THE MISSISSIPPIAN OCCUPATION of the SAVANNAH RIVER VALLEY Author(S): David G

THE MISSISSIPPIAN OCCUPATION OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER VALLEY Author(s): David G. Anderson, David J. Hally and James L. Rudolph Source: Southeastern Archaeology, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Summer 1986), pp. 32-51 Published by: Allen Press on behalf of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40713472 . Accessed: 02/10/2013 09:25

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This content downloaded from 160.36.64.162 on Wed, 2 Oct 2013 09:25:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE MISSISSIPPIAN OCCUPATION OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER VALLEY

David G. Anderson chronologicaland culturalsequence forthe period David J.Hally along much of the drainage;(b) the publicationof and major surveyand excavationreports from several areas of the workat several L. basin, including major James Rudolph moundand village sites; (c) the linkageof ethnoh- istoricand archaeologicalsite records;and (d) the initiationof diachronicanalyses encompassing both drainage-specificand regional political evolution, 1970, in the Before knowledgeof Mississippian occupations subsistencetrends, mortuary practices, and settle- SavannahRiver came isolated, re- Valley from oftenbrief mentpatterning. Current directions in researchare at ceremonialcenters, portsdescribing investigations major noted togetherwith suggestionsfor future investi- such as Irene, Rembert, and Hollywood, Chauga, Túgalo, gations. Estatoe.Extensive fieldwork over thepast 15 years,however,has permittedfor thefirst time the developmentof riverine-extensivechronological sequences, useful for de- Historyof Research tailingsociopolitical, settlement, and subsistenceevolution EarlyInvestigations at Mound Sites withinlocal Mississippiansocieties. Within the Savannah Riverbasin the Woodlandto Mississippiantransition is The firstscientific excavation at a Mississippiansite characterizedby a shiftfrom small, widely dispersed sites along the Savannah River occurredin 1886,when to larger,nucleated settlements located near the floodplain, JohnP. Roganof the Mound Divisionof the Bureau and theemergence of politicaliceremonial centers. Subsis- of Ethnologyconducted test excavations at theRem- tencepractices proceed from a generalizedto a morefo- bert mound group (9EB1), ElbertCounty, Georgia cusedpattern of wildfood procurement, coupled with an (Thomas1894:315-318) (Figure 1). Informationabout increasinglyintensive reliance on agriculture.Evidence is specificsites prior to thistime was variouslynoted, emergingthat documents the appearance and evolutionof however,and can be foundin eighteenth-and nine- discretechiefly societies within the valley,a processthat teenth-centurymaps, and in the writtenaccounts of appearsto be linkedto politicaldevelopments occurring explorers,travelers, surveyors, traders, and military throughoutthe region. commanders(e.g., Milling 1940; Baker 1974, 1975; Anderson1985; Hally et al. 1985). While these ac- countstypically contain only minimalor incidental data, theirvalue has been magnifiedby the subse- The examinationof theSavannah River has archaeological quent destructionof manyof thesesites erosion, been too long deferred[Moore 1898:168]. by agriculturalpractices, vandalism, or construction, In thispaper archaeologicalresearch on the pre- particularlyof reservoirs. historic,Mississippi-period occupation of the Savan- The earliestmoderately detailed accounts of Mis- nah Riverbasin of Georgiaand South Carolina is sissippian remainsalong the Savannah River are summarized.The temporalfocus for this review is William Bartram'sdescriptions of the Silver Bluff the intervalfrom A.D. 900 to 1540,the span of the (38AK7), Rembert,and Keowee (28OC1) mound prehistoricMississippian stage in thisregion (Griffin groups,made during his travelsalong the upper 1967;Ferguson 1971; Rudolphand Hally 1985;An- reachesof the drainage in May of 1775(Bartram 1791: derson1986a), although the earlierWoodland ante- 314-315,324-326, 331-332). Bartram's descriptions are cedentsand laterpost-European-contact successors of particularlyimportant since both Silver Bluffand thisstage are brieflyexamined as well, to providea Rembert,originally the two largest mound groups in broaderevolutionary perspective. While Mississip- the basin,were largelydestroyed by the mid-nine- pian researchin the SavannahRiver basin is stillin teenthcentury, when local antiquarianreporting be- its infancyin manyways, particularly when com- gan. The next major descriptionof Rembertdates pared with researchin otherareas of the Eastern from1848 (White 1849:229-230), by which time most Woodlands,a numberof major accomplishments have of the smallermounds and earthworksat the site occurred.These include(a) the emergenceof a basic were gone. Almosta centurywent by beforethe Sil- 32

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Figure1. SavannahRiver drainage and archaeologicalsites men- tionedin text. verBluff site was againdescribed, fortunately in considerabledetail, by C. C. Jonesin 1873 (Jones1873: 152-157)(Figure 2). Bythat time, however, two major moundsknown to Joneswere gone, two othershad been largelyplowed flat,and two otherswere rap- idlyeroding into the river, prompting him to remark propheticallythat Figure2. The SilverBluff mound group (38AK7), as mappedby C. C. Jonesin the early1870s. The moundshave since washed fardistant when tradition will theday is probablynot only intothe river(reproduced from Jones 1873:Plate 3). designatethe spotonce memorablein the annalsof a for- merrace as the siteof monumentsof unusualsize and in- terest[Jones 1873:152-153]. Bythe winter of 1897-1898,when C. B. Moore(1898: copper"eagle dancer"plates; painted and engraved 168) was excavatingsites along the river,no traceof bottleswith sun circleand cross,anthropomorphized SilverBluff was left.To date,in fact,no remainshave serpent,and human-headmotifs; and pipes, shell been foundthat can be conclusivelytied to thissite beads,and earspools.The stratigraphicallylater bur- (Scurryet al. 1980:7-10). ial grouplacked SCC artifacts. Bureau of EthnologyMound Division investiga- Duringthe winter of 1897-1898,Clarence B. Moore tionsalong the Savannah focusedon two sites,the "in a rapid steamerof lightdraught" (Moore 1898: Rembertmound group, tested in 1886(Thomas 1894: 167) examined13 moundsat six separatelocations 315-317),and the Hollywood mound group (9RI1), along theSavannah. His explorationsextended from examinedin 1891 by Henry L. Reynolds(Thomas thecoast to thefall line, with considerable care taken 1894:317-326).The excavationsat Hollywood,of un- to locatesites. He had senta man ahead thesummer rivaledcompetence for their day (Waring1968a:293), beforeto inquireabout site locations, and while run- uncoveredSoutheastern Ceremonial Complex (SCC) ning upriverthe bank cutsand all high bluffswere materialsin the smallerof the two moundson the carefullyexamined. No shell heaps were observed site. Two majorstages of mound constructionwere below Augusta,and the mounds that were found documented,the earliestof which containedtwo were describedas being of two types:clay risesin or groupsof burials.The SCC materialscame fromthe the swamp,thought to representhabitation areas stratigraphicallyearlier burial group and included refugesin timesof flooding,and low sand burial 33

This content downloaded from 160.36.64.162 on Wed, 2 Oct 2013 09:25:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SOUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 5(1) Summer1986 mounds on higher ground away fromthe river. vannah-cultureurn burials (Claflin 1931:17-21, Plates Moorewas not veryenthusiastic about the archaeo- 21-25). logicalpotential of the drainage,something that in is fortunate his field retrospect probably given pro- WPA at theMouth cedures: Investigations of theSavannah It soon becameapparent to us thatthe SavannahRiver, The mostextensive excavations to dateat a Missis- thoughno digginginto the moundshad been attempted moundsite were thoseconducted from 1937 forscientific purposes, did not offera promisingfield, for sippian manyrises in theground known as moundsby theinhab- to 1939at Irene,during Works Progress Administra- itantsproved to be roughlycircular banks thrown up by tion(WPA) operations at themouth of the Savannah. the current... In addition,the few moundsfound back The reporton thiswork, by JosephR. Caldwell and fromthe river in cultivatedfields were very small and had CatherineMcCann (1941), remainsone of the few beenrifled by seekers after treasure, and theswamp mounds site seemedmade fordomiciliary purposes. Therefore we did comprehensiveMississippian reportsproduced notpursue our usual custom, totally to demolish each mound in thispart of the Southeast. Eight construction stages discovered,as we had done,as a rule,in Floridaand on the with associatedstructures were documentedin the Georgiacoast. No moundsof whichwe heard,however, platformmound, while 106 intermentswere docu- exceptone on whichstood a house,were left uninvestigat- mentedin a smallerassociated burial mound. Exten- ed [Moore1898:167]. sive excavationsin the area aroundthe two mounds Thesites Moore examined included the Irene mounds revealed a large mortuarystructure, a rotundaor (9CH1) nearSavannah, Georgia; the Lawton mounds probablecouncil house, several smallerstructures, (38AL11) near Allendale,South Carolina,where a and an extensiveseries of fence lines or enclosures- seriesof trenches3-4 ftwide and 5-6 ftdeep, total- possiblydemarcating ceremonial precincts or serv- ling45 ftin lengthwere opened through the mounds; ing as fortifications.All of these architecturalfea- and severallow sand burialmounds in Screvenand tureswere found to dateto theSavannah- and Irene- BurkeCounties, Georgia (Moore 1898:168-172).Cur- cultureoccupations of the site. iously,although aware of the Silver Bluff site - which he foundhad eroded - Moore ne- completely away Reservoir in the the where had Salvage Projects glected Hollywoodmounds, Reynolds SavannahBasin: 1948-1970 workeda few yearsbefore, located just across the river. Witha fewimportant exceptions, most major Mis- sissippianinvestigations along the Savannah River in the post-WPA era have been connectedwith res- Excavationsin theEarly Twentieth Century ervoir-constructionprojects. In 1948the general area Archaeologicalresearch in the Savannah basin of the ClarkHill Reservoir,just above Augusta,was languishedfor over 30 years until,coincidentally, surveyedby Caldwell and Miller (Miller 1974). As twoseparate excavations were conducted in thewin- partof theseinvestigations a seriesof testswere ex- terof 1929 that yielded Mississippian materials. These cavatedat theRembert mound group; these tests, de- investigations,at the Haven Home burial mound scribedby Caldwell (1953),together with the earlier (9CH15) in Savannah (Waring1968b:209-215) and workby the Mound Division,produced the only col- Stalling'sIsland (9CB1) (Claflin 1931), were quite dif- lectionscurrently known from this site, which was ferentin emphasis,although both resulted in valu- apparentlythe largest mound group in thedrainage. able publications.The Haven Home excavation,con- The ceramiccollections from Caldwell's testing pro- ductedby AntonioJ. Waring (then 14 yearsold) and gramhave recentlybeen used by Hally to help de- his schoolfriends, was littlemore than enthusiastic finethe early-LamarRembert phase (Rudolph and sitemining. While this episode was somethingof an Hally 1985). embarrassmentto Waringin lateryears, his site re- Fartherto the north,the area of the HartwellRes- port,detailing the moundstructure and the associa- ervoirwas surveyedby Caldwell in 1953 (Caldwell tionsof the 44 burialsfound within it, was equal to 1974),and majorexcavations were subsequentlycar- thestandards of Mooreand thearchaeologists of the ried out at threesites: Chauga (38OC47) in South Mound Division.The Stalling'sIsland excavations, Carolina,and Túgalo(9ST1) and Estatoe(9ST3) along in contrast,were conductedunder the auspices of the Tugaloo River- a headwaterof the Savannah- Harvard'sPeabody Museum and were directedby in Georgia.The Chauga moundand village site,lo- experiencedarchaeologists, Mr. and Mrs. C. B. Cos- cated in the proposedfloodpool in Oconee County, grove.Although these excavationsare best known SouthCarolina, was examinedin 1958by A. R. Kelly fortheir documentation of the extensive Late Archa- and R. S. Neitzel(1961). Ten successivemound stages ic materialson the site,minor quantities of Missis- were documented,together with evidence for a sippianmaterial were also found,including two Sa- numberof associatedstructures. Fifty-three burials 34

This content downloaded from 160.36.64.162 on Wed, 2 Oct 2013 09:25:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SAVANNAH RIVER MISSISSIPPIAN werefound in themound, together with nine in the ClarkHill reservoirsin the centralPiedmont (Hutto associatedvillage area. Site occupationfrom Etowah 1970; Hemmings1970). The reservoirconstruction (ca. A.D. 1100)through historic Cherokee times was led to extensivesurvey, testing, and excavationproj- indicated(Kelly and Neitzel 1961:57-60).A similar ectsin the late 1970sand early1980s, providing the span of occupationwas found at the Túgalo site, bestMississippian sample obtained to date fromthe whichwas examinedin 1954 and afterby Caldwell Piedmontportion of the drainage. (Work in theClark (1956). No finalreport has appeared on this work, Hill and Hartwellreservoirs prior to floodingwas althoughfour stages of mound constructionwere minimal.)The resultsof the RussellReservoir work documented(Williams and Branch1978). Later La- have only recentlyappeared, and some are still in marthrough Cherokee components were document- the processof being published (Taylorand Smith ed at Estatoe,which was examinedby Kelly and de 1978;Goodyear et al. 1983;Campbell and Weed 1984; Baillou (1960) in 1959 and 1960. Six mound stages Tippittand Marquardt1984; Anderson and Schuld- were reportedat Estatoe,and structureswere found enrein1985; Rudolphand Hally 1985);the massive associatedwith several of these.The ceramiccollec- influxof data generated by thisproject has prompted tions fromChauga, Túgalo, and Estatoehave been a considerablere-evaluation of the prehistoricoccu- reanalyzedby Hally and formthe basis forthe def- pationsalong the drainage,of whichthis paper rep- initionof two Mississippianphases: the Etowah-cul- resentsa part. tureJarrett phase and the late-LamarTúgalo phase Mississippiancomponents were the focus of major (Hally and Rudolph1986; Hally 1984a). excavationprograms at theBeaverdam Creek (9EB85) From1966 to 1968 a programof surveyand exca- and Rucker'sBottom (9EB91) sites in theRussell Res- vationwas undertakenin the proposedfloodpool of ervoir;less extensivetesting occurred at a numberof theKeowee-Toxaway Reservoir in Oconee and Pick- othersites. The BeaverdamCreek site, occupied from ens Counties,South Carolina,in the upper reaches roughlyA.D. 1200 to 1300,is the typesite forwhat of the SavannahRiver watershed. Excavations were has been calledthe Beaverdam phase, a regionalvari- undertakenat a numberof prehistoricand historic ant of Savannah culture.At BeaverdamCreek, Ru- Indiansites, including I. C. Few (38PN2),Wild Cher- dolph and Hally (1985) documentedsix construction ry (38PN22), Rock Turtle (38PN4), and Toxaway stagesin the singlemound dominating the site, two (38OC3). Connestee, Pisgah, and Qualla (Lamar) superimposedearthlodges and four superimposed componentswere documented,a culturalsequence platformmounds. Approximately 2,600 m2 of the ad- comparableto thatnoted in theAppalachian summit jacent"village" area were examined, uncovering sev- to the north(Keel 1976; Dickens 1976). Existingre- eral hundredfeatures but only one possible house portsinclude a briefgeneral overview of the project pattern.The low incidenceof structures suggests that (Beuschel1976), and a comprehensivemonograph on the site mayhave had only a small permanentpop- the late prehistoric/protohistoric components at the ulation,and thusmay have servedas a "vacant"mor- I. C. Few site (Grange1972). At I. C. Few, a badly tuary/ceremonialcenter. Forty-seven burials, 37 in disturbedburial mound and associatedvillage area or below themound and theremainder in thevillage on the Keowee River,Grange (1972:166-175) identi- area,were found; clear, presumably status-related dif- fied Napier, Etowah, Lamar-like,and Pisgah ce- ferenceswere observed in thetreatment of the dead. ramics,indicating a Late Woodlandthrough Missis- Detailed typologicaland functionalanalyses were sippian occupation;little evidence for Cherokee undertakenfor the recovered artifactual assemblage, occupationwas noted. A single period of mound togetherwith a rangeof specializedanalyses of flo- constructionprobably dating to ca. A.D. 1300-1450 ral,faunal, human skeletal, palynological, and geoar- (based on ceramicrim and design motifstabulated chaeologicalsamples from the site. in Tables 34-39 in the report)was documented.The Beaverdamand Rembertphase componentswere ceramicassemblage associated with the primaryoc- identifiedat the Rucker'sBottom site, located ap- cupation exhibiteda strongadmixture of Pisgah proximately12 kmupstream from Beaverdam Creek (Dickens 1976; Moore 1981) and early-Lamar(M. (Andersonand Schuldenrein1983, 1985). At Ruck- Smith1981; Rudolph and Hally 1985)rim and design er's Bottom,where approximately 10,000 m2 were ex- motifs.One hundredand twentyfeatures were examined, two successive village occupationswere cavatedin the mound and village area of the site, identified,dating fromca. A.D. 1200 to 1450. The including15 burials. early Mississippianvillage, contemporaneouswith theuse of the BeaverdamCreek mound, was located at the southend of the terraceand characterizedby RussellReservoir 1969-1985 Investigations: a clusterof structuresarranged around an open area In thelate 1960sand early1970s surveys were ini- thatprobably served as a plaza. One largebuilding, tiatedin the proposedRichard B. Russell Reservoir a 14-m-widecircular structure that may have been a alongthe upper Savannah, between the Hartwell and townhouse or rotunda,was presentin the southern 35

This content downloaded from 160.36.64.162 on Wed, 2 Oct 2013 09:25:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SOUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 5(1) Summer1986 part of the village, frontingon the plaza. In the sissippiantransition was characterizedby a shiftin northernpart of the terrace a second,apparently for- settlementemphasis from the uplands to the flood- tifiedvillage was foundthat was apparentlyoccu- plain. This,he thought,reflected a changein subsis- pied fromlate in the Beaverdamphase intothe suc- tence practicesfrom horticulture to intensiveagri- ceedingRembert phase. Two ditch-and-stockadelines culture.This change in settlementhas beenconfirmed enclosedthis settlement,the firstsemicircular and by subsequentanalyses, although the reasonsfor it the second rectangular.Once again, a patternof are currentlyunresolved. Stoltman (1974:30-31, 91) structuresencircling a probableplaza was observed, also noted the apparentcontemporaneity of Savan- togetherwith a largecircular structure in the south- nah and Etowah-likeceramics in theSavannah basin, ern portionof the village thatmay have servedas a somethingthat Hally has subsequentlydocumented public building.Several hundred features were ex- in considerabledetail in conjunctionwith his defi- cavatedover the site;among these were 24 burials, nitionof the Beaverdamphase (Rudolphand Hally severallarge, rock-filled pits in the plazas thatwere 1985). probablymajor post supports, and one structurefloor In 1965 Clemensde Baillou (1965) conductedtest foundpreserved in a slightlylower area of the mid- excavationsat the Hollywood mound site in Rich- den. As at the Beaverdammound, an extensivepro- land county,Georgia, where Reynoldshad worked gramof specialized analyses was conductedwith ma- in the early 1890s. Two constructionstages were terialsrecovered during the fieldprogram. identifiedin MoundB (confirmingReynolds's work), MinorMississippian components, reflecting either and Savannah and Pee Dee-like potterywas re- smallvillage or hamletoccupations, were examined coveredfrom tests in the flanksof Mound A. In a at severalsites. The mostextensive of these programs comparisonof ceramicsfrom Hollywood, the Fort was at Clyde Gulley (38EB387),where an Etowah Watsonmound group in centralSouth Carolina, and component,apparently a small village, was exam- Town Creekin NorthCarolina, Reid (1965:25)noted ined (Tippittand Marquardt1984). Other sites in the "strikingsimilarities" among these assemblages, par- reservoirwhere small Mississippiancomponents ticularlyin rim treatmentand stamp design, sug- were examinedin some detail include 9EB92 and gestingclose culturaland /or temporal affiliations. 9EB207 (Campbell and Weed 1984), and 38AN8 In recentyears large numbers of Mississippian sites (Wood 1984).At thesesites materials were foundin and componentshave been identifiedalong the Sa- featuresthat occurred singly or in small groups,or vannah,most as a resultof surveyand testingproj- in generalexcavation strata; little evidence for struc- ects associatedwith culturalresource management tureor settlementorganization was recovered.In- (CRM) operations.While manyof theseprojects are cludingdata fromsurvey projects, over 60 siteswith fairlysmall, the data collectedcombine to provide Mississippiancomponents were identified during the an extensive,if spatiallysomewhat uneven, record reservoirinvestigations; synthetic analyses of these (e.g., Fergusonand Widmer1976; Cable et al. 1978; materials,however, are only beginningto appear Anthonyand Drucker1984; Drucker et al. 1984).For- (Rudolphand Hally 1985:428-439). tunately,major regional samples exist that facilitate the interpretationof theseindividual project assem- Withinthe central Coastal Plain, for MississippianPeriod Research in the blages. example, CoastalPlain: 1941-1985 investigationson theDepartment of Energy'sSavan- nah RiverPlant - wherean intensivesurvey of a 40% Followingthe close of the WPA investigationsat sampleof the entire850 km2facility has been com- themouth of the SavannahRiver in 1941,almost 25 pleted- provide comprehensivecoverage of both yearswent by before Mississippian research resumed riverineand interriverinehabitats (Hanson et al. in the lower portionof the drainage.Minor state- 1978,1981). The RussellReservoir provides a rough- mentsdescribing earlier work appeared during this ly comparabledata set fromthe Piedmont,particu- interval(e.g., Caldwell 1952), and Waring(1968c) larly when it is combinedwith informationfrom continuedto refine the cultural sequence at themouth otherlarge-scale survey projects (e.g., Goodyear et al. of the river.Actual fieldwork documenting Missis- 1979). sippian components(excluding Caldwell's 1948 in- In additionto CRM-mandatedactivity, a number vestigationsat historicPalachacolas Town in Hamp- of projectsby amateurand professionalarchaeolo- ton County,South Carolina) did not, however, gistshave occurredin recentyears that augment our resumeuntil 1964, when James B. Stoltmanconduct- informationabout Mississippianoccupations in the ed an extensiveprogram of surveyand excavation Savannah drainage.In 1971 Leland Ferguson,then on GrotonPlantation in Allendale County,South at Florida AtlanticUniversity, conducted a recon- Carolina.Mississippian components were identified naissance-levelsurvey throughout the CoastalPlain at severalsites and, in a generalsynthesis of his data, portionof the drainagein a deliberateattempt to Stoltman(1974:241-243) noted the Woodland to Mis- locateMississippian sites. Collections were obtained 36

This content downloaded from 160.36.64.162 on Wed, 2 Oct 2013 09:25:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SAVANNAHRIVER MISSISSIPPIAN fromover 100 sites,many with Mississippiancom- PHASES ponents;these materials have provedvery useful to UPPER INNER COASTAL MOUTH OF THE subsequent researchers(Anderson 1975a, 1975b). DATES PIEDMONT PLAIN SAVANNAH Underthe directionof TommyCharles (1981, 1983), A.D. 1600 thelocations and contentsof several hundred private TÚGALO 1600 - collectionshave been recordedthroughout South Carolina in recent of these materials 1400 - years. Many REMBERT came fromthe Savannah Riverbasin; Charles'srec- IRENE I 1300 HOLLYWOOD ords, of collections conscientiousam- SAVANNAHI" particularly by BEAVERDAM SAVANNAH" ateurs(i.e., those recordingsite locations),greatly 1200 SAVANNAHM. SAVANNAHI augmentthe amount of Mississippianmaterial avail- JARRETT EQUIVALENT 1100 able foranalysis. ST. CATHERINES - 1000 WOODSTOCK ST. CATHERINES EQUIVALENT 900 The MississippianCultural Sequence W.LM.NGTON in the Savannah River Basin 800 - LATE SWIFT CREEK/ INTERIOR NAPIER WILMINGTON ™ The Developmentof theSequence 700 EQUIVALENT The Mississippiancultural sequence (Figure3) in 3. Late cultural forthe the SavannahRiver valley, as currentlyunderstood, Figure Woodland-Mississippian sequence SavannahRiver basin: upper Piedmont (Hally and Rudolph1986; has emergedthrough a combinationof workwithin - Wood1984; Anderson and Schuldenrein1985), inner Coastal Plain thebasin itself notablyat the rivermouth and at a (Hanson 1985; Hally and Rudolph 1986; Anderson1986b), and seriesof moundand village sitesin the piedmont- mouthof theSavannah (DePratter 1979). and throughcross dating with sequences developed in otherareas, notably in theGeorgia and NorthCar- olina Piedmontand theAppalachian Summit. Before detailing the Savannah River Mississippian se- interpretinglater Woodland and Mississippi-period quence,its developmentand debt fromother areas sites in the Georgiaand South Carolina Piedmont, shouldbe brieflyreviewed (see also Ferguson1971). includingthe Savannah River basin (e.g.,Taylor and The mouth-of-the-Savannahsequence (Caldwell Smith1978). and Waring1939a, 1939b;Waring 1968c; DePratter A thirdmajor external source used to interpretlate 1979)is based on a seriesof largeWPA excavations, prehistoricsites in theSavannah River basin derives and has been appraised by Williams(1968:101) as fromsouth-central North Carolina. There, under the "one of the finestlocal sequences based on strati- directionof Joffre Coe, excavationshave been carried graphicevidence that exists in Southeasternarchae- out since 1937at the Mississippi-periodTown Creek ology." For the laterprehistoric era, the mouth-of- site,located on a tributaryof the Pee Dee River.The the-Savannahsequence in its present form (De- moundand stockadedvillage at TownCreek, encom- Pratter1979) provideschronological control on the passing an area of approximately2 ha, have been orderof 100-150year intervalsfor the period from excavatedalmost completely (Coe 1952:308-309).The roughlyA.D. 800 to 1450.The Wilmington-St.Cath- associatedceramics were formallydescribed by Reid erines-Savannah-Ireneceramic and culturalsucces- (1967) as the Pee Dee series.Materials identical to sion developedfrom this work has been used, with Pee Dee were notedat bothIrene and Hollywoodin varyingdegrees of success, to guide component thelower Savannah River basin (Reid 1965),and the identificationthroughout the CoastalPlain and into closesimilarity of the Pee Dee seriesto ceramicsfrom the Piedmontportions of the SavannahRiver basin. the upper Savannah drainage has been variously Extensivearchaeological survey and testingactiv- noted (Grange 1972; Rudolph and Hally 1985; An- ityalso occurredin northernGeorgia during the WPA dersonand Schuldenrein1985). Pee Dee seriesma- era (Wauchope1966). This and subsequentwork in terial,which has been datedto thethirteenth through theAllatoona Reservoir (Caldwell 1957) produced the fifteenthcenturies (Dickens 1976:198), thus provides classicnorthwest Georgia Etowah-Savannah-Lamar a temporalbenchmark for local Mississippianre- Mississippian ceramic and cultural sequence mainswhere it is found. (Wauchope 1948, 1950; Fairbanks1950, 1952). The More recentwork has led to the developmentof a northwestGeorgia sequence, as modifiedthrough the culturalsequence for the western part of NorthCar- yearswith the inclusionof the Cartersville,Swift olina, in the AppalachianSummit area (Egloff1967; Creek,Napier, and Woodstockseries (Caldwell 1950, Dickens 1976; Keel 1976; Moore 1981; Purrington 1957, 1958; Sears 1958; Wauchope 1966), has until 1983).This sequence can be used withfair effect in recentlybeen theprimary source used fordating and the SavannahRiver basin, particularly in the upper 37

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Piedmontand Blue Ridge areas. Althoughthe later This phase is similarin mostrespects to Etowah11/ Woodlandperiod is stillpoorly understood, the gen- HI in the AllatoonaReservoir of northwestGeorgia eral outlineof the subsequentportion of the Appa- (Caldwell 1957)and theStillhouse phase in theWal- lachianSummit sequence - encompassingthe Pisgah lace Reservoir(M. Smith1981) and probablydates to and Qualla phases- appearsto accommodateat least approximatelyA.D. 1100-1200.The Jarrettphase ce- some of the materialsfound in the upperreaches of ramiccomplex is characterizedby threedecorated the basin (Grange1972; Beuschel1976; Hally et al. types:Etowah Complicated Stamped (ca. 8%),Check 1985). Stamped(ca. 4%),and Red Filmed(ca. 2%) (Figure4). The fourthexternal sequence thathas helped in The formeris representedby ladder-basediamond, subdividinglocal Mississippianassemblages derives one- and two-bardiamond, cross-bar diamond, and fromthe Universityof Georgia'sextensive survey line-blockmotifs. Thirty-nine percent of the sherds and excavationprogram in the Wallace Reservoir, in the typecollection can be classifiedonly as un- located on the upper Oconee River in the central identifiedcomplicated stamped because motifsare GeorgiaPiedmont. In an analysisof ceramicsfrom notrecognizable. Of thesesherds, however, 95% have theDyar (9GE5), Scull Shoals (9GE4),and Shinholser rectilineardesigns and probablyrepresent standard (9BL1) mound sites,Smith (1981:182-189, 242-245) Etowahmotifs. Red filmingis presenton smallbowls. and Williams (1984, 1985) developed criteriafor Plain and burnished-plainpottery accounts for 43% identifyingrelatively brief (ca. 100-year)Mississip- and 3% of the complexrespectively. Some stamped pian phases; these phases include Stillhouse(A.D. and plain-surfacejars have collaredrims (ca. 1%) re- 1100-1200),Scull Shoals (A.D. 1200-1300),Duvall semblingthose characteristicof the Pisgah phase (A.D. 1300-1400),Iron Horse (A.D. 1400-1500),and (Dickens1976; Moore 1981),and some have corncob Dyar (A.D. 1500-1600).Specific ceramic types and impressionson the neckand shoulder(ca. 1%). rimattributes were foundto be sensitivetemporal Jarrett-phasecomponents are currentlyknown markers.Refinement of sortingcriteria has contin- fromthree sites: Chauga, Túgalo, and Clyde Gulley. ued (Rudolph1978; Rudolph and Blanton1981), and At Chauga and Túgalo theyare associatedwith mul- severalof theattributes, particularly rim treatments, tistageplatform mounds. Caldwell foundonly four have provedto be usefultemporal markers in the intactmound stages at Túgalo (Caldwell 1956;Wil- upperSavannah basin (Rudolph and Hally 1985;An- liamsand Branch1978). Each of thesewas construct- dersonand Schuldenrein1985). ed duringthe Jarrettphase and was surmountedby In conjunctionwith the Russell Reservoirwork, an earthlodgeor earth-embankedstructure. The lat- theSavannah River Mississippian sequence has been ter were square in plan, measured7.5-8.5 m on a re-evaluatedin recentyears, an effortthat has in- side,and wereconstructed with individually set posts cludedthe reanalysis of assemblages from earlier ex- (Figure5). A large post was set in each of the four cavations(Hally 1984a; Rudolph and Hally 1985; corners.An entrancepassage through the surround- Duncan 1985;Hally et al. 1985;Hally and Rudolph ing earthembankment was located along the east 1986;Anderson 1986a, 1986b). This workhas result- wall nearthe northeast corner of each structure.Cen- ed in thechronologies described below. tralhearths were present. The lastintact mound stage was 4.5 m high and approximately24 m square at thebase. The UpperSavannah MississippianSequence: Only the firstfour stages of mound construction Jarrett-Beaverdam-Hollywood- at Chauga were preservedbeneath the plowzone. Rembert-TugaloPhases Thesestages were apparently constructed by theJar- The earliestMississippi-period occupation in the rett-phaseoccupants of the site. Pothuntingin the upperSavannah river is representedby smallcollec- mound was so intense,however, that Kelly and tions of WoodstockComplicated-Stamped pottery Neitzel (1961) were unable to determinethe nature fromthe Estatoeand Chauga sitesin HartwellRes- of the summitstructures. ervoir.In northwestGeorgia, there is clearevidence thatthis is ancestralto Etowah potterytype directly BeaverdamPhase (ca. A.D. 1200-1300) ComplicatedStamped of thesucceeding Etowah culture(Sears 1958).Presumably, the same situationex- Ceramicevidence indicates that the Jarrett-phase istsin theupper Savannah drainage as well. occupationof the upper Savannah drainagedevel- oped directlyinto the Beaverdamphase of the Sa- vannah culture and 1985:Plates13- JarrettPhase (ca. A.D. 1100-1200) (Rudolph Hally 16). Check stampingincreases in frequency(to ca. The earliestMississippian occupation that is well 8%).Etowah Compiicated Stamped (ca. 1%)decreases, documentedin theupper Savannah River area is the and is representedprimarily by cross-bardiamonds Jarrettphase (Hally and Rudolph 1986) (Figure3). and a new herringbonemotif. Collared rims (< 1%) 38

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Figure4. Jarrett-phasepottery types and modes:(a-g) EtowahComplicated Stamped; (h-i) checkstamped; (j) corncob impressed;(k-m) collared rims. and thecorncob impressed surface treatment (ca. 3%) mostdetails to theJarrett-phase structures at Túgalo. continue,the latterwith slightlygreater frequency, Walls were constructedwith individuallyset posts but red filmingdisappears. The majornew ceramic (Rudolph 1984:Figure4). A single large post was elementis SavannahComplicated Stamped (ca. 1%), placedat each corner,and therewas an entrancepas- characterized by concentric-circlemotifs. Most sage locatedin thesouth wall nearthe southeast cor- stampedpottery continues to be unidentifiable(ca. ner.No centralhearth could be identifiedin thepot- 9%) as to motif,but the frequencyof curvilinearde- hunter-disturbedfloors. signs increasesdramatically, from 5% to 47%. Plain Eventuallythe last structurewas filledin, and a (ca. 67%) and burnishedplain (ca. 11%) increasein low platformmound measuring14 by 17 m at the frequency. base and 1.4 m high was erectedover it. Fourstages Radiocarbon determinationsindicate that the of moundconstruction could be identified,but little Beaverdamphase datesto approximatelyA.D. 1200- is knownabout the natureof the summitstructures. 1300(Rudolph and Hally 1985).Components are cur- Stagetwo, the bestpreserved, was approximately18 rentlyknown only fromthe RussellReservoir. It is m squareat thebase and 1.5 m high.A rampleading the only componentat the type site, Beaverdam to the summitwas located on at least one of the Creek,and one of two Mississippiancomponents at moundcorners. Rucker'sBottom (Anderson and Schuldenrein1985). The Beaverdamphase resemblesSavannah III at The prominentfeature at the BeaverdamCreek site the Irene site with respectto check stamping,cur- is a multistageplatform mound (Rudolph and Hally vilinearstamped motifs, and vessel shapes.Collared 1985).This mound was seriouslydamaged by profes- rimsand corncob-impressedsurface treatment, how- sional and nonprofessionalexcavations prior to its ever,are featuresthat appear to be restrictedto the investigationby the Universityof Georgiain 1980- Piedmontand Appalachianportions of the Savannah 1981.The constructionsequence begins with two su- Riverdrainage. These last two featuresare charac- perimposedsquare earthlodgesor earth-embanked teristicof the Pisgahphase in theAppalachian Sum- structuresmeasuring 7 m square thatare similarin mit region (Dickens 1976; Moore 1981),and along 39

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Figure5. Earth-embankedstructure on moundstage 1, Túgalosite. Drawing by JosephR. Caldwell.

withseveral other shared ceramic features indicate plicatedStamped (ca. 14%),characterized by filfot- at leastpartial contemporaneity between the two. crossand relatedmotifs (de Baillou 1965: Table 1). EtowahComplicated Stamped (< 1%) and corncob are rare,and collared rimsare HollywoodPhase (ca. AD. 1250-1350) impressing(< 1%) absent.Plain and burnishedplain accountfor 38% of Testexcavations by de Baillou (1965) in Mound A all sherdsin the type collection.New featuresin- at theHollywood site, located just below thefall line, clude cane punctationsand large rivetednodes im- yieldeda potteryassemblage sufficiently distinct from pressedwith cane punctationson unthickenedjar thatof the Beaverdamphase to meritrecognition as rims(Reid 1965:Plates4, 5). a separatephase of Savannahculture. Check stamp- The distinctivenature of theHollywood phase ce- ing is verycommon (ca. 41%),as is SavannahCom- ramiccomplex probably reflects both regionaland 40

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Figure6. Rembert-phasepottery types and modes:(a-c) LamarIncised; (d-h) LamarComplicated Stamped; (i) check stamped;(j-k) unthickenedjar rimswith cane punctationsand rosettes;(1-n) collaredrims; (o-r) thickenedjar rims withpinched, notched, and cane-punctateddecoration. temporalfactors. Comparison with the SavannahII, motifs,unthickened rims, cane punctations,and riv- Savannah III, and Irene phases on the coast (Cald- eted nodes) with Savannah Check-Stampedvessels well and McCann 1941;DePratter 1979) and the Pee (Caldwell 1952:Figure174). The same combinations Dee phasein theNorth Carolina Piedmont (Coe 1952; occurredin de Baillou's (1965) sample fromMound Reid 1967)indicates that some ceramicfeatures (i.e., A, indicatingthat these burials date to the Holly- a high frequencyof checkstamping and filfot-cross wood-phasecomponent. Caldwell placed the earlier motifs,and rimswith cane punctationsand riveted burialepisode, with the unusual SCC artifacts,as ear- nodes) are characteristicsof sites located east and ly SavannahII. It is not clear,however, how he ar- southof Hollywood.Two of these featuresare also rivedat thisconclusion. characteristicof later phases- filfotcross in Irene, and Pee Dee and unthickened Rembert, phases, jar RembertPhase (ca. A.D. 1350-1450) rimswith cane punctationsand rivetednodes in the Pee Dee phase- suggestingthat Hollywood, while The early-LamarRembert phase appearsto devel- partiallycontemporaneous, extends slightly later in op out of Hollywoodor its upper-Savannahequiva- timethan the Beaverdamphase. Overall,the Holly- lentaround A.D. 1350(Hally and Rudolph1986). As wood phase ceramiccomplex most closely resembles representedby the type collection,recovered from thatof the Pee Dee phase.Available radiocarbon dates theRembert mound group by Caldwell(1953), check fromthe Town Creeksite (Dickens 1976:198) suggest stamping(ca. 1%), corncobimpressing (ca. 1%) and thatHollywood dates from approximately A.D. 1250 collaredrims (< 1%) continue,but in the case of the to 1350(see also Hally and Rudolph1986). check stampingwith substantiallydecreased fre- Caldwell(1952:319) reports that the latergroup of quency(Figure 6). Complicatedstamping, in theform burialsin Mound B at Hollywoodwas accompanied of LamarComplicated Stamped, increases markedly by both SavannahII and Irene vessels.This identi- in frequency(to ca. 41%),and continuesto have both ficationis apparentlybased on the co-occurrenceof curvilinear(32%) and rectilinear(68%) designs. Iden- Irene Complicated-Stampedjars (with filfot-cross tifiablemotifs include concentric circles, figure nine, 41

This content downloaded from 160.36.64.162 on Wed, 2 Oct 2013 09:25:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SOUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 5(1) Summer1986 filfotcross, and line block.Forty-eight percent of the line-filledtriangles are added to the Rembertphase potteryin thetype collection is plain and burnished repertoireof incised motifs, and decorationis carried plain. Unthickenedrims with cane punctationsand out withlarger numbers of narrower lines. Red film- rosettes(small nodes impressedwith cane puncta- ing is presentin small amounts(< 1%),while plain tions)are present,along withearly forms of the La- and burnished-plainsherds account for approxi- marfolded-and-pinched rim. Lamar Incised appears mately29% of the collection.Folded-and-pinched forthe first time. It is notvery common (< 1%),how- rimsincrease in frequencyto the pointwhere they ever,and is characterizedby simple designs (hori- are the onlyrim form occurring on jars.Cane punc- zontal lines interruptedby pendant festoonsand tations,notches, and cut nodes are replaced by loops) and carriedout in two or threebroad lines. pinchingas thedominant form of decoration on these The Rembertphase is best known fromthe type rims. site,located just below RussellDam, and fromRuck- It appearslikely that mound building was carried er's Bottom.A componentis also representedin pot- outat Estatoeduring the Túgalo phase. Structures 1- teryCaldwell excavated from the marginof the Tu- 4 at Estatoewere erectedon the aboriginalground galo mound.Mound constructionat Túgalo cannot, surfaceone above the otherwith only a few centi- however,be attributedto theRembert component on metersof fill separating each floor(Kelly and de Bail- the basis of available stratigraphieevidence. The lou 1960). These structures,although later in time, Rembertsite may have been the largestMississippi- show a numberof similaritiesto the earthlodgesat an moundgroup on the SavannahRiver. Mound A BeaverdamCreek and Túgalo. Floor plans were measuredat least 10 m in height,and four other square,exterior walls were constructedof individ- moundswere present. Only the SilverBluff site, be- uallyset posts, large posts were placed in each corner low Augustain SouthCarolina, may have been com- nearthe walls, and centralhearths were present. They parablein size (Jones1873:152-157) (Figure 2). Little also resemblethe Beaverdamearthlodges in being is knownabout the latter site, although it appearsto placedon theground surface and havingonly a small have been occupiedabout the same timeas Holly- amountof fill separating each floor.They differ from wood based on collectionsfrom fields and the river theearlier structures at Túgaloand Beaverdam,how- banknear where the site used to be. Duringthe four- ever,in size (12 m versus7 m),absence of earthem- teenthand earlyfifteenth centuries, Rembert was al- bankmentsalong outer walls, and absence of en- mostcertainly the mostpowerful center on the up- trancepassages. Eventually a mantleof largestones per Savannah River, coeval with, or possibly and earthwas placed over the floorof the laststruc- replacing,Silver Bluff as paramountcenter. ture,to forma platformmound approximately 0.5 m high.At least one structure(of undeterminedform) Phase (ca. A.D. Túgalo 1450-1600) was erectedon thisplatform. The upperSavannah River south of Lake Hartwell Mound stage4, datingto the Jarrettphase, is the appears to have been largelyabandoned afterthe latestintact construction stage in theTúgalo mound. Rembertphase (Hally et al. 1985).There are no late- Caldwell(1956; Williams and Branch1978) recovered Lamarmound sites known from this area. In theRus- Tugalo-phasepottery from several strata on theflanks sell Reservoir,where fairlyintensive surveys have ofthis mound, however, suggesting that mound con- been carriedout (e.g.,Taylor and Smith1978; Gard- structionalso occurredduring the Túgalo phase. The neret al. 1981;Goodyear et al. 1983),no definitelate- so-called "northeastdump" in particularyielded Lamarsites of any kindhave been recorded. thousandsof largefragments of potteryand several The situationis differentto the northalong the whole and nearlywhole vessels which have been TugalooRiver, where one late-Lamarphase, Túgalo, identifiedas refusediscarded from a Tugalo-phase can be recognizedand associatedwith mound build- moundsummit (Duncan 1985). ing.The Túgalophase ceramiccomplex is represent- No sixteenth-centuryEuropean artifacts have been ed in collectionsfrom Túgalo, Estatoe, and Chauga, recoveredfrom Tugalo-phase contexts. Comparison and appearsto developdirectly out of Rembert phase withthe Barnett- and Dyar-phaseceramic complexes, by A.D. 1450. In the sherd collectionfrom mound however,suggests that the phase continuesinto the stages1-4 at Estatoe,check stamping continues to be second half of thatcentury (Hally 1979; M. Smith infrequent(< 1%),while collaredrims and corncob 1981). impressingdisappear (Figure 7). Complicatedstamp- ing increasesto approximately60%, but the relative The Lower Savannah PrehistoricMississippian frequencyof rectilinear(68%) and curvilinear(32%) Sequence: Savannah I-III, Irene I Phases motifsremains unchanged. Identifiable motifs in- SavannahI Phase (ca. A.D. 800-1100) cludeconcentric circles, figure nines, simple stamped, and variationson the line block.Lamar Incised in- The prehistoricMississippian sequence in thelow- creasesin frequency.Concentric circles and ovalsand er Savannah drainageis based primarilyon WPA 42

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Figure7. Tugalo-phasepottery types and modes:(a-c) LamarIncised; (d-i) LamarComplicated Stamped; (j-1) folded- and-pinchedrims. workat Ireneand othernearby sites at themouth of ceramics(Stoltman 1974; Anderson 1986b). A sand- the drainage (Caldwell and Waring 1939a, 1939b; temperedbold cord-markedware resemblingthe Caldwelland McCann1941). This sequence has been grog-temperedLate Woodland coastal Wilmington variouslyrefined through the years (e.g., Waring seriesin finishalso occursin thisarea and mayreflect 1968c), with the latest formulationby DePratter earlyLate Woodlandoccupations. Typical Savannah (1979). DePratter/sSavannah I phase runs fromca. I finishesoccur laterthan these interior,Wilming- A.D. 1150to 1200and is identifiedby theoccurrence ton-likeassemblages (locally described as Cape Fear ofSavannah Fine Cord-Marked, Burnished-Plain, and or Deptford),and appear to range in time from Plain ceramics;it succeedshis St. Catherinesphase, roughlyA.D. 800 to 1100 (Figure3). While thereis whichis datedfrom ca. A.D. 1000to 1150. some indicationthat later Savannah I waresexhibit The mouth-of-the-Savannahsequence for the Late greaterrim modification - folded and stampedrims Woodland/Early Mississippian, unfortunately, only become morecommon - thisremains to be securely works well in the extremelower portion of the demonstrated. drainage(Figure 3). Resolutionof "sand-tempered" Savannah I componentsare commonthroughout Savannahpottery from the preceding grog-tempered the lower portionof the drainage,both along the St. Catherinesseries (which is also characterizedby floodplainand in the interriverineuplands. Evi- plain,burnished-plain, and finecord-marked finish- dence collectedto date indicatesthat these compo- es, and netmarking as a distinctminority) is possible nents reflectan essentiallyWoodland, intensive onlynear the coast,where both pastes occur. In the huntingand gatheringadaptation, prior to the pre- interiorCoastal Plain only sand temperingis pres- sumedadoption of intensive agriculture and thecon- ent,and effectiveseparation of St. Catherines/Savan- comitantnucleation, or shiftin settlement/to the nah I equivalentsis currentlynot possible. floodplainmargins (see Stoltman1974). Away fromthe coast Savannah I-like materials Savannah11 111Phases (sand-temperedplain, burnished-plain, and finecord- 1 (ca. A.D. 1100-1300) markedceramics) postdate Deptford and predatethe The appearanceof SavannahCheck Stamped,fol- appearance of Mississippiancomplicated-stamped lowed by Savannah Complicated-Stampedpottery, 43

This content downloaded from 160.36.64.162 on Wed, 2 Oct 2013 09:25:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SOUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 5(1) Summer1986 has been used by DePratter(1979:111) to definethe nent.This sequence of changesparallels that seen in SavannahII (A.D. 1200-1250)and SavannahIII (A.D. theupper Savannah drainage in theBeaverdam, Hol- 1250-1300)phases at theriver mouth. While there is lywood,and Rembertphases. clearstratigraphie evidence at a numberof sitesfor Irene I phase is best known fromthe Irene site. this succession,the temporalrange offeredfor the Architecturalfeatures attributable to the component occurrenceof thesetypes, A.D. 1200to 1300,appears include the finalstages of the platformand burial fartoo restrictedgiven the widespread occurrence of mounds;the "mortuary/7 a rectangular structure with these finishesin collectionsfrom throughout the encirclingwalls; the "rotunda," a circularwall-trench lower drainage.A somewhatbroader span, from structuremeasuring approximately 37 m in diameter; roughlyA.D. 1100 to 1300,is suggestedhere as the enclosurewalls; and at leastone rectangularhouse. probablerange of maximum occurrence for these fin- The mouthof the Savannah River and presumably ishes. Check stampingis still assumed to predate the entireCoastal Plain portionof the drainageap- considerablythe appearanceof complicatedstamp- pear to have been abandonedafter Irene I (Hally et ing, which is thoughtto come in about A.D. 1200. al. 1985; Anderson1986a, 1986b).Aboriginal occu- Rimforms during this interval are unmodified,while pation does not occur in the area again until well complicated-stampmotifs are dominatedby concen- intothe historicperiod. triccircles, figure nines, and barredconcentric circles and diamonds. SavannahIII phase is best knownfrom the Irene MississippianResearch in the Savannah site (Caldwelland McCann 1941).Architectural fea- RiverBasin: CurrentApproaches turesattributable to this componentinclude stages Chronologyand Taxonomy 1-7 of the largeplatform mound, the initialstage of the burialmound, at least three"houses/' and sev- As has been demonstratedby the precedingre- eral enclosurewalls. Stages 1 and 2 of the platform view,a fairlyrefined cultural sequence and chronol- moundconsisted of two superimposed, ground-level ogy has emergedfor the Mississippiperiod in the buildings.These were rectangular in plan,measured SavannahRiver basin in recentyears. This sequence between7 and 8 m on a side,and had earthand shell is supportedby detailedceramic-taxonomic analysis embankmentsagainst the outer walls. Theywere, in and a fairnumber of radiocarbondates. Through the many respects,similar to the superimposedstruc- use of specificceramic attributes, primarily those re- tureserected beneath the BeaverdamCreek mound. latedto rimtreatment and stampmotif, temporal res- As in the lattercase, a platformmound was eventu- olutionon the orderof 100-150years is possiblefor ally builtover them (Rudolph 1984). mostassemblages dating between roughly A.D. 1000 Upriverfrom the coast, the Lawtonmound group, and 1600.Over thisinterval, considerable continuity withplatform mounds measuring approximately 2 m is evidentand, while some areal differencesare ev- high,appears to have a SavannahII /III occupation, ident, ceramic assemblages are quite comparable based on analysisof existingcollections (Anderson throughoutthe drainage.The only portionof the 1975b).Rabbit Mount (38AL15) also has a Savannah basinwhere there is someuncertainty about the Mis- II/III component(Stoltman 1974). sissippiansequence is in the inner Coastal Plain, where the age of the Silver Bluffsite, and its rela- to the and Rembert is IreneI Phase (ca. A.D. 1300-1400) tionship Hollywood phases still poorly understood.Collection of information The Irene I phase is identifiedprimarily by the about Silver Bluff,as well as comparisonof these appearanceof Irene Complicated-Stampedpottery, materialswith collectionsfrom Hollywood, Rem- characterizedby the filfot-crossand figure-ninemo- bert,and otherSavannah River sites, is a criticalsub- tifs,and by the appearanceof a varietyof jar rim jectfor future research. treatments.Irene Incised also appears for the first CharacteristicSouth-Appalachian Mississippian time,albeit in verylow frequency.Caldwell (Cald- complicated-stampedceramics (Holmes 1903:130-133; well and McCann 1941:41-42)argues that jar-rim Griffin1967; Ferguson 1971) are notwell represented modificationbegan towardthe end of the Savannah along muchof the Savannahdrainage until roughly occupationat Ireneand increasedin frequencydur- A.D. 1100.Only traceoccurrences of Woodstockand ing the Irene I phase. Accordingto Caldwell,large early-Etowahceramics have been foundto date.The plain foldedrims occurred in small numbersat the twelfth-and thirteenth-centuryJarrett, Beaverdam, end of Savannah III, hollow cane punctationsand and Savannah II/III phases are thus the firstlocal rivetednodes withcane punctationswere character- Mississippiansocieties well representedin the ar- isticof the transition between Savannah III and Irene chaeological record fromthe basin. Whetherthis I, while rosettesand narrowfolded rims with cane meansthat the Mississippian adaptation itself (sensu punctationswere characteristicof the Irene compo- Griffin1967:189; B. Smith1978:486-488), particularly 44

This content downloaded from 160.36.64.162 on Wed, 2 Oct 2013 09:25:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SAVANNAH RIVER MISSISSIPPIAN the adoptionof intensiveagriculture, occurred ear- populations.If a local development,it maywell have lier remainsunknown. been triggeredby the presenceof Mississippianso- Knowledge about the immediateantecedents of cietiesfurther to thewest, at Etowah,Macon Plateau, thesesocieties will be essentialto understandinghow and possiblywithin the Oconee drainage.In this and why the Mississippianadaptation emerged in view, increasingcompetition for resources-deer theSavannah River basin. A Middle-LateWoodland (Hickerson1965; Gramly1977) or agriculturalland sequence has been establishedfor the mouthof the (Larson1972)- mayhave forcedthe development of river,but none has been formallyworked out for morecomplex forms of sociopolitical organization in inner Coastal Plain and Piedmontportions of the manyareas as a defensivereaction to encroachment. drainage.In the interiorCoastal Plain, effectivemi- Whilethere is no evidencefor outright population croseriationof cord-markedceramics appears to be replacementin the Savannahdrainage- as mightbe crucialin the identificationof laterWoodland sites expectedunder a migrationhypothesis (B. Smith (Anderson 1986b). In the Piedmont,a late-Swift- 1984)- theimposition of a chieflyelite on local pop- Creek/Napier Anderson phase has recentlybeen de- ulationsby politiesestablished elsewhere is at least fined(Wood 1984; Wood et al. 1985),based on col- a possibility.At the presentlevel of archaeological lectionsfrom the SimpsonField site (38AN8) in the resolution,this possibility cannot be rejected.Anal- RussellReservoir and the submoundmidden at Tu- ysisof local Late Woodlandand initialMississippian galo. These materials,together with the Napier com- skeletalremains for genetic continuity- particularly ponentat Rucker'sBottom (Anderson and Schuld- within the emergentchiefly elite- mightbe one enrein1985:362-366) and theWoodstock components methodof examiningthis problem. at Estatoeand Chauga,indicate that a sequencesim- While the reasonswhy local Mississippiansocie- ilar to thatdefined in northwestGeorgia, running tiesemerged remain obscure, considerable data exist fromlate SwiftCreek through Etowah, may be pos- documentingchanges in settlementand siteorgani- tulatedfor the upper Savannah River(Wood et al. zationduring this interval. Where areally extensive, - 1985;T. Rudolph1985). well controlledsurveys have been conducted such The picturemay not be this simple, however. as on theSavannah River Plant site or in the Russell Withinthe last fewyears it has becomeevident that Reservoir area- the Woodland-to-Mississippian thelater Woodland over much of South Carolina and transitionis characterizedby a shiftfrom numerous southeasternGeorgia was characterizedby rather un- small,widely dispersed sites to fewer,larger settle- distinguishedassemblages of plain, cord-marked, ments located near the floodplain.This shift is fabric-impressed,and simple-stampedwares, most of thoughtto reflecta change in subsistencepractices, whichhave traditionallybeen assignedto muchear- froma Late Woodland patternof intensive,sched- lierperiods. In the SouthCarolina Coastal Plain, for uled collectionof wild resourcesin a wide arrayof example, a Late Woodland simple-stampedhori- microenvironments,to a Mississippianpattern of in- zon-dating fromA.D. 800 to 1200- has recently tensiveagriculture on fertilefloodplain soils and the been documented(Anderson 1982:302-308); traces of exploitationof a fewfavored microenvironments for thiscomplex occur along the lower SavannahRiver wild foods(Murphy and Hudson 1967;B. Smith1978; (Anderson1986b). In the Georgia-SouthCarolina- Brooksand Canouts1984; Ferguson and Green1984). NorthCarolina area, includingthe upper Savannah Whilethis view maybe correct,considerable testing River, Connestee/Cartersville-likeplain, brushed, of it will be necessary,particularly given the near- and simple-stampedassemblages have recentlybeen absenceof subsistence data (or dataof any kind) from found in later Woodland contexts(Manning 1982; Late Woodlandsites in the drainage. Purrington1983:142; Anderson and Schuldenrein Only minimaldata on the size of individualLate 1985:340-347).Additional field research is needed to Woodlandand Mississippiancomponents, in fact,are clarifythe chronologicaland culturalrelationships currentlyavailable from the Savannah drainage. Most between these brushed/simple-stamped complexes informationis based on the areal extentof surface and thosecharacterized by complicatedstamping. artifactscatters. Only a comparativelyfew Mississip- pian sites- ceremonialcenters such as Irene,Beav- erdamCreek, and Lawton,or like Rucker's The villages Emergenceof Mississippian Bottomand Clyde Gulley- have been examinedin Societiesin theSavannah sufficientdetail to document size. River component Larger Region communities,and centerswith pronouncedcere- How and why Mississippiansocieties emerged in monial/mortuaryand (in some cases) defensivefa- the SavannahRiver basin is stillvery poorly under- cilities,however, clearly occur locally in the Missis- stood.The apparentcontinuity in ceramicsfrom late sippi periodand are not currentlyrecognized in the SwiftCreek times that is evidentin theupper Savan- Late Woodland. nah basin suggestsa developmentfrom indigenous Perhaps the most unambiguous architectural 45

This content downloaded from 160.36.64.162 on Wed, 2 Oct 2013 09:25:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SOUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 5(1) Summer1986 changeoccurring in the SavannahRiver basin dur- graphicexamination for Harris lines (indicativeof ing the earlierMississippian is the replacementof periods of stressor traumaduring the period of earthlodges (or similar community/ceremonial growth);microscopic analysis of mid-femoralthin structures)by platformmounds. Rudolph (1984) has sections(to determinebone structureand hence in- suggestedthat this replacementmay reflectbroad dividual health),inspection for episodes of enamel changesin sociopoliticalorganization, specifically the hypoplasia(reflecting recovery from dietary stress or emergenceof a chieflyelite, with a concomitantre- othertrauma during early childhood), and trace-ele- strictionof public access to ceremonialfacilities. A mentanalysis (of Zn, Mg, Sr,and Ca) to assess gen- limitedtest of thismodel using data fromthe Beav- eral nutritionalpatterns (Weaver et al. 1985). erdammound site provedinteresting. Little differ- Not unexpectedly,probable status differences were ence was noted in the apparentstatus composition evidentwithin the burial assemblages.At Rucker's of the groupsinterred in or below the earthlodge Bottomgrave goods were fairlysimple, and were and in subsequentmound stages at the site.Higher- foundwith about half of the Beaverdam-phase inter- = statuspeople tended to be buriedin all ofthese struc- ments(N 7; 53.8%).The later,Rembert-phase bur- tures,while presumablylower-status individuals - ialsat thesite, in contrast,only rarely had gravegoods = at least those with no associatedgrave goods- oc- of any kindassociated (N 1; 10%),suggesting dif- curredprimarily in thevillage (Rudolph 1984:43-44; ferencesin intermentpractices. No spectaculargrave Rudolph and Hally 1985). This suggeststhat the associationsindicative of markedstatus differentia- emergenceof local (chiefly?)elites may have predat- tionwere notedon the site,nor was an appreciable ed theconstruction of platformmounds in thisarea. age or sexbias notedin theoccurrence of grave goods. Adultmales did, however, tend to have slightlymore elaborate - or beads as to The and gravegoods pots opposed Organization Operationof bone pins, rattles,or cobble tools- than adult fe- MississippianPolities in the males et al. SavannahRiver Basin (Weaver 1985:593). A considerablydifferent picture was obtainedat A considerablebody of syntheticresearch into the the Beaverdammound site. There, burial in the operationand evolutionof Mississippian societies in moundwas clearlyindicative of high status,at least the Savannah Riverbasin has appeared in the last forapproximately one thirdof the interments(N = fewyears, almost all the director indirectresult of 14; 27.6%),which were characterizedby unusually CRM-mandatedcontract research. Most notable have elaborateburial treatment and /or grave goods (Ru- been the analysesassociated with the 1980-1982ex- dolphand Hally 1985:331).Only one ofthe nine bur- cavationsat the BeaverdamCreek and Rucker'sBot- ials foundin the village area of the site,in contrast, tomsites in theRussell Reservoir. Major reports doc- had associatedgrave goods. Greatersocial differen- umenting this research have already appeared tiation,reflected in treatmentat death,appears to (Andersonand Schuldenrein1985; Rudolph and have characterizedlife at thecenter as opposedto in Hally 1985),together with a numberof derivative the outlyingvillage. papers (Anderson and Schuldenrein1983; Hally Males buriedat the moundsite tendedto be sev- 1984b;J. Rudolph 1984, 1985). eral centimeterstaller (x = 175.2 cm; N = 7) than The archaeologicalrecords at Rucker'sBottom and thoseat Rucker'sBottom (x = 170.6cm; N = 3), pos- BeaverdamCreek, taken together,provide insight siblyreflecting better diet and/or living conditions. intothe structure,operation, and evolutionof Mis- Littledifference in femalestature was notedbetween sissippianpolities in theSavannah River basin. These thetwo sites; it mustbe cautionedthat for both sexes sites- a smallceremonial /political center and one of the sample sizes are small. Althoughdetailed com- its (presumed)subsidiary villages- illustratein mi- parativeanalyses have not been undertaken,the crocosmthe sacredand secularsides of a local Mis- skeletalsample from Beaverdam Creek differs mark- sissippianpolity. The relationshipbetween its elite edly fromthat at Rucker'sBottom in having little and its ordinarycitizens, in lifeas well as in death, evidencefor dental decay or otherdisease. General can be seen in therecords of thesetwo sites. The site skeletalpathologies - arthritis,localized periostitis, histories,in turn,documenting the emergence, peak, chronicosteomelitus, blastomycosis, and possiblytu- and declineof thesesettlements, help shed light,in berculosis- were diagnosedat both sites,but occur a smallway, on the evolutionof chieflypolities. withfar lower incidence at BeaverdamCreek mound. Seventy-fiveburials were excavatedfrom these The individualsinterred at themound site appear to sites,51 fromBeaverdam Creek and 24 fromRucker's have been in muchbetter condition, on theaverage, Bottom.Age, sex,stature, and grossskeletal pathol- thantheir counterparts in theRucker's Bottom Beav- ogies were recorded for all of these specimens erdam-phasecomponent. (Blakelyet al. 1985;Weaver et al. 1985).The Rucker's At Rucker'sBottom, where two successiveMissis- Bottomsample was additionallysubjected to radio- sippian village occupations occur, trace-element 46

This content downloaded from 160.36.64.162 on Wed, 2 Oct 2013 09:25:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SAVANNAH RIVER MISS1SSIPPIAN analysesfound little conclusive evidence for dietary ship withRembert must await better data on theear- change.A significantlyhigher incidence of zinc was lier occupationsat thatsite). An unfortifiedvillage observedin the earliersample, suggesting greater was presentat Rucker'sBottom at thistime, suggest- meatconsumption during the Beaverdam phase than ing a fairlystable culturallandscape (if an absence duringthe Rembert phase. (This patternwas also in- of fortificationscan be equated with a generalab- dicatedby thestrontium values, although the differ- sence of warfare).A highlydiversified subsistence enceswere not statistically significant.) This mayre- economywas practiced,with small hamletsand vil- flectthe increasedimportance of otherfoods - corn lages scatteredup and down the river,located on and otherstarchy plants, such as acorns- in thelater favorableterrace soils. Fairlyegalitarian mortuary Mississippianoccupation, something suggested by practicesare suggestedwithin these individual com- thepaleobotanical analysis from this site (Moore 1985: munities,although elites were interredwith consid- 693). erable pomp at the centers.Skeletal evidence sug- Detailedanalyses of subsistenceremains were un- geststhat these elites lived and ateconsiderably better dertakenat bothsites (e.g., Moore 1985;Scott 1985; than the commoners;some of theirfood may have Reitz 1985; Gardner1985). Beaverdam-phaseoccu- comein theform of tribute from these outlying com- pationsat bothsites apparently made use of a wide munities.Although a simplechiefly center-village- rangeof plant and animal resourcesin additionto hamlethierarchy is evident,the presenceof council agriculturaldomesticates, suggesting a generalized houses,or rotundas,suggests some decision-making subsistencestrategy. A shiftto a morefocused sub- authorityresided at the village level. sistenceeconomy is evidentin the later,Rembert- Some time afterA.D. 1300 or so the Beaverdam phase componentat Rucker'sBottom, possibly the moundcenter was abandoned,with ceremonial /po- resultof increasing agricultural intensification (Speth litical control(apparently) passing to the Rembert and Scott1984). Changes in nut utilization,particu- mound group downstream.This abandonmentwas larlya decreasein hickorynut and an increasein accompaniedby the appearanceof simple fortifica- acornover this same interval,may reflect increasing tionsat Rucker'sBottom and theapparent emergence caloric(as opposedto strictprotein) requirements for of thatsite, at least partially(as evidencedby meat the population.The change in nut use and wood consumptionpatterns), from a subservientor tribu- species diversityobserved at the site also suggests taryrole. A focalizationof subsistence effort ocurred, theincreasing exploitation of thesurrounding forest possiblyreflecting increasingly intensive use of ag- matrix.A shiftfrom mature to immaturesuccessional riculture,a patternalso suggestedby changes in communitiesis suggested,possibly due to increased floodplainsuccessional communities. The appear- land clearanceassociated with agricultural food pro- ance of fortificationsmay reflect the greater distance duction(Moore 1985:686-693). of thevillage from the center and an increasedneed The earlyMississippian (Beaverdam phase) faunal forthé inhabitantsto protectnot only themselves, specieslist from Rucker's Bottom is nearlyidentical butalso theoccupants of surrounding hamlets. A fair to thatobtained from Beaverdam mound (Scott 1985: degreeof instabilityin thelocal Mississippianpolity 661; Reitz 1985); a somewhatgreater abundance of maybe indicatedby the change in centersand the fishat themound center is theonly major difference emergenceof fortifications. betweenthese assemblages (J. Rudolph 1985). No ob- These trendsalso appearto reflectchanging polit- viousdietary differences or restrictionsare suggested ical conditionsthroughout the South Appalachian betweenthe two sitetypes by the speciesdata. Deer area. Afterabout A.D. 1450the entirelower portion skeletal-elementcomposition differs somewhat be- ofthe Savannah River was abandoned,including sites tween the two sites,however, suggesting process- and centerslike Irene, Silver Bluff,Rembert, and ing/consumptionpatterns. Deer were returned Rucker'sBottom. Only minimalevidence for late- largelyintact to the Beaverdammound site (Reitz prehistoricMississippian settlement, in the formof 1985:407);in the Beaverdam-phasevillage at Ruck- a fewstray sherds, has been foundin the Piedmont er's Bottomthere is some evidence that meat was regionsouth of Lake Hartwell.The fortificationsat leavingthe site,perhaps as tribute(Scott 1985:663- Rucker'sBottom appear less than a centurybefore 664). In the Rembert-phasevillage at Rucker'sBot- thisabandonment occurred, and suggestincreasing- tom,in contrast,a patternof on-siteconsumption ly difficultconditions in the drainage. like thatnoted at the moundcenter was observed. Recentethnohistoric research has documentedthe The trendsin settlement,subsistence, and mortu- existenceof threegeographically extensive, complex arybehavior observed at thetwo sitesappear closely chiefdomsin the South Atlanticarea at the timeof relatedto changesin theregional political landscape. initialEuropean contact, about A.D. 1540(Smith and During the Beaverdamphase the mound site may Kowalewski1980; Shapiro 1983; DePratter et al. 1983; have been the dominantpolitical center in thispor- Hudsonet al. 1984,1985). These polities included the tion of the drainage(although its preciserelation- provinceof Coosa, centeredon northwestGeorgia 47

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and extendingfrom east-central Alabama into east- tassee Lake: ArcheologicalInvestigations Along the Lower Santee ernTennessee; the province of Ocuteand a seriesof Riverin theCoastal Plain of SouthCarolina, by David G. Ander- son, Charles E. and A. Lee Novick, 207-321. affiliated,lesser chiefdomsin centralGeorgia; and Cantley, pp. InteragencyArcheological Services, National Park Service, theprovince of Cofitachequi, extending from central Atlanta. SouthCarolina into central and westernNorth Car- 1985 The InternalOrganization and Operationof Chiefdom- olina. The abandonmentof the lowerSavannah Riv- Level Societieson the SoutheasternAtlantic Slope: An Ex- er afterA.D. 1450appears to be directlylinked to the aminationof EthnohistoricSources. South Carolina Antiquities riseof the rival ofOcute and 17,in press. provinces Cofitachequi, 1986a The in SouthCarolina. In in Honor whichwere an extensivebuffer zone at Mississippian Papers separatedby ofRobert L. Stephenson,edited by AlbertC. GoodyearIII. In- thetime of thede Soto entrada(Hudson et al. 1985). stituteof Archeology and Anthropology,University of South Only the Mississippianpolities at the northernend Carolina,Anthropological Studies, in press. of the drainagesurvived the politicalevents of the 1986b PrehistoricCeramic Artifacts from Four Sites Along the fifteenth et al. and lasted into Middle Savannah River (38BR259,38BR495, 38BR527, and century(Hally 1985) Guide Period.Ms. on file,Institute of the historicera. 38BR52):Sorting by Archeologyand Anthropology,University of South Carolina, Columbia. Conclusions Anderson,David G., and JosephSchuldenrein 1983 MississippianSettlement in theSouthern Piedmont: Evi- Fromthis review of prehistoricMississippian set- denceFrom the Rucker's Bottom Site, Elbert County, Georgia. tlementin the Savannah Riverbasin, a numberof SoutheasternArchaeology 2:98-117. Anderson,David G.,and Schuldenrein(editors) forfuture research are evident.Continued field Joseph topics 1985 PrehistoricHuman EcologyAlong the UpperSavannah River: researchwill, of course,be essential,particularly the Excavationsat the Rucker'sBottom, Abbeville, and Bullard Site documentationof sites,centers, and segmentsof the Groups.Archeological Services Branch, National Park Service, drainageabout which little is currentlyknown. Basic Atlanta. data ofthis kind are essen- Anthony,Ronald W., and Leslie M. Drucker settlement/chronological 1984 HartwellDestination Park: An a Pied- reconstructionof ArchaeologicalStudy of tial to the accurate Mississippian montLocality, Oconee County,South Carolina. Carolina Archae- politicalgeography. Equally important,however, is ologicalServices, Resource Studies Series 74. theneed to confrontquestions of change- how and Baker,Steven G. 1974 Fair Provinceof Carolina. why,for example, these local Mississippianpolities Cofitachequi: Unpublished declined.The abandonment Master'sthesis, Department of History,University of South emerged,evolved, and Columbia. is Carolina, ofthe lower drainage in thefifteenth century per- 1975 The HistoricCatawba Peoples: ExploratoryPerspectives haps the mostdramatic event warrantingexplana- in Ethnohistoryand Archaeology.Ms. on file,Department of tion.The riseand fallof chiefly polities is a hallmark History,University of SouthCarolina, Columbia. ofSoutheastern Mississippian, however, and appears Bartram,William an area forresearch that can be addressed 1791 TravelsThrough North and SouthCarolina, Georgia, and West profitably Florida,the Cherokee theExtensive Territories theMus- River Country, of in the Savannah valley. cogulesor theCreek Confederacy, and theCountry of theChoctaw. Containingan Accountof theSoil and NaturalProduction of these Regions.Together with Observations on theManners of the Indians. Notes Jamesand Johnson,Philadelphia. Beuschel,Leslie Acknowledgments.The authors wish to thankthe followingcol- 1976 Keowee-ToxawayReservoir Project: A PartialReport of leaguesfor their advice at variousstages of the research presented theArcheology, 1967-1968 and 1970.Ms. on file,Institute of here:Mark J. Brooks, David S. Brose,Chester DePratter, Richard Archeologyand Anthropology,University of South Carolina, I. Ford,James B. Griffin,Glen T. Hanson,Teresa P. Rudolph,Gary Columbia. Shapiro,Vincas P. Steponaitis,Stephen Williams, Mark Williams, Blakely,Robert L., David S. Matthews,James L. Rudolph,R. Tyzz- W. Dean Wood,and HenryT. Wright. er,and P. Webb Collections.Collections from the Russell Reservoirproject are 1985 The Burials at 9EB85. In ArchaeologicalInvestigation of the maintainedby theUniversity of Alabamaat Mound StateMonu- BeaverdamCreek Site (9EB85), ElbertCounty, Georgia, by James ment,Moundville. L. Rudolphand David J. Hally,'pp. 303-351.Archeological ServicesBranch, National Park Service, Atlanta. Brooks,Mark J., and VelettaCanouts (editors) ReferencesCited 1984 ModelingSubsistence Change in the Late PrehistoricPeriod in the InteriorLower Coastal Plain of SouthCarolina. University of Anderson,David G. South Carolina,Institute of Archeologyand Anthropology, 1975a Inferencesfrom Distributional Studies of Prehistoric Ar- AnthropologicalStudies 6. itifactsin the Coastal Plain of South Carolina.Southeastern Cable,John S., CharlesE. Cantley,James L. Michie,and Stephen ArchaeologicalConference Bulletin 18:180-194. M. Perlman 1975b The Distributionof PrehistoricCeramics in theCoastal 1978 An ArchaeologicalReconnaissance of theBobby Jones Express- Plain of SouthCarolina. Ms. on file,Institute of Archeology way Corridor,Aiken County, South Carolina. University of South and Anthropology,University of SouthCarolina, Columbia. Carolina,Institute of Archeologyand Anthropology,Re- 1982 TheMattassee Lake Ceramic Artifact Assemblage. In Mat- searchManuscript Series 124.

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1984 Earthlodges and PlatformMounds: Changing Public Ar- Dam and Lake,Savannah River, Georgia and SouthCarolina. Uni- chitecturein the Southeastern United States. SoutheasternAr- versity of South Carolina, Institute of Archeology and An- chaeology3:33-45. thropology,Research Manuscript Series 142. 1985 A Mississippian Adaptive Niche. Paper presented at the Thomas, Cyrus 42nd annual meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological 1894 Reportof theMound Explorationsof theBureau of Ethnology. Conference,Birmingham, Alabama. Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report 12. Govern- Rudolph, JamesL., and Dennis B. Blanton ment PrintingOffice, Washington, D.C. 1981 A Discussion of Mississippian Settlementin the Georgia Tippitt,V. Ann, and William H. Marquardt Piedmont. EarlyGeorgia 8:14-36. 1984 The GreggShoals and Clyde GulleySites: Archaeological and Rudolph, JamesL., and David J. Hally GeologicalInvestigations at Two PiedmontSites on the Savannah 1985 ArchaeologicalInvestigation of the Beaverdam Creek Site River.Archeological Services Branch, National Park Service, (9EB85), ElbertCounty, Georgia. Archeological Services Branch, Atlanta. National Park Service, Atlanta. Waring, Antonio J.,Jr. Rudolph, Teresa P. 1968a A Historyof Georgia Archaeology. In The WaringPapers, 1985 Late Swift Creek and Napier Settlement in Northern edited by Stephen Williams, pp, 288-299. Papers of the Pea- Georgia. Paper presented at the 42nd annual meeting of the body Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology,Harvard Uni- Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Birmingham,Ala- versity58. bama. 1968b The Indian King's Tomb. In The WaringPapers, edited Scott,Susan L. by Stephen Williams,pp. 209-215. Papers of the Peabody Mu- 1985 Analysis of Faunal Remains Recovered at the Rucker's seum of Archaeology and Ethnology,Harvard University58. BottomSite (9EB91), ElbertCounty, Georgia. In PrehistoricHu- 1968c The Cultural Sequence at the Mouth of the Savannah man EcologyAlong the UpperSavannah River: Excavations at the River. In The WaringPapers, edited by Stephen Williams, pp. Rucker'sBottom, Abbeville, and BullardSite Groups, edited by Da- 216-221. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and vid G. Anderson and Joseph Schuldenrein, pp. 639-664. Ar- Ethnology,Harvard University58. cheological Services Branch,National Park Service, Atlanta. Wauchope, Robert Scurry,James D., J.Walter Joseph,and Fritz Hamer 1948 The Ceramic Sequence From the Etowah Drainage, 1980 InitialArcheological Investigations at SilverBluff Plantation, NorthwestGeorgia. AmericanAntiquity 14:344-346. AikenCounty, South Carolina. University of South Carolina, In- 1950 The Evolution and Persistence of Ceramic Motifs in stitute of Archeology and Anthropology, Research Manu- NorthernGeorgia. AmericanAntiquity 16(l):16-22. scriptSeries 168. 1966 ArchaeologicalSurvey of NorthernGeorgia. Memoirs of the Sears, William H. Society forAmerican Archaeology 21. 1958 The Wilbanks Site (9CK5), Georgia. Bureau of American Weaver, David S., Carol Roetzel, David G. Anderson, William R. EthnologyBulletin 169:129-194. Culbreth,and David C. Crass Shapiro, Gary 1985 A Survey of the Human Skeletal Remains fromthe Ruck- 1983 Site Variabilityin the Oconee Province:A Late Mississippian er's BottomSite (9EB91), Elbert County, Georgia. In Prehistoric Societyof theGeorgia Piedmont. Ph.D. dissertation,Department Human EcologyAlong the Upper Savannah River:Excavations at of Anthropology,University of Florida, Gainesville. Univer- theRucker's Bottom, Abbeville, and BullardSite Groups,edited by sity Microfilms,Ann Arbor. David G. Anderson and Joseph Schuldenrein, pp. 591-638. Smith,Bruce D. Archeological Services Branch, National Park Service, Atlan- 1978 Variation in Mississippian SettlementPatterns. In Missis- ta. sippianSettlement Patterns, edited by Bruce D. Smith, pp. 479- White, G. 503. Academic Press, New York. 1849 Statistics of the State of Georgia. W. Thorne Williams 1984 Mississippian Expansion: Tracing the Historical Devel- Company, Savannah. opment of an ExplanatoryModel. SoutheasternArchaeology 3: Williams, Mark 13-32. 1984 ArcheologicalInvestigations at Scull Shoals Mounds (9GE4) Smith,Marvin T. Georgia. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1978 The Development of Lamar Ceramics in the Wallace Res- Southern Region, Cultural Resources Report 6. ervoir: The Evidence from the Dyar Site (9GE5). Paper pre- 1985 The Antiquity of Lamar Ceramics in the Oconee Prov- sented at the 37th annual meeting of the Southeastern Ar- ince. Paper presented at the 42nd annual meeting of the chaeological Conference,Knoxville, Tennessee. Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Birmingham,Ala- 1981 ArchaeologicalInvestigations at theDyar Site,9GE5. Wallace bama. Reservoir Project Contribution No. 11. Department of An- Williams, Marshall W., and Carolyn Branch thropology,University of Georgia, Athens. 1978 The Túgalo Site, 9ST1. EarlyGeorgia 6:32-37. Smith,Marvin T., and Stephen Kowalewski Williams, Stephen (editor) 1980 Tentative Identificationof a Prehistoric "Province" in 1968 The WaringPapers: The Collected Works of Antonio J. Waring, Piedmont Georgia. EarlyGeorgia 8(1):1-13. Jr.Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Eth- Speth, JohnD., and Susan L. Scott nology, Harvard University58. 1984 The Role of Large Mammals in Late Prehistoric Horti- Wood, W. Dean (editor) culturalAdaptations: The View fromSouthwestern New Mex- 1984 ArcheologicalData Recoveryin theRichard B. RussellMultiple ico. ArchaeologicalSurvey of Alberta,Occasional Paper 26:233- ResourceArea. The Andersonand ElbertCounty Groups: 38 AN 8, 266. 38AN29, 38AN126, 9EB17, 9EB19, and 9EB21. Submittedto Ar- Stoltman,James B. cheological Services Branch,National Park Service, Atlanta. 1974 GrotonPlantation: An ArchaeologicalStudy of a SouthCaro- Wood, W. Dean, Teresa P. Rudolph, and M. J. Brooks lina Locality.Monographs of the Peabody Museum 1. 1985 The Late Woodland in the Savannah River Valley. Paper Taylor,Richard L., and Marion F. Smith presented at the 42nd annual meeting of the Southeastern 1978 The Reportof the IntensiveSurvey of the RichardB. Russell Archaeological Conference,Birmingham, Alabama.

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