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Woodstock: the Rise of Political Complexity in North Georgia

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Woodstock: the Rise of Political Complexity in North Georgia WOODSTOCK: THE RISE OF POLITICAL COMPLEXITY IN NORTH GEORGIA by JULIE GAYLE MARKIN (Under the Direction of David J. Hally) ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the cultural changes experienced by the inhabitants of northern Georgia during the Woodstock phase (A.D. 800 to 1000). Woodstock subsistence and settlement data provide the foundation for understanding the rise of political complexity (e.g. the Etowah chiefdom) in north Georgia in the Mississippian period, an issue that has been greatly overlooked to this point. The results of my research allow for the construction of a developmental history for the Etowah chiefdom. The Woodstock phase witnessed a dramatic increase in the ubiquity of maize, the addition of new vessel forms in multiple sizes, and a diversification in vessel forms in general. These changes suggest an indigenous response to changes in food preparation and consumption practices related to maize production. Polities of Mississippian chiefdoms were based around administrative centers that often exhibited platform mound and plaza construction. An absence of administrative centers in Woodstock site clusters suggests that in north Georgia the initial stage of polity development involved the coalescence of equally powerful settlements into defined territorial entities. Data generated from this research suggest the evolution of political complexity involved fundamental changes in subsistence regimes and political organization. INDEX WORDS: Archaeology, Woodstock Phase, Maize, Vessel Form Analysis, Site Clustering, Political Complexity, Etowah WOODSTOCK: THE RISE OF POLITICAL COMPLEXITY IN NORTH GEORGIA by JULIE GAYLE MARKIN B.A., The University of Alabama, 1994 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2007 © 2007 Julie Gayle Markin All Rights Reserved WOODSTOCK: THE RISE OF POLITICAL COMPLEXITY IN NORTH GEORGIA by JULIE GAYLE MARKIN Major Professor: David J. Hally Committee: Ervan Garrison Stephen Kowalewski Elizabeth Reitz Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2007 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I must express my appreciation and gratitude to a number of people whose patience, encouragement, assistance, and support were instrumental in propelling me to complete this monstrous undertaking. I cannot overstate the unwavering support, both emotional and financial, of my parents, Charles and Patricia Markin. I hope that my completion of this process helps bring closure and satisfaction to my father in particular, as his doctoral pursuits were sacrificed to provide for the education, health, and happiness of myself and my three siblings, Chuck, Rob, and Molly Markin. I also must thank my siblings and my sisters-in-law Phoebe and Sharon for the encouragement they offered year after year. I truly must thank Aaron Lampman, my fiancé, for propping me up physically, emotionally, and academically throughout this process. I extend my thanks to numerous individuals that were critical to my acquiring the data that are the foundation of this dissertation. I am indebted to Mark Williams for the access he allowed me to the Georgia Archaeological Site File. Without that data, this dissertation would not exist. I must thank Paul Webb of TRC Garrow and Associates and Steve Webb of RS Webb for allowing me to scour their data and analyze ceramics from unpublished large-scale archaeological investigations of Woodstock sites in north Georgia. Also, much of this research could not have been conducted without the funding provided by the National Science Foundation and Sigma Xi. This dissertation could not have been completed without the efforts of my major professor, Dr. David Hally, whose unparalleled attention to detail was critical in iv producing a sound document. I extend thanks to the members of my committee, Drs. Ervan Garrison, Stephen Kowalewski and Elizabeth Reitz for the valuable comments that made this dissertation a thorough and theoretically important piece of research. The most important influence in my graduate anthropology career has been the director of my undergraduate Honor’s thesis, Dr. V. Jim Knight. After participating in his field school and working in his archaeology lab, I knew my future involved the pursuit of an academic career in archaeology. More significantly, though, Dr. Knight instilled in me a love for field archaeology. For his continued mentoring, I am and will be forever grateful. Appreciation is extended to others whose contributions made significant impact on my research. Amanda Tickner at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, conducted the botanical analyses. Andrea Adams gathered data for me from the Georgia Archaeological Site File while I was teaching courses in Ohio. The Department of Anthropology office staff deserves more gratitude than I can express for all of their assistance over the years. Thank you Margie Floyd, Charlotte Blume, LaBau Bryan, Lisa Norris, and Jill Morris. Field work at the Thompson site in Gordon County, Georgia, was possible only through the generosity of Jim Langford and the Coosawattee Foundation. Many students and volunteers toiled away in the hot summers of 2002 and 2003, and their sweat is noted and duly appreciated. Finally, I must acknowledge the support of my faithful canine companions, Tyler and Huckleberry, for their unconditional love and the wet kisses that kept me awake through many a late night or energetically greeted me on too many early mornings. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................i LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................................................................vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................1 History of Maize Cultivation.........................................................................4 Models for Understanding Increasing Political Complexity.........................7 Defining Mississippian................................................................................22 Mississippian Origins..................................................................................25 Placing the Woodstock Phase in Historical Context...................................30 Late Woodland to Mississippian Transition................................................37 Organization of the Dissertation .................................................................37 2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING.....................................................................40 Cumberland Plateau ....................................................................................43 Blue Ridge...................................................................................................44 Ridge and Valley.........................................................................................45 Piedmont......................................................................................................49 Implications of Environmental Setting on Prehistoric Farming Practices ..56 3 WOODSTOCK SITE DESCRIPTIONS .........................................................61 vi Etowah Mound Center (9BR1)....................................................................62 Summerour Mound (9FO16).......................................................................66 Large Villages .............................................................................................69 Smaller Settlements.....................................................................................87 4 REDIFINING WOODSTOCK CHRONOLOGY ...........................................94 Ceramic Type Descriptions.........................................................................94 Ceramic Analysis ......................................................................................102 Determining a Chronology........................................................................103 Revised Woodstock Chronology...............................................................109 5 SUBSISTENCE DATA.................................................................................115 The Relation between Subsistence and Cultural Changes ........................115 Subsistence Background............................................................................119 Current Understanding of Woodstock Subsistence...................................127 New Subsistence Analysis.........................................................................136 Interpretation of New Woodstock Subsistence Data.................................142 6 VESSEL FORM ANALYSIS........................................................................145 Vessel Forms and Subsistence Practices...................................................145 The Late Woodland Vessel Assemblage...................................................148 The Mississippian Vessel Assemblage......................................................151 Defining the Woodstock Vessel Assemblage ...........................................163 Vessel Forms .............................................................................................165 Comparison of Vessel Assemblages .........................................................171
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