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Mckean Complex| an Analysis of Six Middle Prehistoric Period Sites in the Northwestern Plains

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Mckean Complex| an Analysis of Six Middle Prehistoric Period Sites in the Northwestern Plains University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1994 McKean Complex| An analysis of six Middle Prehistoric period sites in the Northwestern Plains Patrick J. Rennie The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Rennie, Patrick J., "McKean Complex| An analysis of six Middle Prehistoric period sites in the Northwestern Plains" (1994). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 2943. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/2943 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY TheMontana University o f Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that tiiis material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. * * Please check '‘Yes ” or "No " and provide signature Yes, I grant permission _ V . No, I do not grant permission ___ Authorr’s Signature T \ Date: Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with hie author’s exolicit consent. The McKean Complex: An Analysis of Six Middle Prehistoric Period Sites in the Northwestern Plains by Patrick J. Rennie B.S., Montana State University, 1989 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Montana 1994 Chairman, Board of Examiærs Dëan, Graduate School Date UMI Number: EP36275 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI O k H M tb ite UMI EP36275 Published by ProQuest LLO (2012). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code uesf ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 A Rennie, Patrick J., M.A., January 1994 Anthropology The McKean Complex: An Analysis of Six Middle Prehistoric Period Sites in the Northwestern Plains (184 pp.) Director: Thomas A. Poor Since its identification in 1954, the McKean complex has been one of the most researched and poorly understood of all archaeologically defined prehistoric cultural entities in the northern Great Plains. Although most researchers agree that the McKean complex can be securely placed within the temporal parameters of 3000 to 5000 radiocarbon years before the present, few agree about the associated projectile point types, the origins, subsistence base, and geographic distribution of the peoples who used the McKean complex technology. This thesis is a critical analysis of six archaeological sites in the northwestern Plains that have a component belonging to the McKean complex. Possible origins, subsistence base strategies, and a discussion of the distribution in space and time of each projectile point type associated with the McKean complex are presented. Also discussed is evidence of a developmental link between the McKean complex and the succeeding Pelican Lake and Avonlea prehistoric cultural entities. It is suggested here that McKean should be considered the initial phase of a cultural tradition. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individuals have been instrumental in assisting with the development and completion of this thesis. Deserving first mention are John and Anna Brum ley. Not only did the Brumley’s graciously allow me to prepare this thesis using Ethos Consultants Inc.’ office equipment and library, John generated the northwestern Plains map used in Figure 5, the frequency distribution graphs in Figure 16, and the temporal distribution of presently published McKean C-14 dates used in Figure 14. In addition, John provided the author access to his C-14 date database, supplied photographs of the Cactus Flower site, provided numerous suggestions pertaining to avenues of research and thesis format, and suggested revisions for the final draft. Anna entered the data for the tables used within the body of this text, proof read portions of the final draft and always willingly helped when a format problem arose. Gene Munson, James Keyser, George Frison, Charles Swaim, Richard Reider and Jim Finnigan willingly supplied the author photographs and negatives of the primary sites and/or respective projectile point assemblages/collections analyzed herein. Dr. Keyser also provided the author with unpublished manuscripts of the 1980 and 1991 preliminary excavation results at Lightning Spring, and Gene Munson provided the author with reports concerning form and proposed function of hearth types, and results of excavations at 24RB1164. Melanie Keisig and Charles Ramsay supplied information which helped me to aniayze the frequency of exotic items within McKean complex sites and within immediately preceding and succeeding cultural complexes. I would also like to thank Marcella Sherfy, Dave Schwab, Mark Baumler and all at the Montana State Historic Preservation Office who gave me the opportunity to work in compliance and to access the “grey literature” from the State of Montana during the initial stages of my thesis research. Finally, I would like to thank my thesis committee members Tom Foor, John Douglas, and John Donahue for their revision comments. Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT .......................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................. xi 1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives of the Proposed Study ........................................ 6 1.3 Methods ................................................................................. 7 1.4 Study Format ......................................................................... 9 1.5 Relevance of This Study to Plains Prehistory ..................... 10 1.6 Definitions of Select Cultural Material, Feature, and Archaeological Unit Categories.......................................... 12 2.0 ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................ 16 2.1 Geographic Setting .............................................................. 16 2.2 Climate ................................................................................... 16 3.0 THE MCKEAN SITE ...................................................................... 18“A 3.1 General Site Setting ........................................................... 18 3.2 Discussion of Artifacts and Features .................................... 20 3.3 Macrofloral Analysis 28 % 3.4 Microfloral Analysis .............................................................. 30 3.5 Faunal Remains ................................................................... 30 3.6 Chronometric Analysis ........................................................ 31 3.7 Summary .............................................................................. 33 4.0 THE DEAD INDIAN CREEK S ITE ................................................ 34 4.1 General Site Setting ............................................................ 34 4.2 Discussion of Artifacts .......................................................... 35 4.3 Discussion of Features ........................................................ 46 4 4 Microfloral and Macrofloral Analysis .................................... 49 4.5 Faunal Remains .................................................................... 49 4.6 Chronometric Analysis ........................................................ 50 4.7 Summary ............................................................................... 50 5.0 24RB1164 ..................................................................................... 53 5.1 General Site Setting ............................................................ 53 5.2 Artifact Assemblage.............................................................. 54 5.3 Activity Floor Analysis .......................................................... 59 5.4 Microfloral and Macrofloral Analysis .................................... 59 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.5 Faunal Remains ................................................................... 61 5.6 Chronometric Analysis ........................................................ 61 5.7 Summary .............................................................................. 61 6.0 THE LIGHTNING SPRING SITE.................................................... 64 6.1 General Site Setting .......................................................... 64 6.2 Artifact Assemblage...........................................................
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