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A Geospatial Bioarchaeological Perspective on Behavior, Lifestyle, and Activity Patterns in the Eastern Woodlands of North America

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A GEOSPATIAL BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON BEHAVIOR, LIFESTYLE, AND ACTIVITY PATTERNS IN THE EASTERN WOODLANDS OF NORTH AMERICA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Kimberly D. Williams, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Clark Spencer Larsen, Adviser Professor Kristen Gremillion _______________________________ Adviser Professor Darla Munroe Department of Anthropology Professor Paul W. Sciulli Copyright by Kimberly D. Williams 2005 ABSTRACT This project tests the hypothesis that the physical terrain directly influenced be- havior, activity patterns, and lifestyle of Native Americans who lived in the Eastern Woodlands of North America. Specifically, this research hypothesizes that a heterogene- ous terrain (e.g., varied elevation, mountains, hills, and steep inclines) results in a higher prevalence of degenerative joint disease (DJD) and increased bone robusticity of the fe- mur, and a less heterogeneous terrain (e.g., flat topography) produces opposite results. Furthermore, this project tests the hypothesis that the biological consequences of a more varied landscape include reduced mobility and limited access to resources at an earlier age. The skeletal sample is composed of the Native American component of the His- tory of Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere database, in addition to data col- lected from seven additional agricultural sites. Spatially referenced databases model the terrain and biological health data for each site and region. Prevalence of DJD and the degree of bone robusticity of the femur and humerus are used reconstruct behavior, activ- ity patterns, and lifestyle. The prevalence of other health indicators such as cranial poros- ities, osteoperiostitis, and linear enamel hypoplasias are used to characterize the overall health of the populations examined. ii The results of this study indicate that terrain can be successfully modeled, and variation between sites and regions can be quantified. These terrain data are then used to infer additional biomechanical stress that individuals would have experienced during daily interaction with the environment. This work has implications for understanding the relationship between modeling of long bones and maintenance of bone mineral homeo- stasis, and joint health to behavior and activity patterns in variable terrains. iii For my parents. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not be possible without the support, guidance, and help of numerous people and funding agencies. National Science Foundation Dissertation Improvement Grant # 0424246 and a Sigma Xi Grant-In-Aid of Research award funded my travel to collect data from the Moundville and Perry skeletal collections housed at the Department of Anthropology Laboratory for Human Osteology in Tuscaloosa, Alabama and from the Averbuch skele- tal collection housed at the Department of Anthropology, Museum of Anthropology at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. In Tuscaloosa, Dr. Keith Jacobi generously granted permission for data collection from the Moundville and Perry skeletal series. Melissa Chronister was an exceptional re- source during my visit to Alabama – I could not have collected these data as quickly or efficiently without her help and expertise with these collections. Additionally she was a great friend who kept me company during the time I visited Alabama. In Knoxville, I am very grateful for permission to collect data from the Averbuch skeletal collection granted by Dr. Susan Frankenberg, as well as for the tremendous gen- erosity of time and hospitality extended by Susan Frankenberg, Lyle Konigsberg, and Kate Spradley. v Dr. Clark Spencer Larsen generously provided additional osteological data from the sites of King, Avery, Little Egypt, and Sixtoe. Data from these sites were collected by Matthew Williamson as part of a contract awarded to Clark Larsen for inventory and study of the archaeological human remains from the collections of the University of Georgia. Data collection was aided by the development of software based on the codebook used for the History of Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere project, which was installed on a PDA by the Center for Human Resource Research. Margaret Plahuta and Craig Lee were central to this endeavor. I also thank Dr. Randy Olsen for permission to use Marge and Craig’s time and expertise for this work. My involvement with the Global History of Health project introduced me to CHRR and to the possibility of creat- ing and using this software. I thank Dr. Richard Steckel for many invaluable discussions about this process and about both projects. My MA advisor, Dr. Jerry Rose was also in- strumental in my involvement in these projects. I am continually thankful for his time and guidance while I was a student at the University of Arkansas. Here in Columbus, I benefited from discussions and debates with faculty and my fellow graduate students, especially Dr. Robert Cook, Dr. Doug Crews, Dr. Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg, Dr. Joy McCorriston, Dr. Ivy Pike, Dr. Bram Tucker, Dr. Sam Stout, Jules Angel, Scott Aubry, Tracy Betsinger, Liz Cheatham, Robin Feeney, Sally Graver, Jim Gosman, Mike Harrower, Meg Morris, Marin Pilloud, and Jaime Ullinger. I want to extend a special thank you to Liz Cheatham and Sally Graver who are great friends who listened to and helped with both the academic and personal trials involved with this dis- sertation and graduate training in general. vi Finally, I would like to acknowledge my dissertation committee: Dr. Clark Spencer Larsen, Dr. Kristen Gremillion, Dr. Darla Munroe, and Dr. Paul Sciulli. I thank them for their comments, suggestions, and guidance, which helped me get the data col- lected, analyzed, and written properly. I, of course, am responsible for any mistakes found herein, but my committee contributed a great deal of time, energy, and ideas that only benefited this work. Paul Sciulli has been a constant help throughout these past four years, continually being available and willing to answer so many questions about the statistics for this pro- ject and every project I have worked on during my Ph.D. training. I would like to extend an additional thank you to my advisor, Clark Spencer Lar- sen who has also been a constant source of guidance throughout my Ph.D. training and the development, execution, analysis, and writing of this dissertation. I have benefited from his example and would not have completed this project in such a timely manner without his help. vii VITA February 2, 1975……………..Born, Chester, Pennsylvania, USA 1997…………………………..B.A. Anthropology, University of Delaware, Newark 2001…………………………..M.A. Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 2000…………………………..Instructor, Crowder College, Neosho, Missouri, Upward Bound Program 2000…………………………..Graduate Research Assistant, University of Arkansas, Fall 2001…………………………..Graduate Teaching Assistant, University of Arkansas, Spring 2001…………………………..Graduate Teaching Assistant, University of Arkansas, Bioarchaeological Field School, Irbid, Jordan 2001-present………………….Graduate Research Assistant, The Ohio State University 2002………………………….Graduate Teaching Assistant, The Ohio State University, Summer Quarter 2003………………………….Graduate Teaching Assistant, The Ohio State University, Summer Quarter 2004………………………….Graduate Teaching Assistant, The Ohio State University, Summer Quarter PUBLICATIONS 1. Kimberly D. Williams, Mahmoud Y. El-Najjar, Jerome C. Rose, Hisham Al- Koufahi, Melinda J. King, and Fatima Al-Awad (2004) Skeletal Biology. In: Sa’ad: A Late Roman/Byzantine Site in North Jordan, edited by Jerome C. Rose and Dolores L viii Burke. Yarmouk University Publications, Deanship of Research and Graduate Research, pp.149-180. 2. Jerome C. Rose, Mahmoud Y. El-Najjar, Kimberly D. Williams, and Nizar Tur- shan (2004) Cemeteries and Contents. In: Sa’ad: A Late Roman/Byzantine Site in North Jordan, edited by Jerome C. Rose and Dolores L Burke. Yarmouk University Publica- tions, Deanship of Research and Graduate Research, pp.43-98. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Anthropology Research Interests: Bioarchaeology/Skeletal Biology; Biomechanics; Geographic Infor- mation Systems ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………ii Dedication………………………………………………………………………………...iii Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………..iv Vita………………………………………………………………………………………...v List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………....xiii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………xxiii List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………..xxix Chapters: 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….1 Purpose……………………………………………………………………….…………1 Previous Work….………………………………………………………………............2 Expectations………………………………………………………………….…………4 Organization of Dissertation……………………………………………………………5 2. Bioarchaeological analysis of activity patterns, behavior, and lifestyle……………..6 Bone response to mechanical stress……………………………………..…….……….6 Transitions and variation in subsistence strategy …………………………..…...……..9 Sexual dimorphism in long bone shape and activity patterns…………………..…….14 Variable Mechanical Stress with Environment…...………………………………..…15 3. Research hypotheses…………………..…………………..……………………..18 4. Materials………….……………………………………………………………...22 Skeletal sample composition…….…………….…………………………….………..22 x Bioarchaeological context of sample sites…………………………………..…...…...23 The Ohio River Valley Region…………………………………….....…….……24 Buffalo……………………………….………………………………..……...24
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