DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethnic Violence on Kenya's Periphery: Informal Institutions and Local Resilience in Conflict-Affected Communities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethnic Violence on Kenya's Periphery: Informal Institutions and Local Resilience in Conflict-Affected Communities University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2015 Ethnic Violence on Kenya's Periphery: Informal Institutions and Local Resilience in Conflict-Affected Communities Fletcher D. Cox University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Cox, Fletcher D., "Ethnic Violence on Kenya's Periphery: Informal Institutions and Local Resilience in Conflict-Affected Communities" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1019. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/1019 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. ETHNIC VIOLENCE ON KENYA’S PERIPHERY: INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS AND LOCAL RESILIENCE IN CONFLICT-AFFECTED COMMUNITIES __________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Josef Korbel School of International Studies University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________ by Fletcher D. Cox August 2015 Advisor: Dr. Timothy D. Sisk ©Copyright by Fletcher D. Cox 2015 All Rights Reserved Author: Fletcher D. Cox Title: ETHNIC VIOLENCE ON KENYA’S PERIPHERY: INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS AND LOCAL RESILIENCE IN CONFLICT-AFFECTED COMMUNITIES Advisor: Dr. Timothy D. Sisk Degree Date: August 2015 ABSTRACT Deadly, inter-ethnic group conflict remains a threat to international security in a world where the majority of armed violence occurs not only within states but in the most ungoverned areas within states. Conflicts that occur between groups living in largely ungoverned areas often become deeply protracted and are difficult to resolve when the state is weak and harsh environmental conditions place human security increasingly under threat. However, even under these conditions, why do some local conflicts between ethnic groups escalate, whereas others do not? To analyze this puzzle, the dissertation employs comparative methods to investigate the conditions under which violence erupts or stops and armed actors choose to preserve peace. The project draws upon qualitative data derived from semi-structured interviews, focus group dialogues, and participant observation of local peace processes during field research conducted in six conflict- affected counties in Northern Kenya. Comparative analysis of fifteen conflict episodes with variable outcomes reveals the conditions under which coalitions of civic associations, including local peace committees, faith-based organizations, and councils of elders, inter alia, enhance informal institutional arrangements that contain escalation. Violence is less likely to escalate in communities where cohesive coalitions provide platforms for threat- monitoring, informal pact making, and enforcement of traditional codes of restitution. ii However, key scope conditions affect whether or not informal organizational structures are capable of containing escalation. In particular, symbolic acts of violence and the use of indiscriminant force by police and military actors commonly undermine local efforts to contain conflict. The dissertation contributes to the literatures on civil society and peacebuilding, demonstrating the importance of comparing processes of escalation and non-escalation and accounting for interactive effects between modes of state and non- state response to local, inter-ethnic group conflict. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi! LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... vii! INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1! Patterns and Consequences of Ethnic Violence ...................................................... 6! Escalation and Containment of Ethnic Violence .................................................... 8! Methods ................................................................................................................. 11! Overview ............................................................................................................... 15! CHAPTER ONE: ETHNIC CONFLICT IN FRAGILE CONTEXTS ............................. 17! Conceptual Orientation ......................................................................................... 18! Theoretical Foundations ........................................................................................ 21! Sub-state Fragility, Ethnic Conflict, and Coping ...................................... 22! Civic Organizations, Ethnic Conflict, and Coalitions ............................... 28! Informal Institutions, Ethnic Conflict, and Communal Adaptation .......... 40! Assessing State, Civic, and Communal Responses to Local Conflicts ................. 49! Coalitions and Conflict Trajectories ..................................................................... 53! Logic of Escalation in Fragile Settings ..................................................... 53! Cohesive Coalitions .................................................................................. 55! Scope Conditions ...................................................................................... 57! Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 58! CHAPTER TWO: ETHNIC IDENTITY AND INSECURITY IN MODERNIZING KENYA ............................................................................................................................. 60! State Formation and Sub-state Fragility ............................................................... 61! Colonial Strategies for Containing Local Violence .................................. 62! Opening a Closed District ......................................................................... 68! Ethnic Federalism and Local Violence ..................................................... 74! The Development Frontier ........................................................................ 79! National Reform and Local Conflict ..................................................................... 87! Localizing Ethnic Politics ......................................................................... 91 Kenya's Peace Committee System ............................................................ 92! Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 96! CHAPTER THREE: CONFLICT ESCALATION IN NORTHERN KENYA ............. 100! Samburu: Turkana – Samburu Range War (1996 – 1997) ................................. 101! Samburu: The Baragoi Massacre (August – November 2012) ........................... 108! The Maralal Clashes (October 2013) .................................................................. 114! Turkana: The Todonyang Massacre (2011 - 2013) ............................................. 117! Marsabit: The Moyale Clashes (2011 – 2013) .................................................... 123! Logics of Escalation ............................................................................................ 134! iv CHAPTER FOUR: LIMITED ESCALATION IN NORTHERN KENYA ................... 138! Samburu: Nyiro Mountain Corridor: Turkana – Samburu (2012 – 2014) .......... 139! Marsabit: Sarimo: Turkana – Gabra (2010 – 2014) ............................................ 154! West Pokot: Turkwel Gorge and the Motorcycle Murders (July 2014) ............. 159! Turkana: Oil and Ethnic Riots (2012 – 2014) ..................................................... 170! Isiolo: Post-election Peace (2013 – 2014) .......................................................... 178! Coalitions and Constraint .................................................................................... 182! CHAPTER FIVE: RECURRING ESCALATION IN NORTHERN KENYA .............. 186! The Turbi Massacre (2005) ................................................................................. 187! West Pokot: Turkana – Pokot Range War (2013 – 2014) .................................. 196! The Isiolo Triangle (2009 – 2012) ...................................................................... 203! Mandera: Garre – Murule (2005 – 2008) ............................................................ 214! Mandera: Garre – Degodia Clashes (2013 – 2014) ............................................ 226! Coalitions, Fragmentation, and Conflict Recurrence .......................................... 237! CHAPTER SIX: CONTAINING VIOLENCE IN CONFLICT-AFFECTED COMMUNITIES ............................................................................................................ 241! State Responses across Local Contexts .............................................................. 243! State Action in Periphery Conflicts ........................................................ 243! State Action in Developmental Conflicts ............................................... 247! State Action in Border Conflicts ............................................................. 251! Cohesive Coalitions: Monitoring, Threat Response, and Brokering .................. 258! Inter-group
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Conserving Wildlife in African Landscapes Kenya’S Ewaso Ecosystem
    Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press smithsonian contributions to zoology • number 632 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press AConserving Chronology Wildlife of Middlein African Missouri Landscapes Plains Kenya’sVillage Ewaso SitesEcosystem Edited by NicholasBy Craig J. M. Georgiadis Johnson with contributions by Stanley A. Ahler, Herbert Haas, and Georges Bonani SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com- mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report on the research and collections of its various museums and bureaus. The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institu- tions throughout the world. Manuscripts submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press from authors with direct affilia- tion with the various Smithsonian museums or bureaus and are subject to peer review and review for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandera County Hiv and Aids Strategic Plan 2016-2019
    MANDERA COUNTY HIV AND AIDS STRATEGIC PLAN 2016-2019 “A healthy and productive population” i MANDERA COUNTY HIV AND AIDS STRATEGIC PLAN 2016-2019 “A healthy and productive population” Any part of this document may be freely reviewed, quoted, reproduced or translated in full or in part, provided the source is acknowledged. It may not be sold or used for commercial purposes or for profit. iv MANDERA COUNTY HIV & AIDS STRATEGIC PLAN (2016- 2019) Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations vii Foreword viii Preface ix Acknowledgement x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Information xii 1.2 Demographic characteristics 2 1.3 Land availability and use 2 1.3 Purpose of the HIV Plan 1.4 Process of developing the HIV and AIDS Strategic Plan 1.5 Guiding principles CHAPTER TWO: HIV STATUS IN THE COUNTY 2.1 County HIV Profiles 5 2.2 Priority population 6 2.3 Gaps and challenges analysis 6 CHAPTER THREE: PURPOSE OF Mcasp, strateGIC PLAN DEVELOPMENT process AND THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 8 3.1 Purpose of the HIV Plan 9 3.2 Process of developing the HIV and AIDS Strategic Plan 9 3.3 Guiding principles 9 CHAPTER FOUR: VISION, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS 10 4.1 The vision, goals and objectives of the county 11 4.2 Strategic directions 12 4.2.1 Strategic direction 1: Reducing new HIV infection 12 4.2.2 Strategic direction 2: Improving health outcomes and wellness of people living with HIV and AIDS 14 4.2.3 Strategic Direction 3: Using human rights based approach1 to facilitate access to services 16 4.2.4 Strategic direction 4: Strengthening Integration of community and health systems 18 4.2.5 Strategic Direction 5: Strengthen Research innovation and information management to meet the Mandera County HIV Strategy goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Usaid Kenya Niwajibu Wetu (Niwetu) Fy 2018 Q3 Progress Report
    USAID KENYA NIWAJIBU WETU (NIWETU) FY 2018 Q3 PROGRESS REPORT JULY 2018 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by DAI Global, LLC. USAID/KENYA NIWAJIBU WETU (NIWETU) PROGRESS REPORT FOR Q3 FY 2018 1 USAID KENYA NIWAJIBU WETU (NIWETU) FY 2018 Q3 PROGRESS REPORT 1 April – 30 June 2018 Award No: AID-OAA-I-13-00013/AID-615-TO-16-00010 Prepared for John Langlois United States Agency for International Development/Kenya C/O American Embassy United Nations Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 629, Village Market 00621 Nairobi, Kenya Prepared by DAI Global, LLC 4th Floor, Mara 2 Building Eldama Park Nairobi, Kenya DISCLAIMER The authors’ views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. USAID/KENYA NIWAJIBU WETU (NIWETU) PROGRESS REPORT FOR Q3 FY 2018 2 CONTENTS I. NIWETU EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................... vii II. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS (Qualitative Impact) ................................................................ 9 III. ACTIVITY PROGRESS (Quantitative Impact) .......................................................... 20 III. ACTIVITY PROGRESS (QUANTITATIVE IMPACT) ............................................... 20 IV. CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES ................................................................. 39 V. PERFORMANCE MONITORING ...............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • County Name County Code Location
    COUNTY NAME COUNTY CODE LOCATION MOMBASA COUNTY 001 BANDARI COLLEGE KWALE COUNTY 002 KENYA SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT MATUGA KILIFI COUNTY 003 PWANI UNIVERSITY TANA RIVER COUNTY 004 MAU MAU MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL LAMU COUNTY 005 LAMU FORT HALL TAITA TAVETA 006 TAITA ACADEMY GARISSA COUNTY 007 KENYA NATIONAL LIBRARY WAJIR COUNTY 008 RED CROSS HALL MANDERA COUNTY 009 MANDERA ARIDLANDS MARSABIT COUNTY 010 ST. STEPHENS TRAINING CENTRE ISIOLO COUNTY 011 CATHOLIC MISSION HALL, ISIOLO MERU COUNTY 012 MERU SCHOOL THARAKA-NITHI 013 CHIAKARIGA GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL EMBU COUNTY 014 KANGARU GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL KITUI COUNTY 015 MULTIPURPOSE HALL KITUI MACHAKOS COUNTY 016 MACHAKOS TEACHERS TRAINING COLLEGE MAKUENI COUNTY 017 WOTE TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE NYANDARUA COUNTY 018 ACK CHURCH HALL, OL KALAU TOWN NYERI COUNTY 019 NYERI PRIMARY SCHOOL KIRINYAGA COUNTY 020 ST.MICHAEL GIRLS BOARDING MURANGA COUNTY 021 MURANG'A UNIVERSITY COLLEGE KIAMBU COUNTY 022 KIAMBU INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY TURKANA COUNTY 023 LODWAR YOUTH POLYTECHNIC WEST POKOT COUNTY 024 MTELO HALL KAPENGURIA SAMBURU COUNTY 025 ALLAMANO HALL PASTORAL CENTRE, MARALAL TRANSZOIA COUNTY 026 KITALE MUSEUM UASIN GISHU 027 ELDORET POLYTECHNIC ELGEYO MARAKWET 028 IEBC CONSTITUENCY OFFICE - ITEN NANDI COUNTY 029 KAPSABET BOYS HIGH SCHOOL BARINGO COUNTY 030 KENYA SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT, KABARNET LAIKIPIA COUNTY 031 NANYUKI HIGH SCHOOL NAKURU COUNTY 032 NAKURU HIGH SCHOOL NAROK COUNTY 033 MAASAI MARA UNIVERSITY KAJIADO COUNTY 034 MASAI TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE KERICHO COUNTY 035 KERICHO TEA SEC. SCHOOL
    [Show full text]
  • FSNWG Presentation
    Sept 2014 Conditions Vs Current Conditions Sept 2015 Sept 2014 September 2015 September September September 2015 IMPROVED: Kenya, Uganda, Sudan DETERIORATED: South Sudan, Djibouti, Burundi, Kenya, Ethiopia, Burundi. SAME: Rwanda, Eastern DRC, CAR Current Conditions: Regional Highlights • Crisis and emergency food insecurity remains a concern in parts of DRC, CAR, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, parts of Karamoja, Darfur in Sudan, IDP sites in Somalia; September 2015 September • An estimated 17.9 people may be facing food insecurity in the region. • Dry conditions in pastoral areas of Ethiopia, Djibouti and Sudan are expected to continue till Dec (GHACOF, Aug.). • Conflicts/political tension remains a key driver for food insecurity in the region (e.g South Sudan, Burundi, CAR, eastern DRC and Somalia. • El Nino expected to lead to above average rainfall in some areas leading to improved food security outcomes but also localised flooding but depressed rainfalls in others persisting stressed/ food insecurity conditions General improvement in food security situation in the region. However, some deterioration seen in pastoral areas and an estimated 17.9M people in need of humanitarian assistance. Current Conditions – Burundi Burundi WFP, IPC (priliminary) •Generally food security conditions is good due to the season B harvest. September 2015 September •About 100,000 are considered in food insecurity crisis. •Significant number of farming population have fled to neigboring countries (UNHCR) due to the political crisis •The political crisis negatively affected Economic Activities in the country, particularly the capital Bujumbura. Trade in agricultural comoditities fell by about 50%. •The lean period is expected to start in September, is likely be exacerbated by the negative effects of the current crisis Food security relatively stable due to Season B production though expected to remain stressed to December.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts 2019 July Graduation
    ABSTRACTS 2019 JULY GRADUATION PHD SCHOOL OF BUSINESS FINANCING DECISIONS AND SHAREHOLDER VALUE CREATIONOF NON- FINANCIAL FIRMS QUOTED AT THE NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE, KENYA KARIUKI G MUTHONI-PHD Department: Business Administration Supervisors: Dr. Ambrose O. Jagongo Dr. Joseph Muniu Shareholder value creation and profit maximizing are among the primary objectives of a firm. Shareholder value creation focuses more on long term sustainability of returns and not just profitability. Rational investors expect good long term yield of their investment. Corporate financial decisions play an imperative role in general performance of a company and shareholder value creation. There have been a number of firms facing financial crisis among them; Mumias Sugar Ltd, Uchumi Supermarkets Ltd and Kenya Airways Ltd. All these companies are quoted at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. Due to declining performance of these companies, share prices have been dropping and shareholders do not receive dividends. This study investigated the effects of financing decisions on shareholder value creation of non- financial firms quoted at NSE for the period 2008-2014. The study was guided by various finance models; which include, Modigliani and Miller, Pecking Order Theory, Agency Free Flow Theory, Market Timing Theory and Capital Asset Pricing Model. The study used general and empirical models from previous studies as a basis for studying specific models which were modified to suit the current study. The study was guided by the positivism philosophy. The study employed explanatory design which is non-experimental. Census design was used as the number of non- financial firms at the time of the study was 40 companies. The data was gathered from NSE handbooks and CMA publications comprising of annual financial statements, income statements and accompanying notes.
    [Show full text]
  • INSULT to INJURY the 2014 Lamu and Tana River Attacks and Kenya’S Abusive Response
    INSULT TO INJURY The 2014 Lamu and Tana River Attacks and Kenya’s Abusive Response HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH hrw.org www.khrc.or.ke Insult to Injury The 2014 Lamu and Tana River Attacks and Kenya’s Abusive Response Copyright © 2015 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-32446 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JUNE 2015 978-1-6231-32446 Insult to Injury The 2014 Lamu and Tana River Attacks and Kenya’s Abusive Response Map of Kenya and Coast Region ........................................................................................ i Summary ......................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • And South Horr- Loiyangalani (C77) Road
    LAKE TURKANA WIND POWER LIMITED Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED STRENGTHENING OF LAISAMIS- SOUTH HORR (D371) AND SOUTH HORR- LOIYANGALANI (C77) ROAD Public Disclosure Authorized VOLUME IV Public Disclosure Authorized JUNE 2010 i | P a g e AUTHENTIFICATON This report has been prepared for the proponent by: Prof B.N.K Njoroge EIA Lead Expert Registration Number 0045 P.O. Box 64683-00620 Nairobi Signed:............................................................................Date:.................................................................. On behalf of Lake Turkana Wind Power Limited as represented by; Managing director Lake Turkana Wind Power Limited P.O. Box 63716-00619 NAIROBI Nairobi Signed:............................................................................Date:.................................................................. ii | P a g e TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................. x CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND.................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Justification of the project ..................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Objectives of the ESIA...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Violent Extremism and Clan Dynamics in Kenya
    [PEACEW RKS [ VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND CLAN DYNAMICS IN KENYA Ngala Chome ABOUT THE REPORT This report, which is derived from interviews across three Kenyan counties, explores the relationships between resilience and risk to clan violence and to violent extrem- ism in the northeast region of the country. The research was funded by a grant from the United States Agency for International Development through the United States Institute of Peace (USIP), which collaborated with Sahan Africa in conducting the study. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Ngala Chome is a former researcher at Sahan Research, where he led a number of countering violent extremism research projects over the past year. Chome has published articles in Critical African Studies, Journal of Eastern Afri- can Studies, and Afrique Contemporine. He is currently a doctoral researcher in African history at Durham University. The author would like to thank Abdulrahman Abdullahi for his excellent research assistance, Andiah Kisia and Lauren Van Metre for helping frame the analysis, the internal reviewers, and two external reviewers for their useful and helpful comments. The author bears responsibility for the final analysis and conclusion. Cover photo: University students join a demonstration condemning the gunmen attack at the Garissa University campus in the Kenyan coastal port city of Mombasa on April 8, 2015. (REUTERS/Joseph Okanga/ IMAGE ID: RTR4WI4K) The views expressed in this report are those of the author alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Institute of Peace. United States Institute of Peace 2301 Constitution Ave., NW Washington, DC 20037 Phone: 202.457.1700 Fax: 202.429.6063 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.usip.org Peaceworks No.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenya: How Devolution Has Impacted Budgeting for Compensation and Distribution of Health Workers
    Kenya: How Devolution Has Impacted Budgeting for Compensation and Distribution of Health Workers Mokeira Nyagaka April 2018 CONTENTS 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 2 2. Policy Framework on Distribution of Health Workers Across Kenya ............................................................. 2 2.1 Pre-Devolution Period ................................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Post Devolution Period .............................................................................................................. 14 3. Emerging issues and challenges .................................................................................................................. 19 4. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 22 1 1. INTRODUCTION There is a long history of unequal access to services in Kenya, including core social services such as education and health. In 2010, Kenya adopted a new constitution and introduced devolution in part to address these inequalities. Devolution saw the transfer of significant health functions to county governments with the national government left to play the role of policy making and running top referral hospitals. The constitution of Kenya provides for every Kenyan to have access to the highest attainable standard
    [Show full text]
  • Arboviruses of Human Health Significance in Kenya Atoni E1,2
    Arboviruses of Human Health significance in Kenya Atoni E1,2#, Waruhiu C1,2#, Nganga S1,2, Xia H1, Yuan Z1 1. Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China #Authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence: Zhiming Yuan, [email protected]; Tel.: +86-2787198195 Summary In tropical and developing countries, arboviruses cause emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. The East African region has experienced several outbreaks of Rift valley fever virus, Dengue virus, Chikungunya virus and Yellow fever virus. In Kenya, data from serological studies and mosquito isolation studies have shown a wide distribution of arboviruses throughout the country, implying the potential risk of these viruses to local public health. However, current estimates on circulating arboviruses in the country are largely underestimated due to lack of continuous and reliable countrywide surveillance and reporting systems on arboviruses and disease vectors and the lack of proper clinical screening methods and modern facilities. In this review, we discuss arboviruses of human health importance in Kenya by outlining the arboviruses that have caused outbreaks in the country, alongside those that have only been detected from various serological studies performed. Based on our analysis, at the end we provide workable technical and policy-wise recommendations for management of arboviruses and arboviral vectors in Kenya. [Afr J Health Sci. 2018; 31(1):121-141] and mortality. Recently, the outbreak of Zika virus Introduction became a global public security event, due to its Arthropod-borne viruses (Arboviruses) are a cause ability to cause congenital brain abnormalities, of significant human and animal diseases worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case of Mandera County, Kenya (1967-2014)
    KENYATTA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY AND POLITICAL STUDIES PROJECT THE IMPACT OF SMALL ARMS ON CHILDREN’S WELLBEING: A CASE OF MANDERA COUNTY, KENYA (1967-2014) PRESENTED BY: JOSEPH MUSILI MALULI REG No: C50/CE/23259/2010 A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER 2015 DECLARATION This project is my original work and has not been presented for any award in this or any other University Joseph Musili Maluli Reg. No. C50/CE/23259/2010 Signature…………………………… Date……………………………………….. SUPERVISORS This work has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors. Dr. Frank Mulu Lecturer, Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies, Kenyatta University. Signature………………………………… Date………………………… Dr. W. Ndiiri Chairman, Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies, Kenyatta University. Signature…………………………….. Date………………………… ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my beloved mum Martha Maluli, my brothers Maithya and Muli and sisters Dorcas, Janiffer, Naomi, kakundi and mutuo for their emotional support and encouragement iii ABSTRACT Small arms have devastating effects on children either directly or indirectly, which not only occur during conflict or war but may have long lasting impacts even after the war. Research on the impacts of small arms has shown that children affected by small arms require much attention and support to put their lives back to normalcy and integrate them into the society. In Kenya, the proliferation of small arms in the Northern parts of the Country is an issue of serious concern for the government.
    [Show full text]