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THE MISSISSIPPIAN OCCUPATION of the SAVANNAH RIVER VALLEY Author(S): David G

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THE MISSISSIPPIAN OCCUPATION of the SAVANNAH RIVER VALLEY Author(S): David G THE MISSISSIPPIAN OCCUPATION OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER VALLEY Author(s): David G. Anderson, David J. Hally and James L. Rudolph Source: Southeastern Archaeology, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Summer 1986), pp. 32-51 Published by: Allen Press on behalf of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40713472 . Accessed: 02/10/2013 09:25 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Allen Press and Southeastern Archaeological Conference are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Southeastern Archaeology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 160.36.64.162 on Wed, 2 Oct 2013 09:25:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE MISSISSIPPIAN OCCUPATION OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER VALLEY David G. Anderson chronologicaland culturalsequence forthe period David J.Hally along much of the drainage;(b) the publicationof and major surveyand excavationreports from several areas of the workat several L. basin, including major James Rudolph moundand village sites; (c) the linkageof ethnoh- istoricand archaeologicalsite records;and (d) the initiationof diachronicanalyses encompassing both drainage-specificand regional political evolution, 1970, in the Before knowledgeof Mississippian occupations subsistencetrends, mortuary practices, and settle- SavannahRiver came isolated, re- Valley from oftenbrief mentpatterning. Current directions in researchare at ceremonialcenters, portsdescribing investigations major noted togetherwith suggestionsfor future investi- such as Irene, Rembert, and Hollywood, Chauga, Túgalo, gations. Estatoe.Extensive fieldwork over thepast 15 years,how- ever,has permittedfor thefirst time the developmentof riverine-extensivechronological sequences, useful for de- Historyof Research tailingsociopolitical, settlement, and subsistenceevolution EarlyInvestigations at Mound Sites withinlocal Mississippiansocieties. Within the Savannah Riverbasin the Woodlandto Mississippiantransition is The firstscientific excavation at a Mississippiansite characterizedby a shiftfrom small, widely dispersed sites along the Savannah River occurredin 1886,when to larger,nucleated settlements located near the floodplain, JohnP. Roganof the Mound Divisionof the Bureau and theemergence of politicaliceremonial centers. Subsis- of Ethnologyconducted test excavations at theRem- tencepractices proceed from a generalizedto a morefo- bert mound group (9EB1), ElbertCounty, Georgia cusedpattern of wildfood procurement, coupled with an (Thomas1894:315-318) (Figure 1). Informationabout increasinglyintensive reliance on agriculture.Evidence is specificsites prior to thistime was variouslynoted, emergingthat documents the appearance and evolutionof however,and can be foundin eighteenth-and nine- discretechiefly societies within the valley,a processthat teenth-centurymaps, and in the writtenaccounts of appearsto be linkedto politicaldevelopments occurring explorers,travelers, surveyors, traders, and military throughoutthe region. commanders(e.g., Milling 1940; Baker 1974, 1975; Anderson1985; Hally et al. 1985). While these ac- countstypically contain only minimalor incidental data, theirvalue has been magnifiedby the subse- The examinationof theSavannah River has archaeological quent destructionof manyof thesesites erosion, been too long deferred[Moore 1898:168]. by agriculturalpractices, vandalism, or construction, In thispaper archaeologicalresearch on the pre- particularlyof reservoirs. historic,Mississippi-period occupation of the Savan- The earliestmoderately detailed accounts of Mis- nah Riverbasin of Georgiaand South Carolina is sissippian remainsalong the Savannah River are summarized.The temporalfocus for this review is William Bartram'sdescriptions of the Silver Bluff the intervalfrom A.D. 900 to 1540,the span of the (38AK7), Rembert,and Keowee (28OC1) mound prehistoricMississippian stage in thisregion (Griffin groups,made during his travelsalong the upper 1967;Ferguson 1971; Rudolphand Hally 1985;An- reachesof the drainage in May of 1775(Bartram 1791: derson1986a), although the earlierWoodland ante- 314-315,324-326, 331-332). Bartram's descriptions are cedentsand laterpost-European-contact successors of particularlyimportant since both Silver Bluffand thisstage are brieflyexamined as well, to providea Rembert,originally the two largest mound groups in broaderevolutionary perspective. While Mississip- the basin,were largelydestroyed by the mid-nine- pian researchin the SavannahRiver basin is stillin teenthcentury, when local antiquarianreporting be- its infancyin manyways, particularly when com- gan. The next major descriptionof Rembertdates pared with researchin other areas of the Eastern from1848 (White 1849:229-230), by which time most Woodlands,a numberof major accomplishments have of the smallermounds and earthworksat the site occurred.These include(a) the emergenceof a basic were gone. Almosta centurywent by beforethe Sil- 32 This content downloaded from 160.36.64.162 on Wed, 2 Oct 2013 09:25:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SAVANNAH RIVER MISSISSIPPIAN f °r«¿l RE^ERVO.R ^ | f^V* / %- #HARTWELLRESERVOIR I ^n ,' J T^Q«'o '^-h' J^C'' ^' •kfRICHARD■^"***^_^ >v *' ' '') ^ESERVOIp ''.>*Ho.ly«o?d' ' ' ' ) lr»n« rv-/ H«v«n Horn« y ' ' ' MILES J 0 60 A / 10° if ° KM ^.. ' Figure1. SavannahRiver drainage and archaeologicalsites men- tionedin text. verBluff site was againdescribed, fortunately in con- siderabledetail, by C. C. Jonesin 1873 (Jones1873: 152-157)(Figure 2). Bythat time, however, two major moundsknown to Joneswere gone, two othershad been largelyplowed flat,and two otherswere rap- idlyeroding into the river, prompting him to remark propheticallythat Figure2. The SilverBluff mound group (38AK7), as mappedby C. C. Jonesin the early1870s. The moundshave since washed fardistant when tradition will theday is probablynot only intothe river(reproduced from Jones 1873:Plate 3). designatethe spotonce memorablein the annalsof a for- merrace as the siteof monumentsof unusualsize and in- terest[Jones 1873:152-153]. Bythe winter of 1897-1898,when C. B. Moore(1898: copper"eagle dancer"plates; painted and engraved 168) was excavatingsites along the river,no traceof bottleswith sun circleand cross,anthropomorphized SilverBluff was left.To date,in fact,no remainshave serpent,and human-headmotifs; and pipes, shell been foundthat can be conclusivelytied to thissite beads,and earspools.The stratigraphicallylater bur- (Scurryet al. 1980:7-10). ial grouplacked SCC artifacts. Bureau of EthnologyMound Division investiga- Duringthe winter of 1897-1898,Clarence B. Moore tionsalong the Savannah focusedon two sites,the "in a rapid steamerof lightdraught" (Moore 1898: Rembertmound group, tested in 1886(Thomas 1894: 167) examined13 moundsat six separatelocations 315-317),and the Hollywood mound group (9RI1), along theSavannah. His explorationsextended from examinedin 1891 by Henry L. Reynolds(Thomas thecoast to thefall line, with considerable care taken 1894:317-326).The excavationsat Hollywood,of un- to locatesites. He had senta man ahead the summer rivaledcompetence for their day (Waring1968a:293), beforeto inquireabout site locations, and while run- uncoveredSoutheastern Ceremonial Complex (SCC) ning upriverthe bank cutsand all high bluffswere materialsin the smallerof the two moundson the carefullyexamined. No shell heaps were observed site. Two majorstages of mound constructionwere below Augusta,and the mounds that were found documented,the earliestof which containedtwo were describedas being of two types:clay risesin or groupsof burials.The SCC materialscame fromthe the swamp,thought to representhabitation areas stratigraphicallyearlier burial group and included refugesin timesof flooding,and low sand burial 33 This content downloaded from 160.36.64.162 on Wed, 2 Oct 2013 09:25:14 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SOUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 5(1) Summer1986 mounds on higher ground away fromthe river. vannah-cultureurn burials (Claflin 1931:17-21, Plates Moorewas not veryenthusiastic about the archaeo- 21-25). logicalpotential of the drainage,something that in is fortunate his field retrospect probably given pro- WPA at theMouth cedures: Investigations of theSavannah It soon becameapparent to us thatthe SavannahRiver, The mostextensive excavations to dateat a Missis- thoughno digginginto the moundshad been attempted moundsite were thoseconducted from 1937 forscientific purposes, did not offera promisingfield, for sippian manyrises in theground known as moundsby theinhab- to 1939at Irene,during Works Progress Administra- itantsproved to be roughlycircular banks thrown up by tion(WPA) operations at themouth of the Savannah. the current... In addition,the few moundsfound back The reporton thiswork, by JosephR. Caldwell and fromthe river in cultivatedfields were very small and had CatherineMcCann (1941), remainsone of the few beenrifled by seekers after treasure, and theswamp mounds site seemedmade fordomiciliary purposes. Therefore we did comprehensiveMississippian reportsproduced notpursue our usual custom, totally to demolish
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