DOCSLIB.ORG

Women Involvement in Cattle Rustling Between the Marakwet and the Pokot Communities of North-Western Kenya

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Women Involvement in Cattle Rustling Between the Marakwet and the Pokot Communities of North-Western Kenya UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK WOMEN INVOLVEMENT IN CATTLE RUSTLING BETWEEN THE MARAKWET AND THE POKOT COMMUNITIES OF NORTH-WESTERN KENYA DAVID MWOLE KIMAIYO A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SOCIOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2016 i DECLARATION I, the undersigned, declare that this is my original work and has not been presented in any other institution or forum for any other award or favour prior to this declaration. Signature:………………………………… Date…………………………………... David Mwole Kimaiyo, Reg. No. C80/92861/2013 This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as the university supervisors: Signature:……………………………………….. Date: ………………………….…… Prof. Octavian Nyaga Gakuru Signature:……………………………………….. Date: ………………………….…… Dr Beneah Manyuru Mutsotso ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF PLATES .............................................................................................................. x ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .......................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background to the Study ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem .......................................................................... 5 1.3 Research Questions ................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................. 7 1.4.1 General Objective .............................................................................................. 7 1.4.2 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................ 7 1.5 Justification of the Study .......................................................................................... 7 1.6 Scope and Limitations............................................................................................... 9 1.7 Definition of Key Terms ........................................................................................... 9 1.8 Chapter Outline ....................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .. 12 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 12 2.2 A Global View of Cattle Rustling ........................................................................... 12 2.3 Cattle Rustling between Pokot and Marakwet in the Colonial Period.................... 13 2.4 Cattle Rustling and the State ................................................................................... 15 2.5 The Role of Women in Cattle Rustling................................................................... 16 2.6 Emerging Trends in Cattle Rustling ....................................................................... 18 2.7 Causes of Cattle Rustling ........................................................................................ 20 2.8 The Rise of Violent Cattle Rustling ........................................................................ 23 2.9 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................... 25 2.9.1 Marxist Feminist Theory.................................................................................. 25 2.9.2 Human Ecology Theory ................................................................................... 27 2.9.3 Conflict Theory ................................................................................................ 28 2.10 Conceptual Framework ......................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................... 32 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 32 3.2 Research Site ........................................................................................................... 32 3.3 Research Design...................................................................................................... 37 3.3.1 Unit of Analysis ............................................................................................... 38 3.3.2 Unit of Observation.......................................................................................... 38 3.4 Sampling Procedures and Sample Size ................................................................... 38 3.5 Methods and Tools of Data Collection ................................................................... 39 3.5.1 Household Survey ............................................................................................ 39 3.5.2 Key Informant Interviews ................................................................................ 40 3.5.3 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) ..................................................................... 40 3.5.4 Observation ...................................................................................................... 41 3.5.5 Secondary Sources of Data .............................................................................. 41 iii 3.5.6 Case Study ....................................................................................................... 41 3.6 Ethical Issues .......................................................................................................... 41 3.7 Validity and Reliability ........................................................................................... 42 3.8 Data Processing and Analysis ................................................................................. 42 CHAPTER FOUR: CATTLE RUSTLING IN KENYA: PAST AND PRESENT .......... 43 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 43 4.2 Socio-Cultural Profiles of Marakwet and Pokot Communities .............................. 43 4.3 The Colonial Period, 1910-1963 ............................................................................. 45 4.4 The Post-Colonial Period, 1963-2014..................................................................... 47 4.5 The Magnitude of Cattle Rustling in the Study Area ............................................. 49 4.6 Knowledge of the Law Relating to Cattle Rustling ................................................ 51 CHAPTER FIVE: THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN CATTLE RUSTLING ........................ 56 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 56 5.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents ........................................ 56 5.3 Planning for Cattle Rustling.................................................................................... 58 5.3.1 Sanctions by Women ....................................................................................... 61 5.3.2 Role of Mothers or Wives ................................................................................ 63 5.3.3 The Role of Grandmothers............................................................................... 64 5.3.4 The Role of Girls in Cattle Rustling ................................................................ 65 5.3.5 Witnessing Girls Participation in Cattle Rustling ............................................ 68 5.3.6 Women Accompaniment of Male Cattle Rustlers ........................................... 69 5.4 Culture and Women in Cattle Rustling ................................................................... 74 5.4.1 The Marakwet Community .............................................................................. 74 5.4.2 The Pokot Community ..................................................................................... 78 5.5 The Case of Murkutwo Cattle Rustling Incident, Monday 12 March 2001 ........... 80 5.6 Changing Roles of Women in Cattle Rustling ........................................................ 85 5.7 Perceptions of Women on Cattle Rustling .............................................................. 87 5.8 Satisfaction with Cattle Rustling ............................................................................ 88 CHAPTER SIX: CHANGES IN CATTLE RUSTLING.................................................. 93 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 93 6.2 Evolving Faces of Cattle Rustling .........................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Perceptions of the Impact of Informal Peace Education Training in Uganda
    International School for Humanities and Social Sciences Prins Hendrikkade 189-B 1011 TD Amsterdam The Netherlands Masters Thesis for the MSc Programme International Development Studies Field Research carried out in Uganda 30th January - 27th May 2006 Teaching Peace – Transforming Conflict? Exploring Participants’ Perceptions of the Impact of Informal Peace Education Training in Uganda Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed. (Constitution of UNESCO, 1945) First Supervisor: Prof. Dr. G.C.A. Junne Second Supervisor: Dr. M. Novelli Anika May Student Number: 0430129 Email: [email protected] Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 Abstract 5 Chapter One: Introduction – Subject of Research 6 1.1 Purpose of the Study 8 1.2 Research Questions 9 1.3 Relevance of the Study 9 1.4 Structure of Thesis 12 Chapter Two: Background of the Research/Research Setting 14 2.1 Violence and Conflict in the History of Uganda 14 2.2 The Legacy of Violence in Ugandan Society 18 2.2.1 The Present State of Human Rights and Violence in Uganda 18 2.2.2 Contemporary Ugandan Conflicts 20 2.2.2.1 The Case of Acholiland 20 2.2.2.2 The Case of Karamoja 22 2.2.3 Beyond the Public Eye – The Issue of Gender-Based Domestic Violence in Uganda 23 Chapter Three: Theoretical Framework - Peace Education 25 3.1 The Ultimate Goal: a Peaceful Society 25 3.1.1 Defining Peace 26 3.1.2 Defining a Peaceful Society 27 3.2 Education for Peace: Using Education to Create a Peaceful Society 29 3.2.1 A Short History of Peace Education
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving Wildlife in African Landscapes Kenya’S Ewaso Ecosystem
    Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press smithsonian contributions to zoology • number 632 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press AConserving Chronology Wildlife of Middlein African Missouri Landscapes Plains Kenya’sVillage Ewaso SitesEcosystem Edited by NicholasBy Craig J. M. Georgiadis Johnson with contributions by Stanley A. Ahler, Herbert Haas, and Georges Bonani SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com- mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report on the research and collections of its various museums and bureaus. The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institu- tions throughout the world. Manuscripts submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press from authors with direct affilia- tion with the various Smithsonian museums or bureaus and are subject to peer review and review for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines.
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge Sovereignty Among African Cattle Herders
    Knowledge Sovereignty ‘This ground-breaking ethnography of Beni-Amer pastoralists in the Horn of Africa shows how a partnership of conventional science and local indigenous knowledge can generate a hybrid knowledge system which underpins a productive cattle economy. This has implications for sustainable pastoral development around the world.’ Knowledge Jeremy Swift, Emeritus Fellow, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex ‘Indigenous knowledge and the sovereignty issues addressed in the book are hallmarks to Sovereignty recognize African cattle herders and also to use this knowledge to mitigate climate change and appreciate the resilience of these herders. The book will be a major resource for students, researchers among and policy makers in Africa and worldwide.’ Mitiku Haile, Professor of Soil Science and Sustainable Land Management, Mekelle University ‘This important book arrives at a key moment of climate and food security challenges. Fre deploys among African great wisdom in writing about the wisdom of traditional pastoralists, which – refl ecting the way complex natural systems really work – has been tested through history, and remains capable of future evolution. The more general lesson is that both land, and ideas, should be a common treasury.’ Cattle African Cattle Herders Cattle African Robert Biel, Senior Lecturer, the Bartlett Development Planning Unit, UCL Beni-Amer cattle owners in the western part of the Horn of Africa are not only masters in cattle Herders breeding, they are also knowledge sovereign, in terms of owning productive genes of cattle and the cognitive knowledge base crucial to sustainable development. The strong bonds between the Beni- Amer, their animals, and their environment constitute the basis of their ways of knowing, and much of their knowledge system is built on experience and embedded in their cultural practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Survival Strategies of the Northern Paiute a Thesis Submitted in Parti
    University of Nevada, Reno Persistence in Aurora, Nevada: Survival Strategies of the Northern Paiute A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology By Lauren Walkling Dr. Carolyn White/Thesis Advisor May 2018 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by LAUREN WALKLING Entitled Persistence in Aurora, Nevada: Survival Strategies of the Northern Paiute be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Carolyn L White, Ph.D., Advisor Sarah Cowie, Ph.D, Committee Member Meredith Oda, Ph.D., Graduate School Representative David W. Zeh, Ph.D., Dean, Graduate School May, 2018 i Abstract Negotiation and agency are crucial topics of discussion, especially in areas of colonial and cultural entanglement in relation to indigenous groups. Studies of agency explore the changes, or lack thereof, in material culture use and expression in response to colonial intrusion and cultural entanglement. Agency studies, based on dominance and resistance, use material and documentary evidence on varying scales of analysis, such as group and individual scales. Agency also discusses how social aspects including gender, race, and socioeconomic status affect decision making practices. One alternative framework to this dichotomy is that of persistence, a framework that focuses on how identity and cultural practices were modified or preserved as they were passed on (Panich 2013: 107; Silliman 2009: 212). Using the definition of persistence as discussed by Lee Panich (2013), archaeological evidence surveyed from a group of historic Paiute sites located outside of the mining town, Aurora, Nevada, and historical documentation will be used to track potential persistence tactics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of the Maasai and Kindred African Tribes and of Bornean Tribes
    ct (MEMO' 5(t(I1MET• fiAltOtOHHE4GfO HATHOl\-ASMTAi\f 0E\I1l: HALF MAti AtSO '''fJ1nFHH> \.,/i1'~ NUT. t1At~ Bl~t),WHO HEAD OF· PROPElS HIM:. ENtiAt 5ftFwITI'f ("ufCn MATr4OR, (OW ~F f1AA~AI PLATE: .0'\. PREFACE. The research with which this review deals having been entirely carried out here in Central Africa, far away from all centres of science, the writer is only too well aware that his work must shown signs of the inadequacy of the material for reference at his disposal. He has been obliged to rely entirely on such literature as he could get out from Home, and, in this respect, being obliged for the most psrt to base his selection on the scanty information supplied by publishers' catalogues, he has often had many disappointments when, after months of waiting, the books eventually arrived. That in consequence certain errors may have found their way into the following pages is quite posaible, but he ventures to believe that they are neither many nor of great importance to the subject as a whole. With regard to linguistic comparisons, these have been confined within restricted limits, and the writer has only been able to make comparison with Hebrew, though possibly Aramaic and other Semitic dialects might have carried him further. As there is no Hebrew type in this country he has not been able to give the Hebrew words in their original character as he should have wished. All the quotations from Capt. M. Merker in the following pages are translations of the writer; he is aware that it would have been more correct to have given them in the original German, but in this case they would have been of little value to the majority of the readers of this Journal in Kenya.
    [Show full text]
  • And South Horr- Loiyangalani (C77) Road
    LAKE TURKANA WIND POWER LIMITED Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED STRENGTHENING OF LAISAMIS- SOUTH HORR (D371) AND SOUTH HORR- LOIYANGALANI (C77) ROAD Public Disclosure Authorized VOLUME IV Public Disclosure Authorized JUNE 2010 i | P a g e AUTHENTIFICATON This report has been prepared for the proponent by: Prof B.N.K Njoroge EIA Lead Expert Registration Number 0045 P.O. Box 64683-00620 Nairobi Signed:............................................................................Date:.................................................................. On behalf of Lake Turkana Wind Power Limited as represented by; Managing director Lake Turkana Wind Power Limited P.O. Box 63716-00619 NAIROBI Nairobi Signed:............................................................................Date:.................................................................. ii | P a g e TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................. x CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND.................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Justification of the project ..................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Objectives of the ESIA...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Appropriation and Resistance Mechanisms in (Post-) Colonial Constellations of Actors
    Appropriation and Resistance Mechanisms in (Post-) Colonial Constellations of Actors The Latin American Frontiers in the 18th and 19th Century Stefan Rinke/Mónika Contreras Saiz/Lasse Hölck SFB-Governance Working Paper Series • No. 30 • June 2012 DFG Sonderforschungsbereich 700 Governance in Räumen begrenzter Staatlichkeit - Neue Formen des Regierens? DFG Research Center (SFB) 700 Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood - New Modes of Governance? SFB-Governance Working Paper Series Edited by the Research Center (SFB) 700 “Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood - New Modes of Governance?” The SFB-Governance Working Paper Series serves to disseminate the research results of work in progress prior to publication to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. Inclusion of a paper in the Working Paper Series should not limit publication in any other venue. Copyright remains with the authors. Copyright for this issue: Stefan Rinke/Mónika Contreras Saiz/Lasse Hölck Editorial assistance and production: Tanja Kilper/Sophie Perl All SFB-Governance Working Papers can be downloaded free of charge from our website www.sfb-governance.de/en/ publikationen or ordered in print via e-mail to [email protected]. Rinke, Stefan/Contreras Saiz, Mónika/Hölck, Lasse 2012: Appropriation and Resistance Mechanisms in (Post-) Colonial Con- stellations of Actors. The Latin American Frontiers in the 18th and 19th Century, SFB-Governance Working Paper Series, No. 30, Research Center (SFB) 700, Berlin, June 2012 ISSN 1864-1024 (Internet) ISSN 1863-6896 (Print) This publication has been funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). DFG Research Center (SFB) 700 Freie Universität Berlin Alfried-Krupp-Haus Berlin Binger Straße 40 14197 Berlin Germany Phone: +49-30-838 58502 Fax: +49-30-838 58540 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.sfb-governance.de SFB-Governance Working Paper Series • No.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenya: How Devolution Has Impacted Budgeting for Compensation and Distribution of Health Workers
    Kenya: How Devolution Has Impacted Budgeting for Compensation and Distribution of Health Workers Mokeira Nyagaka April 2018 CONTENTS 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 2 2. Policy Framework on Distribution of Health Workers Across Kenya ............................................................. 2 2.1 Pre-Devolution Period ................................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Post Devolution Period .............................................................................................................. 14 3. Emerging issues and challenges .................................................................................................................. 19 4. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 22 1 1. INTRODUCTION There is a long history of unequal access to services in Kenya, including core social services such as education and health. In 2010, Kenya adopted a new constitution and introduced devolution in part to address these inequalities. Devolution saw the transfer of significant health functions to county governments with the national government left to play the role of policy making and running top referral hospitals. The constitution of Kenya provides for every Kenyan to have access to the highest attainable standard
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Chicago Circuits of Empire: The
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CIRCUITS OF EMPIRE: THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH AND THE MAKING OF AMERICA’S PACIFIC A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY MINYONG LEE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2018 To My Loving Parents, Lee Jae Eun and Yim You Kyoung TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................ v Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................... ix Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1. Colonizing the Pacific: Indigenous Labor and the Settler Colonial Societies in California and Hawaii After 1848 .................................................................................................................................... 27 1.1. California before 1848: Indians, Kanakas, and Settlers .................................................................. 31 1.2. Anglo-American Settler Colonialism and the Freedom to Move in California........................... 38 1.3. The California Gold
    [Show full text]
  • Policies and Strategies to Address the Vulnerability of Pastoralists in Sub-Saharan Africa Nikola Rass
    Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative Policies and Strategies to Address the Vulnerability of Pastoralists in Sub-Saharan Africa Nikola Rass A Living from Livestock PPLPI Working Paper No. 37 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface................................................................................................................iv Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ v 1. Executive Summary .............................................................................................. 1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 1 Pastoralism in Sub-Saharan Africa............................................................................. 1 The Vulnerability of Pastoral Livelihoods .................................................................... 2 Risk Management Policies/Strategies ......................................................................... 2 Diversification and Exit Strategies ............................................................................ 4 Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................................... 5 2. Introduction and Rationale ..................................................................................... 6 3. Pastoralism in East and West Africa........................................................................... 7 3.1 Definition of Pastoralism/Agro-Pastoralism ............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • We Are Refugees in Our Own Homeland": Land Dispossession and Resettlement Challenges in Post-Conflict Eso,T Uganda
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 6-2014 "We are Refugees in Our Own Homeland": Land Dispossession and Resettlement Challenges in Post-Conflict eso,T Uganda Matt Kandel Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/234 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] “We Are Refugees in Our Own Homeland”: Land Dispossession and Resettlement Challenges in Post-Conflict Teso, Uganda By Matthew Kandel A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, the City University of New York 2014 ii This manuscript has been read and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in Cultural Anthropology in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Matt Kandel Date Chair of Examining Committee Donald Robotham Date Executive Officer Gerald Creed Ida Susser Marc Edelman John Collins The City University of New York iii ©2014 Matt Kandel All Rights Reserved iv Abstract “We Are Refugees in Our Own Homeland”: Land Dispossession and Resettlement Challenges in Post-Conflict Teso by Matt Kandel Adviser: Donald Robotham This dissertation is based off of fieldwork that I conducted in post-conflict Teso region in northeastern Uganda from 2012-2013. It focuses primarily on land dispossession and challenges to resettlement.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Violence on Kenya's Periphery: Informal Institutions and Local Resilience in Conflict-Affected Communities
    University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2015 Ethnic Violence on Kenya's Periphery: Informal Institutions and Local Resilience in Conflict-Affected Communities Fletcher D. Cox University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Cox, Fletcher D., "Ethnic Violence on Kenya's Periphery: Informal Institutions and Local Resilience in Conflict-Affected Communities" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1019. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/1019 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. ETHNIC VIOLENCE ON KENYA’S PERIPHERY: INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS AND LOCAL RESILIENCE IN CONFLICT-AFFECTED COMMUNITIES __________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Josef Korbel School of International Studies University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________ by Fletcher D. Cox August 2015 Advisor: Dr. Timothy D. Sisk ©Copyright by Fletcher D. Cox 2015 All Rights Reserved Author: Fletcher D. Cox Title: ETHNIC VIOLENCE ON KENYA’S PERIPHERY: INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS AND LOCAL RESILIENCE IN CONFLICT-AFFECTED COMMUNITIES Advisor: Dr. Timothy D. Sisk Degree Date: August 2015 ABSTRACT Deadly, inter-ethnic group conflict remains a threat to international security in a world where the majority of armed violence occurs not only within states but in the most ungoverned areas within states.
    [Show full text]