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Survival Strategies of the Northern Paiute a Thesis Submitted in Parti University of Nevada, Reno Persistence in Aurora, Nevada: Survival Strategies of the Northern Paiute A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology By Lauren Walkling Dr. Carolyn White/Thesis Advisor May 2018 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by LAUREN WALKLING Entitled Persistence in Aurora, Nevada: Survival Strategies of the Northern Paiute be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Carolyn L White, Ph.D., Advisor Sarah Cowie, Ph.D, Committee Member Meredith Oda, Ph.D., Graduate School Representative David W. Zeh, Ph.D., Dean, Graduate School May, 2018 i Abstract Negotiation and agency are crucial topics of discussion, especially in areas of colonial and cultural entanglement in relation to indigenous groups. Studies of agency explore the changes, or lack thereof, in material culture use and expression in response to colonial intrusion and cultural entanglement. Agency studies, based on dominance and resistance, use material and documentary evidence on varying scales of analysis, such as group and individual scales. Agency also discusses how social aspects including gender, race, and socioeconomic status affect decision making practices. One alternative framework to this dichotomy is that of persistence, a framework that focuses on how identity and cultural practices were modified or preserved as they were passed on (Panich 2013: 107; Silliman 2009: 212). Using the definition of persistence as discussed by Lee Panich (2013), archaeological evidence surveyed from a group of historic Paiute sites located outside of the mining town, Aurora, Nevada, and historical documentation will be used to track potential persistence tactics. The focus will be on persistence tactics taken up by the Aurora Paiute population during the late nineteenth century, during the most prosperous points of Aurora’s heyday. ii Acknowledgements There are so many people here who have helped me to this point and I cannot give them enough thanks. I want to first thank Carolyn White, Sarah Cowie, and Meredith Oda for their guidance and expertise. It was an honor to work alongside such intelligent and empowering women. I would also like to acknowledge that my research took place on the ancestral homelands of Northern Paiute communities and I hope this research pays respects to the Norther Paiute communities as well. Next, I would like to thank Cliff Shaw, for his passion and his invaluable assistance with this project. Without him and his enthusiasm, I would have never come across the sites described in my thesis. I would like to also thank Erick Dillingham and Fred Frampton, from Forest Service Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest and Bridgeport Forest Service respectively, for guiding us through the Aurora foothills and providing aid for this project’s research. It would be amiss to skip over my friends who volunteered out in the field, I cannot say thank you enough: Melody Zionch, for her organizational skills, her listening ear, and her survey planning; Emily Dale, for helping me along my first time as a crew chief; Leo Demski, for his photography help; Adam Calkin, for his technical savvy, especially while working on his own thesis at the same time; Erika Schroeder, for her enthusiasm in the field and with mapping; and Shaun Richey, for helping me finish up the sites quickly and efficiently on short notice. While she did not accompany me to the field, I want to thank Kristen Tiede for aiding me with my sites’ maps. Marlin Thompson, a representative of the Yerington Paiute tribe, deserves an enormous amount of thanks for his patience with my inquiries into the history of the iii Northern Paiute, especially with ethnohistoric sites such as these. He was an invaluable corroborator. To Shelly Davis-King, I want to thank her for taking time aside to answer my questions during the 2016 Great Basin Conference in Reno about the Paiute population of Bodie and Aurora. I would also like to thank the Nevada Historical Society for giving me access to their newspaper collection and for assisting me with any of my inquiries. Last, but not least, I would like to thank my family, especially my parents, my aunt Helaine and uncle Matt, my grandparents, and my siblings. Without their love, support, and sense of humor, I would not have made it to this point. iv Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ ii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Persistence ...................................................................................................................................... 3 History of the Northern Paiute in the Great Basin ..................................................................... 4 History of Aurora, Nevada .......................................................................................................... 19 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 2: Culture Contact and Colonial Archaeology ........................................................... 24 Past and Current Approaches to Cultural Persistence............................................................. 24 Cultural Persistence: Definition and Applications .................................................................... 31 Thesis Approach to Persistence .................................................................................................. 40 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 41 Chapter 3: Site Survey Summaries ............................................................................................ 42 Site Background ........................................................................................................................... 42 AN-CC-1 ....................................................................................................................................... 46 AN-CC-2 ....................................................................................................................................... 55 AN-CC-3 ....................................................................................................................................... 59 AN-CC-4 ....................................................................................................................................... 64 AN-CC-5 ....................................................................................................................................... 69 AN-CC-6 ....................................................................................................................................... 73 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 77 Chapter 4: Discussion .................................................................................................................. 79 v Establishing an Ethnohistoric Time Period ............................................................................... 80 Artifact Composition ............................................................................................................. 80 Historic Documents ............................................................................................................... 85 Oral Narratives of Descendants............................................................................................ 86 The Three Concepts of Persistence............................................................................................. 88 Persistence: Identity .............................................................................................................. 88 Persistence: Practice ............................................................................................................. 96 Persistence: Context ............................................................................................................ 104 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 108 Chapter 5: Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 110 Persistence .................................................................................................................................. 110 Future Research ......................................................................................................................... 113 Final Thoughts ........................................................................................................................... 114 References
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