Giedrė Pranaitytė the BUSH DOCTRINE and ITS IMPACT ON

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Giedrė Pranaitytė the BUSH DOCTRINE and ITS IMPACT ON VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS POLITIKOS MOKSLŲ IR DIPLOMATIJOS FAKULTETAS POLITOLOGIJOS KATEDRA Giedrė Pranaitytė THE BUSH DOCTRINE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP AND THE AMERICAN POWER IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD Magistro baigiamasis darbas Diplomatijos ir tarptautinių santykių programa, valstybinis kodas 62402S104 Politikos mokslų studijų kryptis Vadovas Prof. Leonidas Donskis __________ ____________ (Moksl. laipsnis, vardas, pavardė) (parašas) (data) Apginta__________________ __________ ________ (PMDF dekanas) (parašas) (data) Kaunas, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................3 SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................4 SANTRAUKA..................................................................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................11 1. THE BUSH DOCTRINE: BETWEEN SECURITY, DOMINANCE AND DEMOCRACY.....15 1.1. Political Background of the Bush Doctrine.........................................................................18 1.1.1. Political and Societal Consequences of 9/11..............................................................18 1.1.2. The European Dilemma and Troubles with the United Nations.................................21 1.2. The Development of the Bush Doctrine and its Elements..................................................25 1.2.1. The Basics of the Bush Doctrine................................................................................25 1.2.2. The Elements of the Bush Doctrine and their Evaluation..........................................28 2. THE PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP OF GEORGE W. BUSH AND ITS CHALLENGES...33 2.1. Theoretical Approach to the Presidential Leadership and its Types..........................................................................................................................................35 2.1.1. The Politics of Articulation and Orthodox Innovation...............................................35 2.1.2.Theoretical Considerations about the Politics of Disjunction.....................................37 2.2. The Analysis of George W. Bush's Leadership and its Results...........................................39 2.2.1. The Presidency of George W. Bush in Relation to Orthodox Innovation..................39 2.2.2. The Leadership of George W. Bush and its Shift towards the Politics of Disjunction......................................................................................41 2.2.3. The Impact of the Doctrine on the Leadership of George W. Bush...........................43 3.THE BUSH ERA AND PROBLEMS OF AMERICAN POWER...............................................44 3.1. The United States as a Contemporary Empire....................................................................45 3.2 The Lack of Balance Between Hard and Soft Power...........................................................51 3.3. Three Major Mistakes of the Bush Administration.............................................................53 3.4. Difficult Challenges in the Wake of the Bush Era..............................................................58 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................61 LIST OF REFERENCES.................................................................................................................65 APPENDICES.................................................................................................................................72 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (liet. Šiaurės Atlanto Sutarties Organizacija) NSS – National Security Strategy (liet. Nacionalinio saugumo strategija) U.S. – United States (liet. Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos) U.N. – United Nations (liet. Jungtinės Tautos) DOD – Department of Defence (liet. Gynybos departamentas) 3 SUMMARY Many discussions have recently been initiated about George W. Bush's policies and his presidential legacy. Positive attitudes towards his presidency are related to attempts of the Bush administration to prevent terrorist attacks on American soil in the wake of 9/11 and promote democratic ideals all over the world. Negative evaluations of George W. Bush's presidential years are frequently associated with his controversial foreign policy in the Middle East, the continuous military operation in Iraq, the widening unrest in Afghanistan, the erosion of the conservative regime and the weakening of American power in the world. Although most political scientists and commentators refer to the Bush doctrine while discussing the foreign policy of the forty-third president, it is evident that this term is interpreted in many different ways. Besides, numerous questions arise about George W. Bush's leadership style and the prospects of the American dominance. The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze what major elements constitute the Bush doctrine, how it is perceived in scholarly circles and in what ways American power has been transformed during the last eight years. The analysis of the presidential leadership of George W. Bush makes an important part of the paper as well. There are four major objectives to be attained: a) to examine the elements of the doctrine in a broader political context and explore the damaging consequences of the 9/11 attacks to the American society and the political climate inside the U.S. after this tragic event; b) to discuss the leadership of George W. Bush in relation to orthodox innovation and investigate the shift of his leadership from the politics of articulation to the politics of disjunction; c) to analyze in what ways George W. Bush's political mistakes relate to imperial ambitions of the United States and affect the lack of the balance between hard and soft power of the U.S.; d) to indicate what political challenges are likely to remain important for the United States after the Bush era. Finally, at the end of this thesis several important conclusions have been made. It is clear that the Bush doctrine cannot be rejected altogether due to the need of continuity. Importantly, George W. Bush truly appears to be the leader who not only caused divisions inside the Republican Party but relied exclusively on America's hard power paying too little heed to diplomacy and the benefits of the international cooperation. If the election of Barrack H. Obama have been very enthusiastic at first, some American politicians already criticize his strategy as too dependent on soft power and sometimes even naïve. 4 SANTRAUKA George'o W. Busho prezidentavimas (2000-2008 m.) sukėlė didelį susidomėjimą akademikų ir politikų sluoksniuose. Įvairūs politologai ir analitikai, nagrinėdami prezidento vykdytą užsienio ir vidaus politiką, užėmė dvi priešingas pozicijas. Pavyzdžiui, Arthur'as M.Schlessinger'is, John'as G. Ikenberry'is ir Zbigniew'as Brzezinski's smarkiai kritikavo George'o W. Busho politinę epochą, atkreipdami ypatingą dėmesį jo klaidas. Juos domino padidėjusi įtampa Artimuosiuose Rytuose, užsitęsę karo neramumai Irake, nestabili padėtis Afganistane ir sumenkęs Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų diplomatinis svoris tarptautinėje arenoje. Kita vertus, tokie įžymūs politikos komentatoriai ir apžvalgininkai kaip Robert'as Kagan'as, Charles'as Krauthammer'is ir Robert'as G. Kaufman'as teigiamai vertino tai, kad George'ui W. Bushui pavyko užkirsti kelią naujiems teroro aktams JAV teritorijoje ir intensyviai skleisti demokratijos idealus nestabiliose valstybėse: Irake ir Afganistane. Tarp šių dviejų, priešingus požiūrius propaguojančių mokslininkų grupių bei jų pasekėjų, vis dar vyksta intensyvios diskusijos dėl George'o W. Busho politinių nesėkmių. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į prezidento sunkumus, patirtus bendraujant su Europos valstybių vadovais, politinę aroganciją, vienašališkai pradedant karinius veiksmus Irake, ir siekį dominuoti, neatsižvelgiant į Kinijos ir Rusijos norą kurti daugiapolį pasaulį. Ypatingai daug nesutarimų kelia Busho doktrina, prezidento lyderystės transformacijos ir JAV galios pokyčiai. Šio darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti, kokie svarbiausi elementai sudaro George'o W. Busho doktriną ir kaip per aštuonerius jo prezidentavimo metus pasikeitė Amerikos galia šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje. Didelis dėmesys skiriamas George'o W. Busho lyderystės analizei, kuri ne tik padeda įvairiapusiškiau įvertinti doktrinos poveikį politiniams procesams, bet ir leidžia geriau suvokti Respublikonų partijos susiskaldymo priežastis ir netikėtą naujojo JAV prezidento Barrack'o H. Obamos iškilimą. Magistro darbą sudaro šios dalys: dvi santraukos anglų ir lietuvių kalbomis, įvadas, trys dėstymo dalys, išvados ir priedai. Pirmoji šio darbo dalis yra skirta Busho doktrinai ir jos reikšmei aptarti. Svarbiausi doktrinos elementai analizuojami platesniame tarptautiniame kontekste. Daug dėmesio skiriama praktiniam jos taikymui, vykdant Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų užsienio politiką Artimuosiuose Rytuose, ypač Irake. Pristatant svarbiausius Busho doktrinos elementus, yra siekiama kuo didesnio objektyvumo, pateikiant įvairius mokslininkų, politikų ir politologų vertinimus šiuo sudėtingu klausimu. Kadangi Busho doktrina visiškai susiformavo po Rugsėjo vienuoliktosios teroro aktų, šiame darbe taip pat trumpai aptariamos šio įvykio
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