The Impact of Climate Change on the Potentials of Regenerative Energy Systems in Lower JG 2019/01 Franconia, Bavaria – JENA-GEOS, Fachbeiträge, Jg
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GEOLOGIE UMWELT ROHSTOFFE BAUGRUND JENA-GEOS®-Ingenieurbüro GmbH ∙ Saalbahnhofstraße 25 c ∙ 07743 Jena Fachbeiträge der JENA-GEOS® No 01/2019 STAUNER, M.: The Impact of Climate Change on the Potentials of Regenerative Energy Systems in Lower JG 2019/01 Franconia, Bavaria – JENA-GEOS, Fachbeiträge, Jg. 2019, Band 1 MASTER THESIS The Impact of Climate Change on the Potentials of Regenerative Energy Systems in Lower Franconia, Bavaria SCIENTIFIC WORK OF THE STUDY PROGRAM MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING IN COLLABORATION WITH THE CHAIR OF ECOCLIMATOLOGY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL, GEO AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING OF THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH AND THE CHAIR OF GEOGRAPHY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCE OF THE LUDWIG–MAXIMILIANS-UNIVERVITY MUNICH Supervised by Prof. Dr. Ralf Ludwig, Ludwig–Maximilians–University Munich Prof. Dr. Anette Menzel, Technical University of Munich Submitted by Manoel Stauner Student ID: 03634050 Email: [email protected] Date of Submission 06.12.2019 Declaration of Academic Honesty I, Manoel Stauner, hereby declare that the thesis submitted, titled “The Impact of Climate Change on the Potentials of Regenerative Energy Systems in Lower Franconia, Bavaria”, is solely my own unaided work and that every text passage, figure or diagram from books, papers, the web or any other source copied or in any other way used has been acknowledged and fully cited. I am aware that the thesis in digital form can be examined for the use of unauthorized aid and in order to determine whether the thesis as a whole or parts incorporated in it may be deemed as plagiarism. For the comparison of my work with existing sources I agree that it shall be entered in a database where it shall also remain after examination, to enable comparison with future theses submitted. Further rights of reproduction and usage, however, are not granted here. This thesis was not previously presented to another examination board and has not been published. First and last name City, Date and Signature II Acknowledgments First of all, I particularly would like to thank Prof. Dr. Ralf Ludwig at the Chair of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich for giving me the opportunity on working on this interesting and enriching project. I am convinced that this topic will be very relevant for the future. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Ralf Ludwig for giving me the chance visiting Alberta, Canada and being part of Abby-Net in which I could extend my knowledge in energy systems under changing environmental conditions by interdisciplinary people and topics. I also would like to express my warmest gratitude to my life partner Jana Müller who encouraged me with nice words and supported me whenever it was needed. In addition, I would like to acknowledge the cooperation with the Chair of Ecoclimatology, especially Prof. Dr. Menzel and Dr. Nicole Estrella, who took over the official supervision from the TUM side. III Table of Contents Declaration of Academic Honesty ........................................................................................................... II Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. III Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. VI List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... VII List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... X Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. XI Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................................. XII 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Background – Description of the Study Area ....................................................................................... 4 2.1 Geographical Location and Hydrology ......................................................................................... 4 2.2 Theoretical Background to Climate Change ................................................................................. 6 2.3 Climate of the Study Area ............................................................................................................. 6 2.4 Background to Usage Possibilities of Renewable Energies .......................................................... 7 3 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................................................... 9 3.1 Identification of Strategic Promising Climate Parameters (Present Period) ................................. 9 3.1.1 Global Radiation ................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.2 Wind Force ........................................................................................................................... 14 3.1.3 Temperature .......................................................................................................................... 16 3.1.4 Water Level and Discharge .................................................................................................. 17 3.2 Technical Potential of Regenerative Energy Systems ................................................................. 19 3.2.1 Solar Energy ......................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.2 Wind Power .......................................................................................................................... 23 3.2.3 Hydro Power ......................................................................................................................... 28 3.3 Identification of Renewable Energy Sites .................................................................................... 32 3.3.1 PV-Systems .......................................................................................................................... 33 3.3.2 Wind Turbines ...................................................................................................................... 34 3.3.3 Hydropower Plants ............................................................................................................... 35 3.4 Identification of Future Climate Parameters ............................................................................... 36 3.4.1 Water Balance Model ........................................................................................................... 38 3.4.2 Modelling of climate parameters for the study area ............................................................. 38 3.4.3 Relation between Present and Future Climate ...................................................................... 41 4 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 43 4.1 Climate Parameters (Present Period) ........................................................................................... 43 4.1.1 Present Global Radiation ...................................................................................................... 44 IV 4.1.2 Present Wind Force .............................................................................................................. 45 4.1.3 Present Temperature ............................................................................................................. 46 4.1.4 Present Water Level and Discharge...................................................................................... 47 4.1.5 Statements Regarding Present Climate Parameters .............................................................. 48 4.2 Energy Generation by Regenerative Energy Systems (Present Period) ...................................... 49 4.2.1 PV-Systems (Present Period) ............................................................................................... 49 4.2.2 Wind Turbines (Present Period) ........................................................................................... 51 4.2.3 Run-of-River Plants (Present Period) ................................................................................... 58 4.3 Climate Parameters in the Future ................................................................................................ 66 4.3.1 Global Radiation (Future Period) ......................................................................................... 67 4.3.2 Wind Force (Future Period) .................................................................................................. 70 4.3.3 Temperature (Future Period) ................................................................................................ 73 4.3.4 Discharge (Future Period) .................................................................................................... 76 4.4 Comparison between Present (DWD) and Future Climate (CanESM2) ..................................... 80 4.5 Energy Generation in the Future regarding Regenerative Energy