Optimization of Hydro Management Systems Applying the Ayacut Balancing Principle (ABP)
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© 2019 JETIR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Optimization of Hydro Management Systems Applying the Ayacut Balancing Principle (ABP) Dr. Bhagwan Shree Ram and Dr. Narbada Prasad Gupta Professor, School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara Punjab (India) Abstract This paper deals with a new method of River Basin Planning to derive the benefit of irrigation to the maximum extent of Commendable-Cultivable Area (C.C.A) available in a river basin by suitable placement of appropriate irrigation projects at various points on a river in order to minimize the wastage of river water running into the sea, as is the case with the existing irrigation systems obtaining in moist of our rivers. This is due to lack of correct planning for optimization of river water resources for irrigation. A new method is described in this paper to plan for the location of several project sites to make the best water and land resources particularly long water resources. The method brings into light a new principle called the Ayacut Balancing Principle (ABP) around a point called the Balancing Point (B.P). Keywords: Hydropower, renewable energy technologies, infrastructure projects. 1. Introduction In a river basin, the water potential increases from a zero value at the origin of the river to a maximum value at the confluence with the sea. This water potential can be expressed as a potential of so many acres by adopting a suitable crop duty per unit quantity of water. Similarly, the C.C.A available at various points along the river can be quantified from the Block Command Maps of the basin [1]. Curves can be plotted taking the length of the river on the X-axis and acres of water potential and C.C.A on the Y-axis which are called the P-curve and the C-curve respectively. The point of intersection of these two curves determines the place on the river where the water potential is equal to the C.C.A. potential. Obviously if only one intersection point, called the Balancing Point (B.P); is the ideal place to get the maximum Ayacut. It is to be noted that all the water potential derived from the upstream side (U.S.) of B.P is utilised for all the C.C.A. available on the downstream side (D.S.) of B.P. Thus all the C.C.A. on the U/S of B.P. is left unutilised as also all the water potential on the D/S of B.P. is also left unutilized. So the Principle of Ayacut Balancing aims at finding out places on the river course, ie. X- axis, where, after deducting the Ayacut already taken into account, the Ayacut potential and water potential are equal. If such places are located correspondingly on both sides of the B.P., it is possible to transfer by exchange a portion of the unutilsed water potential on the D/S of B.P. to the U/S of B.P. to benefit a corresponding ayacut potential which lies unutilsed, by building irrigation projects one on either side of the B.P. This cycle of ayacut balancing if carried out repeatedly, it is possible to arrive at full coverage of the C.C.A available in the river basin. An example of how such a process is carried out by the help of regression curves for the P-Curve and C- JETIRDW06206 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 1276 © 2019 JETIR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) curve scatters in respect of Mahendratanaya River Basin in the Srikakulam district, is demonstrated in the paper [2]. It is suggested in the paper how disputes over water distribution among the riparian states can be avoided by adopting the Principle of ayacut Balancing by limiting the share of water to each state to the extent of demand for the C.C.A covered in each state rather than to the proportional yield from the catchment lying in each state; as the principle of ayacut balancing assures the maximum coverage of C.C.A by optimization process [3]. 2. Overview of current developments The present state of affairs regarding the existing irrigation projects reveal that no river basin planning has been gone into, while treating the project sites for Irrigation and their scopes to obtain maximum or optimum utilisation of water resources and the available command-cultivable area (C.C.A.). This is evident from the large quantities of water that is running into the sea at the last irrigation project site on most of the rivers in this country. After giving some thought to the problem, a method described in this paper is suggested to plan for the location of several project sites to make the best use of water and land in a particular basin of a river. A new concept of “Planning Diagram” and “Balance Point” is introduced in the planning process to arrive at the correct sites for the projects and fixing their scopes. While there are excellent procedures for water management available such as surface water quantity and quality management models and mathematical models, but there does not seem to be any procedure or methodology indicated for locating the Irrigation Project Sites and fixing their scopes in the River Basin Planning for obtaining maximum utility of water and land available for the irrigation so that only a minimum quantity of water flows out as wastage. Keeping only this purpose in view and not other considerations for suitability of sites for projects, this method as envisaged in this paper is suggested to arrive at the number of irrigation projects, their locations and scopes in a particular river basin to derive optimum utility of the water for the basin [4]. 3. Hydro resources development programme The primary consideration in such a problem is to determine the quantity of water potential and commandable and cultivable land area that are available at each point along the extent of the river. For this purpose the entire catchment area of the river basin is to be first block levelled at close intervals to yield contour mapping at say 2 ft.(0.6m) intervals. For this purpose the village maps of the area may be taken as a unit and base lines in each village may be fixed and the block levels may be taken at 220 ft.(67m.) intervals in a grid system and the village maps may be joined suitably to cover the entire basin. The uncommandable lands which cannot be commanded by the highest bed level of the river viz. the bed level at the origin of the river need not be block leveled. Then the entire river basin plan has to be prepared from Survey of India Maps or from similar maps in other countries and this is called the Basin Map of the River [5]. In this basin plan which should show the water shed lines deviding the adjacent river basins around the boundary of this JETIRDW06206 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 1277 © 2019 JETIR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) river basin, the minor basins of this river basin should be carefully marked from ridge and valley lines dividing them one another making use of the contours and other flow lines shown in the Survey of India Maps. Then the 75% dependable yield from each of the minor basin has to be calculated from the rainfall run off tables making use of the Strange’s Run off Coefficient. Now, the confluence points of all the drains coming from all the minor basins, without missing any one of them, should be marked on the river course and their mileages’ are to be noted starting from the origin of the river till its end at the confluence with the sea or other bigger river. 4. Process of Commendable Cultivable Area (CCA) Determination Similarly for fixing the C.C.A. the commendable cultivable area should be determined for every 2 ft.(0.6m) interval bed levels of the river bed noted in the Block Command Maps (B.C.Ms) already prepared from the block leveling of the village maps as already indicated above. This procedure becomes very cumbersome with large rivers, say, with catchment areas greater than say 3000 sq. miles(7770sq. K.M.). In such cases this method of River Basin planning should be limited to each of the big tributaries of such large rivers, as such the planning carried out in all such tributaries will synthesize the whole river basin of big rivers. Now we have two sets of data (i) the yields of water from each minor drainage basin entering the main river at the known mileage points along the river. (ii) the Commendable Cultivable Area (C.C.A.) at 2 ft.(0.6m) bed level intervals of the river for its entire length. The first item of the data viz. the annual 75% dependable yield can be converted into water potential to irrigate so many acres at the rate of 8 acres for 1 million cubic feet of water or any suitable crop duty which is standard duty for the area. This gives us the water potential to irrigate so many acres at every point of confluence of drains with the main river. Similarly the C.C.A. of the basin at every mileage point of the river with 2 ft.(0.6m) bed level difference. Now these two items can be plotted as a graph for each item, taking the mileage of the river as X-axis and area of acres on the Y-axis.