from a variety of mitochondrial and nuclear loci, including 92 mitogenomes assembled through the approach of next-generation sequencing of pooled genomic DNA. The resulting trees are used to test previous morphological- and molecular-based hypotheses of weevil relationships and classification schemes. Mitogenomic-derived trees reveal topologies that are highly congruent with previous molecular studies, but that conflict with some morphological hypotheses. Strong nodal support strengthens inferences into the relationships amongst most weevil families and suggests that the largest family, the Curculionidae, is monophyletic, if the subfamily Platypodinae is excluded.