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Mississippi Period Archaeology of the Georgia Piedmont

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Mississippi Period Archaeology of the Georgia Piedmont ,---------------------c--- - ------- UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Laboratory of Archaeology Series Report No. 24 Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper, No. 2 MISSISSIPPI PERIOD ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE GEORGIA PIEDMONT By David J. Hally and James L. Rudolph Department of Anthropology University of Georgia 1986 Reprinted, 1995 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of various individuals who helped us complete ihis report. First, Ray Crook of the Office of the State Archaeologist gave us a considerable amount of advice on organization and content, particularly with respect to Chapter 5. Chip Morgan of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources· reviewed an early version of this document, as did Mark Williams of the Lamar Institute. Betty and Don Smith generously let us use information from their investigations of the Hobgood site in Cherokee County. Jackie Anderson and Teresa Wells typed the manuscript despite the distractions of final exams and Christmas shopping. Gisela Weiss-Gresham drafted the figures. To all those persons, we extend our thanks. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. • • . • • • • • • . • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • . • • • . • • • • • • • i CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. • . • . • . • . • . • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • . • . • i CHAPTER 2. THE PIEDMONT............................................ 2 CHAPTER 3. PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE PIEDMONT........ 6 CHAPTER 4. PREHISTORIC OVERVIEW ••.•••.•.•.••.••••••....••...••••••. 19 EARLY MISSISSIPPI PERIOD (A.D. 900-1200) ••.•.••••••....• 19 MIDDLE MISSISSIPPI PERIOD (A.D. 1200-1350) •....•••.••..• 51 LATE MISSISSIPPI PERIOD (A.D. 1350-1540) •.••.••••••••... 63 CHAPTER 5. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS •.•.•••••••.•.•.•••.•. 81 THE RESOURCE BASE ... ;. ................................. 81 RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN PIEDMONT MISSISSIPPIAN ARCHAEOLOGy ..••••••••••.•.••••••••••.••• 85 RESOURCE SIGNIFICANCE ••.•••.•••••••......•..••.•.••••... 90 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT..................................... 92 CHAPTER 6. REVIEW COMMENTS AND REPLy ..•.••••.•...•.•••••.•••• •..••• 94 REFERENCES CITED.................................................... 113 it CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Georgia has e xceedingly rich and varied archaeological resources. In order to increase the effectiveness of research and preservation efforts directed at these resources, the Office of the State Archaeologist has embarked upon a program to develop a comprehensive plan for the management and protection of the state's archaeological resources. The present report has been prepared as part of this program and is designed to serve as a guide for identifying, evaluating, and protecting Mississippi period sites in the Piedmont section ,of the state. The report has been prepared according to guidelines presented in A Strategy for Cultural Resource Planning in Georgia (Crook 1985). This report evaluates existing information on the Mississippi period occupation in the Georgia Pi edmont, proposes appropriate topics for future research, recommends which types of site should be investigated or preserved, and determines those land-use activities in the Piedmont ~l7hich are either compatible or incompatible with the preservation and investigation of Mississippian sites. The Mississi ppi period is defined . as the prehistoric period extending from ca. A.D. 900 to A.D. 1540, the year when the first Spanish explorers entered the Piedmont of Georgia. Later aboriginal activities will be reported in a separate document concerning the historic Indian occupation in the Piedmont. Of all the major physiographi c provinces in Georgia, the Piedmont has been visited by archaeologists more often than any other region in the state, and Mississippi period sites have attracted their interest more often than sites of any other period. As a consequence, in preparing this report we have found ourselves wading through countless ' unpublished manuscripts, survey reports. site reports, site forms, and maps to provide a long needed synthesis of the Mississippi period in the Georgia Piedmont. Errors are undoubtedly present, but we hope that this document will prove to be a valuable planning tool. Our discussion of the Mississippi period has been broken down into subsections entitled "Early Mississippi Period", "Middle Mississippi Period", and "Late Mississippi Period". Under each subsection we describe one or more cultures that were present in the Pi edmont at that time. Cultures are further subdivided into regional or temporal phases. In certain cases, our nomenclature differs from that used by other authors . For example, we call "Wilbanks" a phase of the Savannah culture, although others have considered Savannah and Wilbanks to be two separate entities. Whenever we use new terminology, it has been done for the sake of clarity and organization or to simplify a cumbersome culture historical sequence. We realize that other archaeologists will disagree with our approach, but some consistency was needed to make this document intelligible; 1 , CHAPTER 2 THE PIEDMONT -, The Piedmont is a physiographic province that stretches across the state of Georgia, separating the Ridge and Valley and Blue Ridge Provinces to the north from the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains to the south (Figure 1). It covers approximately 46,500 km 2 and is roughly 180 km wide from north to south. The boundaries between the Piedmont and adjacent provinces are often indistinct topographically and environmentally, so various authors (LaForge 1925; Clark and Zisa 1976; Wharton 1978) have drawn the boundary lines differently. To the north, residual ridges and isolated hills extend into the Upper Piedmont, obscuring its boundary with the more mountainous regions. To the south, the boundary is usually considered to be the Fall Line, an imaginary line connecting major shoals along rivers that enter the Coastal Plain from the Piedmont. However, this line does not always correspond to the northern edge of Coastal Plain soils (LaForge 1925), and the low Fall Line Hills sometimes hide distinctive topographic breaks. Wharton (1978) has discussed the problems of defining the Piedmont environmentally as well; there are very few plant or animal species found in the Piedmont that are not found also in either the mountains or the Coastal Plain. In this report we are defining the boundaries of the Piedmont according to Clark and Zisa's (1976) Physiographic Map of Georgia. Various physiographic subdivisions of the Piedmont have been proposed. We will limit our discussion to the two major subdivisions, the Upper Piedmont and the Lower Piedmont. The Upper Piedmont lies closer to the mountains and has somewhat hillier terrain than the Lower Piedmont. In the Upper Piedmont there are many residual hills and ridges, interfluves are narrow, and streams are often deeply dissected. The major rivers draining this portion of the state are the Chattahoochee River, which originates in the northern Blue Ridge Province and then follows a relatively straight southwesterly path across the Piedmont until it turns abruptly southward at the Alabama border; the Savannah River, which flows from the Blue Ridge Mountains to the Atlantic; and the Coosawatee and Etowah Rivers, which arise in the northwestern Blue Ridge Province, flow through a small portion of the Piedmont, and enter the Ridge and Valley Province. The Lower Piedmont has a much more gentle terrain--occasionally almost level, usually rolling, and sometimes relatively steep along major river valleys. Isolated hills are rare and interfluves are broad. Major rivers include part of the Chattahoochee where it crosses the Lower Piedmont; the Savannah, which also originates in the Blue Ridge Mountains; the Flint, Ocmulgee, and Oconee, which all arise near the southern border of the Upper Piedmont; and the much smaller Ogeechee, which forms in the Lower Piedmont and has only a small drainage basin above the Fall Line. The river valleys of the Piedmont contain many environmental habitats that were of utmost importance to the Mississippi period residents of the 2 3 AND \ VALLEY \ ., .. Columbus C··· o ( ( " ) COASTAL P L A I N o o ( " l r-- -------_ ... _-- --------, ) o 100km :U O~=====~ Figure 1. Physiographic Provinces of Georgia. 4 region. Most significant among these habitats were the alluvial bottomlands which provided fertile easily tilled soil for the cultivation of maize, beans, squash, gourds, sunflower, tobacco, and possibly sumpweed. The alluvial bottoms and nearby terraces also provided a variety of wild plants and animals consumed by Mississippian Indians, including grapes, persimmons, maypops, nuts, raccoons, squirrels, rabbits, and turkeys. Also important were the rocky shoals found at intervals along all the major Piedmont streams. The turbulent waters of these shoals supported fish, shellfish, turtles, and aquatic mammals, which in turn often contributed a substantial portion of the protein in the aboriginal diet (Shapiro 1981). However, the distribution of shoals and bottomland varied in the different river valleys. Along the Oconee River near Lake Oconee, the areas with the most extensive shoals happened also to be the areas of the most restricted bottomland; likewise, the broadest alluvial bottoms were rarely near shoals (Shapiro 1983). River valleys with this pattern of alternating bottomland and shoals are called boudin valleys. In contrast, in the upper Savannah River valley in the vicinity of the Russell Reservoir, the area of most extensive floodplain was also the
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