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Hydrological Modeling of Vamsadhara River Basin, India Using SWAT

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Hydrological Modeling of Vamsadhara River Basin, India Using SWAT International Conference on Emerging Trends in Computer and Image Processing (ICETCIP'2014) Dec. 15-16, 2014 Pattaya (Thailand) Hydrological Modeling of Vamsadhara River Basin, India using SWAT Manoj. Jain, and Survey Daman. Sharma as the lack of reliable long-term data in developing countries Abstract—The runoff generation and sediment outflow from a makes rigorous and accurate water resources assessments medium sized basin of Vamsadhara river in India is investigated challenging. using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Sensitivity The developments in computing technology and recent analysis is performed on twenty-seven parameters of the SWAT advances in the availability of digital datasets and the use of model which revealed that initial SCS curve number for moisture geographic information systems (GIS) for water resources condition II (CN2) is the most sensitive parameter for both flow and sediment while saturated hydraulic conductivity (SOL_K) and management have revolutionized the study of hydrologic average slope length (SLSUBBSN) are the next most sensitive systems. Numerous hydrologic models ranging from model parameters to flow. Similarly, USLE support practices factor empirical to physically based distributed parameters have (USLE_P), and available water capacity of soil layer (SOL_AWC) been developed to estimate runoff and sediment yield during are the next most sensitive model parameters to sediment. the past three decades. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool Available data on runoff and sediment outflow is split into two (SWAT) developed by the United States Department of groups for calibrations and validation of the model parameters. Calibration and validation results for stream flow are good (R2 = Agriculture - Agricultural Research Services (USDA - ARS) 0.73, NSE = 0.73 for calibration period and R2 = 0.73, NSE = 0.72 [1] is one such model that integrates the spatial analysis for validation period). The calibration and validation results capabilities of GIS with the temporal analysis simulation obtained for sediment yield are also good on daily basis (R2 = 0.56, abilities of hydrologic models. SWAT is a small watershed 2 NSE = 0.55 for calibration period and R = 0.69, NSE = 0.69 for to river basin-scale model to simulate the quality and validation period). However on monthly time scale, the results quantity of surface and ground water and predict the could be categorized under very good category for stream flow (R2 = 0.90, NSE = 0.89 for calibration period and R2 = 0.91, NSE = environmental impact of land use, land management 0.91 for validation period) as well as for sediment (R2 = 0.82, NSE practices, and climate change. SWAT is widely used in = 0.81 for calibration period and R2 = 0.78, NSE = 0.77 for assessing soil erosion prevention and control, non-point validation period). Overall the study revealed that the SWAT source pollution control and regional management in model could be employed for simulation of runoff and sediment watersheds. SWAT uses the basic principles of hydrologic yield behavior of Vamsadhara river basin. cycle for simulating the behavior of a watershed. SWAT divides a basin into sub-basins based on unique Keywords—hydrologic modeling, rainfall, runoff, sediment yield. combinations of topography, soil type and land use which helps in preserving the spatially distributed parameters of the I. INTRODUCTION entire watershed and the homogenous characteristics of the basin. SWAT has been extensively used for a variety of OIL and water are the two major natural resources, S which are responsible for the existence of life on earth purposes and its applications have expanded worldwide in by providing the life supporting system for all living beings. the last decade. About 1600 peer-reviewed journal articles They also significantly influence the hydro-geological and have been published in the SWAT literature database that biological systems of the Earth. Information on natural document various uses of SWAT. SWAT has been widely condition and form of soil and water resources is essential applied to evaluate the hydrologic and water quality impacts for the socio-economic development of any area. This of land management and agricultural practices [2], [3], [4]. information is collected by carrying out water resources The objective of this study is to model the stream flow assessments of the areas of interest. Water resources and sediment yield behavior using SWAT model in a mid- assessment involves developing a comprehensive size basin of India. This include setup, calibration and understanding of water inflows, storage, outflows, sediment validation of SWAT model to simulate stream flow and yield and their inter-relationship over time. Information on sediment yield in Vamsadhara basin, India and to determine water resources assessment could be utilized to estimate the the most sensitive model parameters affecting water and sustainable environmental flows and the measures that can sediment yield by performing sensitivity analysis of be taken to sustain these flows and prevent erosion of soil. parameters. Water resources management is more profound and complex in developing countries as compared to developed countries, II. THE STUDY AREA The Vamsadhara river basin is situated between the Manoj Kumar. Jain is with the Department of Hydrology, Indian Mahanadi and Godavari river basins of south India. The Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. Phone: +91-1332- 285845; fax:+91-1332-285236; e-mail: [email protected]). total catchment area of Vamsadhara river basin, upstream to 2 Survey Daman. Sharma, was with the Department of Hydrology, Indian the point where it joins the Bay of Bengal, is 10,830 km and Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. 82 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Computer and Image Processing (ICETCIP'2014) Dec. 15-16, 2014 Pattaya (Thailand) lies within the geographical co-ordinates of 18015' to 19055' ET viz. Hargreaves, Priestley-Taylor, and Penman-Monteith north latitudes and 83020' to 84020' east longitudes. [2]. The surface runoff hydrologic component uses However, the catchment upstream to the last gauging and Manning's formula to determine the watershed time of discharge measurement station on the river at Kashinagar, concentration and considers both overland and channel flow. comprises of 7,820 km2 is used for model setup. The basin is A full description of SWAT can be found in the SWAT influenced by the south-west monsoon during the months of theoretical documentation [1], which is available online on June to October, and by occasional cyclones due to the SWAT website. formation of depression in the Bay of Bengal. The temperature variation in the plains of the basin is between IV. INPUT DATA 100C to 430C. The mean annual rainfall of the three districts Phulabani, Koraput and Ganjam in which the basin lies is A. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 1280 mm, 1700 mm and 1500 mm respectively. The soil of The DEM is the raster data consisting of sampled array of the area is classified as mixed red, black soils, red sandy pixels containing elevation values representing ground soils, yellow soils, coastal sands and forest soils. Map of the positions at regularly spaced intervals. It is used for study area is shown in Fig.1. watershed and stream network delineation and the computation of several geomorphological parameters of the III. THE SWAT MODEL catchment including slope for HRUs. The Shuttle Radar SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) developed by Topography Mission (SRTM) obtained elevation data on a USDA-ARS is a direct outgrowth of the SWRRB model [5], near-global scale to generate the most complete high- [6], which was designed to simulate management impacts on resolution digital topographic database of Earth. For the water and sediment movement for un-gauged rural basins. present analysis projected DEM to SWAT is a basin scale, continuous time, conceptual and WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_44N coordinate system is used in long term simulation model that operates on daily time step. ArcSWAT Watershed Delineator [11] for watershed SWAT contains several hydrologic components (surface delineation. runoff, ET, recharge, stream flow, snow cover and snow B. Landuse /Land Cover melt, interception storage, infiltration, pond and reservoir The land use / land cover data of the study area is required water balance, and shallow and deep aquifers) that have for HRU definition and subsequently for assigning the Curve been developed and validated at smaller scales within the Numbers (CN) to the land areas for runoff computations and EPIC, GLEAMS and SWRRB models. Characteristics of hydrological analysis. The land use of an area is one of the this flow model include non-empirical recharge estimates, most important factors that affect surface erosion, runoff, accounting of percolation, and applicability to basin-wide and evapotranspiration in a watershed during simulation. management assessments with a multi-component basin Land use/Land cover classified data on a scale of 1:50,000 water budget [12]. published under Bhuvan Thematic Services of National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC), ISRO is used for this study. C. Soil Map The soil map of the study area has been obtained from the National Bureau of Soil Science & Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP). The soil is classified into different categories on the basis of USDA taxonomy viz., Typic Rhodustalfs, Aeric Endoaquepts, Vertic Endoaquepts, Ultic Paleustalfs, Rhodic Paleustalfs, Typic Haplustalfs, Typic Haplustepts,
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