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Slope Studies of Vamsadhara River Basin: a Quantitative Approach

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Slope Studies of Vamsadhara River Basin: a Quantitative Approach ISSN: 2277-3754 ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 3, Issue 1, July 2013 Slope Studies of Vamsadhara River basin: A Quantitative Approach Amminedu Eadara, Harikrishna Karanam 1Professor, Department of Geo-Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. 2Research Scholar, Department of Geo-Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. sub-humid type of climate. May is the hottest month with Abstract:- The slope of the drainage basin has an important a mean monthly maximum temperature of 34.70 C and relation to infiltration, surface runoff, soil moisture and mean monthly minimum of 17.10 C at Kalingapatnam ground water contribution to stream. It is one of the major where the river joins the sea. The average depth of factors controlling the time of over land flow and rainfall during the period 1971-2010 is 1302.5mm by concentration of rainfall in stream channels and is of direct importance in relation to the flood magnitude. An attempt as Isohytal method which is increased in general from the been made to study the slope variations in Vamsadhara River south to north and there is also an increasing trend Basin with an aerial extent of 10,601.5 sq.kms. is taken up for towards the northeast from the southwest. The average the examination of the problem. The river is prone to frequent amount of rainfall was 940.2mm at Kalingapatnam near floods. The study area is divided into 19 sub-basins based on the coast and 1551.6mm at Ramagiri-Udaigiri on the the drainage pattern. The relief in the catchment ranges from northeast and 1250.2mm at Muniguda on the northwest of 10 to 1540m above MSL. The Vamsadhara Basin was divided the basin. About 84.6% of rainfall was received during into a square grid network, and slope values were calculated the five months monsoon period (June to October). for each grid. In each sub-basin average slope and regional slope distribution arrived statistically. The relatively steep frequencies in the NE and NW part of the study area indicate III. METHODOLOGY fast runoff. Different percentage slope classes and their areal Slope and elevation are the two basic but separate extents were calculated at sub basin level. This type of study concepts in the study of landforms. The slope or will give an idea to understand the behavior of runoff, inclination of the terrain is the resultant of many factors, groundwater occurrence and erosion process in a river basin. such as the relative relief, dissection index, drainage texture, drainage frequency, climate, geology and Key words: Slope, Relief, Surface runoff, Vamsadhara tectonics operating in the area. The slope analysis is River Basin. prevalent since the very beginning of geomorphological studies. But a remarkable attention is given by I. INTRODUCTION Wentworth (1930) by introducing a simplified method. Vamsadhara River Basin is prone to frequent floods Latter the computation of average slopes from the with an aerial extent of 10,601.5 sq.kms. This is an inter- topographic maps having contours were made by Raisz state drainage basin between Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. and Henry (1937), Smith (1938), Calef (1950), Calef and The main Vamsadhara River rises to the southwest of Newcomb (1953), Strahler (1956), Miller and Balagad village in the Pulbhani district of Orissa The Summersoo (1960), Eylas (1965) etc. The technique of River joins the sea at Kalingapatnam after traversing 230 Wentworth has been used by the Indian authors Singh kms. in both the states (Fig.1). Major tributaries (1968), Kharkwal (1971), Singh and Srivastava (1977) Chuvaldhua Nadi, Poladi Nadi, Gangudu River, Sanna and many others. David R. Montgomery (2001) identified Noi, Pedda Gedda and Mahendratanaya join the main such a change from a positive to an inverse relationship Vamsadhara river before enter into the sea at between drainage area and slope based on averaged Kalingapatnam in Srikakulam District. The basin area trends. forms a part of Survey of India topographic sheets Nos. 65M/5-16, 65N/9, 65N/13-15, and 74A/1-8 and B/1-3 and 5. The study area is located between 830 15’ and 840 57’ E longitudes and 180 15’ and 190 57’ N latitudes (Fig. 1). The only irrigation project on the Vamsadhara River is the Gotta Barrage and it is constructed near Hiramandalam providing irrigation facilities for nearly 0.6 lakh hectares with a discharge of 2.90 lakh cusecs of water. II. CLIMATE AND RAINFALL The basin has two types of climate. The area between the coast and the foot hills of the Eastern Ghats enjoys Fig.1. Location map of the Vamsadhara River Basin semi-arid climate and the upper reaches fall under the dry 184 ISSN: 2277-3754 ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 3, Issue 1, July 2013 Variations of slope and relief, drainage networks and 4 195.9 267.4 typical landforms are the glimpses of erosion and also 5 179.1 294.0 result of tectonic activity (Sandipan Ghosh, 2011).On the 6 178.2 663.1 basis of the method of Wentworth the area is divided in 7 1720.9 573.9 various slope categories. Slope map is prepared using 8 95.3 336.8 survey of India topographical maps based on the contour 9 210.0 276.0 information. The Vamsadhar River Basin (VRB) was 10 210.4 661.5 devided into a square grid network and slope values were 11 469.6 443.0 calculated for each grid by the Wentworth’s method (1930). The formula adopted is as follows. 12 1329.2 665.1 Tan ө =N*CI/3361 13 196.4 348.8 Where N-average number of contour crossings per mile 14 326.5 317.8 CI-contour Interval 15 171.8 351.2 3361-constant 16 273.4 371.0 ө - Slope in degrees 17 1202.4 568.5 Grid values have been plotted on the base map and are 18 587.1 81.8 classified into the following categories (Leamy and 19 536.1 167.7 Panton, 1966) shown in Table.1. Table .1: Slope categories Value of slope Slope class V. GEOLOGY 0-20 Level to nearly level The area under study forms a part of the Eastern Ghats 2-60 Gently sloping group of Achaeans, consisting of mainly charnockites, 6-120 Strongly sloping kondalites and granite gneisses. These rocks trend NE- 12-200 Moderately steeply sloping SW to NW-SE. Three sets of joints are well developed as major sets in these rock types (Swain, 1982). The left 20-250 Steeply sloping flank of main river course mainly consists of charnockites and kondalites with intermittent granite gneiss, whereas IV. RELIEF on the right flank of the river course granite gneiss Elevations within the basin, range slightly less than 10 dominates. Majority of the structural trends as delineated mts. above MSL in south (Kalingapatnam) to 1545 mts. from AWiFS are due NE-SW direction following the on the northwest hills (Near Bissam Cuttack). Except in trend of Eastern Ghat tectonic system. Interpretation of the extreme lower reaches of the basin the relief of the AWiFS for delineation of sub-surface structural features land is highly undulating in character. The central portion has revealed a wide spread fracture system in the upper of the basin is characterized by a flat alluvial filled valley half of the basin. The fracture system is complex and interspersed with forest on mountains on the east. The intense. The lineaments trend in near E-W and near N-S lower reaches with an altitude of less than 150 mts. above directions. In the lower reaches majority of lineaments MSL falls within the plain area of the basin. The run parallel to the river course and extend over several altitudinal range of the upper reaches are of the order of kilometers. A major fault lineament could be deciphered 150-1200 mts. except for a few peaks. On an average the in the lower reach running in E-W direction which relief on the upstream of Gotta Barrage varies 300 to 900 resulted in abrupt changes in river course from southeast mts. Downstream of Gudari on either side of the river to south (Mahendratanaya course). The fracture system course, the relief varies from 20 to 150 mts for a few kms discussed above may be one of the contributing factors extent. The VRB is devided into 19 sub-basins (Fig.2) for the observed complex drainage pattern of the basin. R. and average relief calculated for each sub-basin is B. Golekar et al. (2013) noticed that the high values of Rh presented in Table.2. The average elevation ranges from indicate steep slope and high relief. 81.8 mts. (sub-basin 18) to less than 746.8 mts. (sub- Table .3: Average slope in Vamsadhara for different sub- basin 3). basins. Table .2: Area and average relief in Vamsadhara for Category Slope Area (sq. % of the different sub-basins Name Limits km.) Basin area Level or 0-20 704.3 6.64 Sub-basin No. Area of sub- Average nearly level basin Relief(m) Gently 2-60 1297.1 12.24 (Sq.kms) sloping 1 1295.4 629.6 Strongly 6-120 3222.4 30.40 2 830.9 572.3 sloping 0 3 591.9 746.8 Moderately 12-20 5251.4 49.53 steeply sloping Steeply 20-250 126.3 1.19 sloping 185 Total 10601.5 100.00 ISSN: 2277-3754 ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 3, Issue 1, July 2013 0 Table.4: Area-Slope distribution in VRB 10 .
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