East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin Version 2.0
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Preface Optimal management of water resources is the necessity of time in the wake of development and growing need of population of India. The National Water Policy of India (2002) recognizes that development and management of water resources need to be governed by national perspectives in order to develop and conserve the scarce water resources in an integrated and environmentally sound basis. The policy emphasizes the need for effective management of water resources by intensifying research efforts in use of remote sensing technology and developing an information system. In this reference a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed on December 3, 2008 between the Central Water Commission (CWC) and National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to execute the project “Generation of Database and Implementation of Web enabled Water resources Information System in the Country” short named as India-WRIS WebGIS. India-WRIS WebGIS has been developed and is in public domain since December 2010 (www.india- wris.nrsc.gov.in). It provides a ‘Single Window solution’ for all water resources data and information in a standardized national GIS framework and allow users to search, access, visualize, understand and analyze comprehensive and contextual water resources data and information for planning, development and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Basin is recognized as the ideal and practical unit of water resources management because it allows the holistic understanding of upstream-downstream hydrological interactions and solutions for management for all competing sectors of water demand. The practice of basin planning has developed due to the changing demands on river systems and the changing conditions of rivers by human interventions. The multiple uses of water and varying demands on a river basin require an integrated approach to managing river basin. Basin wise report generation is one the important deliverables of India-WRIS project. Report of East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin describes systematically the present status of water resources: major water resources projects, hydro-meteorological observations, surface and ground water development scenario, topographic characteristics, climatic variability, land use / land cover pattern & allied natural resources along with socio-economic profile of the basin. The report contains valuable latest information of the basin on all aspects of water resources and allied sectors and will be useful as baseline information for the irrigation officials, hydrologists, agriculturalists, conservationists, research organizations and all those involved in the development of East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Acknowledgements The East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin report is an outcome of the project “Generation of Database and Implementation of Web enabled Water resources Information System in the Country” short named as India-WRIS WebGIS jointly executed by the Central Water Commission (CWC) and National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). This comprehensive publication gives the present status of water resources assets, topographic features, climatic variability, land use / land cover pattern & allied natural resources along with socio-economic information of the basin.
We, on behalf of the authors and India-WRIS project team acknowledge; Shri Alok Rawat, Secretary, Ministry of Water Resources; Mrs. Sudha Midha, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Water Resources; Er. A. B. Pandya, Chairman, Central Water Commission; Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, Chairman, Indian Space Research Organization and Secretary, Department of Space; Shri Sudarsanam Srinivasan, Secretary to GOI and Member- Finance, Department of Space; Shri A. Vijay Anand, Additional Secretary, Department of Space; Dr. V. Koteswara Rao, Scientific Secretary, ISRO; Dr. V. Jayaraman, Ex-Director, NRSC for constant encouragement and guidance, technical discussions and for evincing keen interest in India-WRIS project and this report.
Our foremost acknowledgement is towards India-WRIS project team who created and organized large number of data sets and information in GIS format as seamless layers and attribute data for the entire country which served as base for this report. Thanks are also due to all CWC and NRSC / ISRO officials who carried out the quality assurance and shown their enthusiastic involvement. Finally, our sincere thanks are to all divisions and officials of NRSC and CWC for their valuable support during the preparation of this report.
The basin report includes the results generated through interpretation of latest satellite imageries as well as compilation of huge information from voluminous records. This would not have been possible without the countrywide support. We would like to thank all the organizations, institutes and individuals who contributed either directly or indirectly in bringing out this publication.
Dr. J R Sharma Project Director, India-WRIS & Chief General Manager, RCs/ NRSC/ ISRO, New Delhi
Er. Yogesh Paithankar Project In-charge, India-WRIS & Director, CWC, New Delhi
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Executive summary The Water resources in India play a major role in agriculture, hydropower generation, livestock production, forestry, navigation and recreational activities etc. The change in hydrological parameters such as climate, rainfall, evaporation etc. potentially impacts the availability of water resources. For proper management of water resources of country, India has been divided into 20 basins. This report provides valuable information related to the topographic, demographic, climatic, surface and ground water resources, hydro-meteorological and water quality scenario of East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar basin. The basin is comprised of four Sub-basins namely Vamsadhara & other, Nagvati & other, East flowing rivers between Godavari & Krishna, and East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin. The basin extends over the states of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha; reported area is 86,643 Sq. km. The basin comprises of independent rivers draining directly into Bay of Bengal. The major part of basin is covered with agricultural land accounting to 59.85% of the total area and 3.66% of the basin is covered by water bodies. The main soil types in the basin are red sandy soils, mixed red and black soils, deep black soils, coastal alluvium and deltaic alluvium. The basin spreads over 26 parliamentary constituencies (2009) comprising 20 of Andhra Pradesh and 6 of Odisha. Two important projects completed during pre-plan period in the basin are the Vamsadhara Stage-I Major Irrigation Project and Rushikulya System Major Irrigation Project. The total utilizable surface water resource in the basin is 13.10 BCM and Average Water Potential is 22.52 BCM. The important urban centers in the basin are Visakhapatnam, Vijiyanagram, East Godavari, West Godavari, Srikakulam and Kakinada. Kakinada is a port situated in the basin. Visakhapatnam is natural harbour located in the basin. Hydrological observations in the basin are carried out by the CWC, IMD and ISRO (15, 82 and 64 stations, respectively).
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Table of Contents
Preface ------i Acknowledgements ------ii Executive summary ------iii
1. Introduction ------1 1.1 Overview of basin ------1 1.2 Topography ------6 1.3 Climate ------9 1.3.1 Rainfall ------9 1.3.2 Temperature ------11 1.3.3 Trends and variability ------12 1.4 Major rivers ------12 1.5 Land use/ Land cover ------14 1.6 Soils ------16 1.7 Agro-climatic zones ------21 1.8 Agro-ecological zones ------21 1.9 Demography ------24 2. Hydrological units ------26 2.1 Sub-basins ------26 2.2 Watersheds------27 3. Surface water resources ------32 3.1 Surface water bodies ------32 3.2 Water resource projects ------33 3.2.1 Major and medium irrigation projects Lift irrigation and ERM ------33 3.2.2 Dam/Barrges/Weir/Anicut ------34 3.2.3 Command area and canal network ------35 3.2.4 Multipurpose projects ------37 4. Ground water resources ------44 4.1 Ground water observation wells ------44 4.2 Ground water level fluctuation ------46 5. Hydro-met observations ------49 5.1 Hydrological observation sites ------49 5.2 Flood forecasting sites ------50 5.3 Meteorological stations ------52 6. Water quality ------53 6.1 Surface water quality observations ------53 6.2 Ground water quality observations ------53 7. Inter-basin transfer links ------54 8. Inland navigation waterways ------56 9. Water tourism sites ------58 10. Conclusion ------60
Annexure I: State, district and parliamentary constituency in the basin------61 Annexure II: Climate-Rainfall (1971-2004) and Temperature (1969-2004) profile in the basin-----63 Annexure III: Sub-basin-wise population and drinking water facilities------66 Annexure IV: Inventory of surface water resources------68 Annexure V: Salient features of hydro meteorological stations------87 Annexure VI: Inventory of water tourism sites------90
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Acronyms ------93 References------98 Authors and Project Team------99
List of Tables
Table 1. Salient Features of the Basin------5 Table 2. Elevation Zones------7 Table 3. Length of Major Rivers------13 Table 4. Land Use/ Land Cover Statistics (2005-2006)------14 Table 5. Sub-basinwise Watersheds------27 Table 6. Number & Size of Water Bodies------32 Table 7. Number of Water Resources Projects------34 Table 8. Sub-basinwise Number & Type of Water Resources Structures------37 Table 9. Sub-basinwise Number of Ground Water Observation Wells------44 Table 10. Hydrological Observation Sites of CWC------49 Table 11. Types of Flood Forecasting Stations of CWC------50 Table 12. Meteorological Stations------52 Table 13. Water Tourism Sites------58
List of Maps
Map 1. Index Map------2 Map 2a. Satellite Imagery of East Flowing Rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin------3 Map 2b. East Flowing Rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin: Drainages & Sub-basins------4 Map 3. Elevation Zones------8 Map 4. Annual Average Rainfall------10 Map 5. Land Use/ Land Cover (2005-2006)------15 Map 6. Soil Texture------17 Map 7. Soil Erosion------18 Map 8. Soil Slope------19 Map 9. Soil Productivity------20 Map 10. Agro-Climatic Zones------22 Map 11. Agro-Ecological Zones------23 Map 12. Population Density------25 Map 13 a. Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin and Watersheds------28 Map 13 b. Nagvati & other Sub-basin and Watersheds------29 Map 13 c. East Flowing Rivers between Godavari & Krishna Sub-basin and Watersheds------30 Map 13 d. East Flowing Rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin and Watersheds------31 Map 14. Command Area & Canal Network------36 Map 15. Major Water Resources Structures & Projects------38 Map 16 a. Vamsadhara & other Sub-basinwise Water Resources Assets------40 Map 16 b. Nagvati & other Sub-basinwise Water Resources Assets------41 Map 16 c. East Flowing Rivers between Godavari & Krishna Sub-basinwise Water Resources Assets-- 42 Map 16 d. East Flowing Rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basinwise Water Resources Assets----- 43 Map 17. Location of Ground Water Observation Wells------45 Map 18. Ground Water Level Fluctuation (Recharge)------47 Map 19. Ground Water Level Fluctuation (Draft)------48
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Map 20. Hydro-Observation & Flood Forecasting Stations------51 Map 21. Inter-basin Transfer links------55 Map 22. Inland Navigation Waterways------57 Map 23. Water Tourism Sites------59
List of Figures
Figure 1. State-wise Basin Area------6 Figure 2. Monthly Average Temperature (1969-2004)------11 Figure 3. Trend of Monthly Average Rainfall (1971-2004)------13 Figure 4. Sub-basins & per cent Drainage Area------26 Figure 5. Type & Number of Water Bodies------32 Figure 6. Dam Classification based on Storage------39 Figure 7. Dam Classification based on Purpose------39
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
1. Introduction 1.1 Overview of basin The basin spreads over states of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha having an area of 86,643 Sq. km and stretches between 78° 40’ to 85° 1’ east longitudes and 14° 34’ to 20° 22’ north latitudes. It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north and west, by Nallamala Range and Andra plains on the south and by the Bay of Bengal on the east. This composite basin comprises of three river systems. The river systems between Mahanadi and Godavari covers an area of 49,685 Sq. km and the river systems between Krishna and Pennar extends over an area of 24,669 Sq. km. In addition, there is also a small area between Godavari and Krishna drained mainly by the small stream of Palleru. This minor portion of the basin has an area of about 12,289 Sq. km. The independent rivers (directly draining into Bay of Bengal) in the basin from north to south are the Rushikulya, Bahuda, Vamsadhara, Nagavati, Sarada, Varaha, Tandava, Eluru, Gundlakamma, Tammileru, Musi, Paleru and Manneru etc. The major part of basin is covered with agricultural land accounting to 59.85% of the total area and 3.66% of the basin is covered by water bodies. The basin spreads over 19 districts (2011) comprising 11 of Andhra Pradesh and 8 of Odisha state. List of districts along with total area, area falling within the basin is given in Annexure-I: A. The basin spreads over 26 parliamentary constituencies (2009) comprising 20 of Andhra Pradesh and 6 of Odisha state. List of parliamentary constituencies along with total area, area falling within the basin is given in Annexure-I: B. 71.98% of total area of the Basin fall in Andhra Pradesh, 28.02% of the basin area belongs to Odisha. The index map of East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar basin is shown in Map 1. Satellite imagery of the Basin is shown in Map 2a. Drainage and Sub-basin along with major cities, rivers, major water resources assets, Hydro-meteorological stations of the basin is shown in Map 2b. Salient features of the basin are given in Table 1. Percentage area of the state is shown in Figure 1.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 1. Index map East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 2a. Satellite Imagery of East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 2b. East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin - Drainage & Sub-basin East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Table 1. Salient features of the basin
Sl. No. Salient Features of the Basin Description
1 Basin Extent 78° 40' to 85° 1' E 14° 34' to 20° 22’ N
2 Area (Sq. km) CWC Reported Area: 86643 GIS based calculated Area: 79942.27 3 States in the basin Andhra Pradesh (71.98%), Odisha (28.02%) 4 Districts (Census 2011) 19 5 Parliamentary Constituencies (2009) 26 6 Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) 1043.747 7 Mean Maximum Temperature (o C) 38.22 8 Mean Minimum Temperature (o C) 16.95 9 Total Population 21310083 10 Number of villages 15592 11 Highest Elevation (m) 1613 12 Utilizable Surface Water (BCM) 13.10 13 Number of Sub-basins 4 14 Number of Watersheds 132 15 Number of water resources structures Dams-64 Barrages-5 Weirs-12 Anicuts-12 16 Highest Dam 49 m (Harabhangi Dam) 17 Longest Dam 8450 m (Kumili Dam) 18 Highest Barrage 9.4 m (Rallapadu Barrage) 19 Longest Barrage 2950 m (Rallapadu Barrage) 20 Number of Irrigation projects Major-12 Medium-46 ERM-10 21 Number of HE projects 0 22 Number of Ground water observation wells 528 23 Number of Hydro-Observation Sites 15 24 Number of Flood Forecasting Sites 4 25 Water tourism sites 25
* As per Data availability in India-WRIS
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Figure 1. State-wise basin area
1.2 Topography There are two major topographical divisions in the basin, namely (i) the hill ranges of Eastern Ghats and (ii) the coastal plains. The hill ranges are well forested. The plains extending from the eastern slopes of the Ghats slope gently towards the Bay of Bengal. Physiographically also the basin is divided into hilly and coastal plain. The elevation variation of the basin is depicted in Table 2. Maximum area of the basin is falling under the 100-200 m, 10-50 m and 50-100 m elevation zone, respectively. Around 56.87% of the area is having 10-200 m elevation. Only 0.004% area of the basin is under 1500-2000 elevation zone comprising of the peaks of hills. Eastern Ghats in comparison to the western ghats being relatively more subdued and broken. For a distance of about 150 km between the Godavari and Krishna rivers the belt is completely breached except being traced in the form of scattered rounded hillocks. To the south of Krishna River, the ghats appear with full swing as elevation varying from 300 m to about 1350 m, they are highly dissected and intervened by number of longitudinal valleys. (Source: India a Regional Geography) Coastal plains have a remarkably straight shoreline and well defined beaches of sand and shingles. Along the strand, the plane of marine and aeolian deposits found up to 10 km inland is zone of sand dunes. The coast forms a monotonous plain rising gently westwards to the foot of the Eastern Ghats with wide variations in width. The plains are marked by the deltas and lower courses of independent rivers forming broad shallow valleys. The monotony of the topography is broken by the presence of the numerous hills. Coastal plains predominantly consist of recent and tertiary alluvium. Patches of Archaean gneisses and sandstones etc. are also found along the coast. In the Odisha plains, Pleistocene alluvium occurs at several places along coastal tracts. In Ganjam district narrow strips of coastal alluvium of recent era are found. In Andhra Pradesh Tertiary formations are found in East and West Godavari districts.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Table 2. Elevation zones
Sl. No Elevation (m) Area (Sq. km) % of Total Area 1 < 5 3646.39 4.21 2 5-10 5496.43 6.34 3 10-50 16138.96 18.63 4 50-100 15573.72 17.97 5 100-200 17566.27 20.27 6 200-300 7396.99 8.54 7 300-400 4934.39 5.70 8 400-500 3666.17 4.23 9 500-750 7481.63 8.64 10 750-1000 3701.27 4.27 11 1000-1500 1037.42 1.20 12 1500-2000 3.38 0.004 (Note: based on SRTM DEM)
Elevation zone map of the Basin is shown in Map-3
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 3. Elevation Zone East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
1.3 Climate The East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar basin experiences three distinct seasons. They are (i) cool weather, (ii) hot weather and (iii) rainy season. The cool weather extends from about the middle of October to the middle of February. On the eastern slopes of the Eastern Ghats, some showers occur up to the end of November. Usually there is very little rainfall in the month of December, January and February. In the hot weather extending from the middle of February to the middle of June, the entire basin is hot and practically dry. The south-west monsoon season, which follows the hot weather, extends from June to the end of October. Following are the extreme recorded temperature/ 24 hrs rainfall in the basin, Maximum Temperature (one day) ever recorded in the Basin-48.90o C, Date: 26 May 1962, Location: Nidadavolu IMD Station. Minimum Temperature (one day) ever recorded in the Basin-9.60o C, Date: 30 November 1970, Location: Gopalpur IMD Station. Maximum Rainfall (24 hrs) ever recorded in the Basin-510 mm, Date: 24 October 1954, Location: Gopalpur IMD Station.
1.3.1 Rainfall Spatial distribution of average annual rainfall from 1971 to 2004 is displayed in Map 4. The spatial variation in rainfall is moderate in the basin. Average annual rainfall study of the basin indicates that Ganjam, Gajapati, Rayagada, upper part of East Godavari, upper part of Visakhapatnam and coastal part of Guntur, Prakasm and Nellore districts falling in the basin having average annual rainfall between 1200-1400 mm. 51.97% of the basin area receives rainfall from 1000-1200 mm. More than 90% of the total annual rainfall occurs during monsoon season spread over from June to October. Lower area of the Basin which includes Prakasam and Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh is also having rainfall because of North-West monsoon ranging from October to December (Source-NIC Nellore). The rainfall in other part of the basin is not continuous but occurs in spells of varying durations and intensities. Moderate Rainfall reliability is found in the basin is due to the fact that rainfall is associated with depressions from the Bay of Bengal which themselves are erratic. Moderately low reliability lies in the coastal plains of Ganjam district. However, around 42 blocks of 5 districts (2-Odisha & 3-Andhra Pradesh) falling in the basin is drought prone (Source: Drought Prone Areas Program, DPAP, MoRD, 2002). Sub-basin-wise annual rainfall is given in annexure-II: A.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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1.3.2 Temperature The Basin is subject to a tropical climate. In the hilly western part of the basin, the variation of temperature during the year is less marked than in the plains. December and January is the coldest month in the basin. April, May and June are the hottest month in the basin. Annual maximum temperature in the basin is 33.28o C and Annual minimum temperature over the basin is 23.33o C. Figure 3 shows trend of monthly average temperature in the basin during a period of 1969-2004. Maximum temperature trend indicates that during a year maximum temperature ranges from 28o C to 38o C, whereas minimum temperature ranges from 16o C to 27o C.
Figure 2. Monthly average temperature (1969-2004)
Temperature profile of the basin is given in Annexure-II: B.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
1.3.3 Trends and variability East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar basin shows a variable rainfall across the basin. Looking at the histogram shown in Figure 2 for monthly average rainfall data for over past 34 years, the line shows trend towards an increase of about 100 mm of rainfall since 1971. Year 1990 shows highest average annual rainfall of approximately 1550 mm of precipitation in the basin whereas 1984 and 2002 year’s data shows least rainfall (around 800 mm) in past 34 years.
Figure 3. Trend of monthly average rainfall (1971-2004)
1.4 Major rivers The major rivers in this basin are independent rivers Rushikulya River, Bahuda, Vamsadhara, Nagavati, Sarada, Varaha, Tanadava, Eluru, Gundalkamma, Musi, Paleru, Manneru and Vogarivagu they are directly draining into Bay of Bengal. Several small tributaries of these rivers are also draining in the basin. The main rivers in the Basin are described below: The Rushikulya River is the medium sized east flowing rivers in peninsular India. It is an important river of Orissa state and covers entire catchment area in the districts of Phulbani and Ganjam. The river flows through Purushottampur, Pratappur and joins with the Bay of Bengal at Ganjam district. The river Rushikulya originates at an elevation of about 1000 m near Matabarhi village in Phulbani in
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Kandhmal district and lies within the geographical co-ordinates of 190 07' to 200 19' north latitude and 840 01' to 850 06' east longitude. The total catchment area is 7700 Sq. km. The Barhandi, Ghodapada, baghua and Pathama are the main principal tributaries (Source: Integrated Hydrological Data Book 2012). The Vamsadhara River is an important east flowing river between Mahanadi and Godavari. The river originates near Lanjigarh village in Kalahanadi district in Orissa and traverses a total distance of about 254 km before it joins the Bay of Bengal at Kalingapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. It has five principal tributaries viz. Chauldua, Phalphalia, Ganguda (Harbhangi), Sanna Nadhi and Mathendrathanaya; all are on the left side of the river. Most of its catchment area falls on the left. The Vamsadhara River basin is narrow and full of undulations. It is situated within the geographical co-ordinates of 180 15' to 190 55' north latitudes and 830 20 to 840 20' east longitudes. The total catchment area of this basin works out to 10830 Sq. km. (Source: Integrated Hydrological Data Book 2012). The Sarada River, an east flowing medium sized river, lies in the district of Visakhapatnam of Andhra Pradesh. The geographical co-ordinates of the river are north latitude 170 25' to 180 17' and east longitude 820 32' to 830 06'. Its basin is surrounded by Nagavali in the north, Gostari, Gambi Ramgedda, Megadnigedda in the east, Bay of Bengal in the South and Machhkund Sub-basin of the Godavari in the west. The catchment area of the basin is 2665 Sq. km. It rises at an elevation of 1000 m and traverses a distance of 122 km before joining the sea. (Source: Integrated Hydrological Data Book 2012). The Nagavali River is a medium sized east flowing river in peninsular India and lies within the geographical co-ordinates of north latitude 180 10' to 190 44' and east longitudes of 820 53' and 840 05'. It is surrounded by Vamsadhara in the north, Champavathi and Peddagedda in the south, Godavari in the west and the Bay of Bengal in the east. It drains parts of the districts of Kalahandi, Rayagada, Koraput of Orissa and Srikakulam, Vijayanagaram and Visakhapatnam of Andhra Pradesh state. The total catchment area is 9510 Sq. km. (Source: Integrated Hydrological Data Book 2012). The Gundalakamma River rises near Iskagundam village in Kurnool District at an elevation of 600 m. from the eastern slopes of the Nallamala Hills at northern latitude 150 38' and east longitude 780 47' and flows in a north-east, east and southern direction for a total distance of 220 km. to join the Bay of Bengal. The total area drained by this river is 8494 (Sq. km). The Kandleru is its important left bank distributary. Length of major rivers of the basin is given in Table 3.
Table 3. Length of major rivers
S.no. River/ Tributary Total flowing length (km) 1. Rushikulya 146
2. Vamsadhara 221 3. Sarada 104
4. Nagavali 217 5. Gundalakamma 220 6. Vogarivagu 102 7. Manneru 122 8. Paleru 104
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
1.5 Land use/ Land cover Land use is a description of how people utilize the land and socio-economic activity-urban and agricultural land uses are the most commonly known land use classes. At any one point or place, there may be multiple and alternate land uses, the specification of which may have a political dimension. Land cover is the physical material at the surface of the earth. Land covers include grass, asphalt, trees, bare ground, water, etc. This basin holds a variety of land cover and land use classes. The Land use/ Land cover details of this basin indicate that more than half area of the basin is used for the purpose of agriculture. 59.85% of total area of basin is Agriculture land. Forest is covering 25.93% of the total area. 3.66% of the total basin area is covered by water bodies. Other prominent class in the basin are Built-up Land, Grassland, Wasteland, Water body, Deciduous Forest, Scrub Forest, Scrub Land, Fallow, Plantation, Urban, Rural and Gullied/ Ravenous Land. Forested area in the basin is mostly Eastern Ghats. Table 4 is showing Land use/ Land cover statistics (2005-2006) of the basin. Area of Ganjam, Guntur, West Godavari, Krishna, Srikakulam, Vijiyanagram and prakasam district falling in the basin is having Agriculture as the most prominent class among the three. Area of Gajapati district falling in the basin is having two prominent classes namely Deciduous Forest and Scrub Land. Agriculture class is less in the district. Area of Rayagada district falling in the basin is having two prominent classes namely Deciduous Forest and Agriculture with Deciduous Forest as the most prominent class. Area of Koraput, Kalahandi, Kandhamal, Nayagarh and Khorda district are mostly forested area. Eastern Ghats coming under Visakhapatnam and West Godavari are forested area and land from the foot of Eastern Ghats up to Coastal areas is mostly Agriculture land. Area of Gunture district falling within the basin is mostly agriculture land (almost 90%). Area of Nellore district falling within the basin is having four prominent classes Agriculture, Forest, Fallow Land and Scrub Land.
Table 4. Land use/ Land cover statistics (2005-2006)
S. No. Category Area (Sq. km) % of Total Area
1 Built-up Land 2254.66 2.60 2 Agricultural 51853.01 59.85 3 Forest 22470.25 25.93
4 Grassland 18.42 0.02 5 Wasteland 6879.16 7.94 6 Water bodies 3167.50 3.66
The Land use/ Land cover map of the basin is shown in Map 5.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 5. Land use/ Land cover (2005-2006) East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
1.6 Soils Soil is composed of minerals, mixed with some organic matter, which differ from its parent materials in terms of its texture, structure, consistency, color, chemical, biological and other characteristics. Information on the soil profile is also required for simulating the hydrological character of the basin. The available information on soil survey conducted in the basin indicates that mainly red sandy soils, mixed red and black soils, deep black soils, coastal alluvium and deltaic alluvium occur in the basin. Laterite soils are also found to a smaller extent. Soil Texture study of the basin indicates that mainly the soil texture is Fine and Medium. Coarse texture also occurs in the basin. Slope study of the basin indicates that slope is mainly nearly level and gently sloping along with moderately sloping and steeply sloped. Erosion study of the basin indicates that mainly moderate and slight erosion occurs in the basin. Erosion severity classes shows 55.13% of the soil erosion occurs in the slight erosion, 30.32% is moderate erosion, 12.51% is severe and 2.03% is very severe. Productivity study of the basin indicates that maximum area of the basin is highly productive and moderate productive. Coastal areas shorelines, fallow land, scrub forest and forested areas in the basin are the areas where soil productivity is low. The map for soil texture, soil erosion, soil slope and soil productivity in the basin are shown in Map 6, Map 7, Map 8 and Map 9, respectively.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 6. Soil texture East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 7. Soil erosion East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 8. Soil slope East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 9. Soil productivity East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
1.7 Agro-climatic zones The Planning Commission after examining the earlier studies at the regionalization of the agricultural economy has recommended that agricultural planning be done on the basis of agro- climatic regions. For resources development, the country has been broadly divided into fifteen agricultural regions based on agro-climatic features, particularly soil type, climate including temperature and rainfall and its variation and water resources availability. Out of these fifteen agricultural regions, this basin is divided into two Agro-climatic zones namely East coast plains and Hills Region, Eastern Plateau and Hills Region. Main crops of East coast plains and Hills Regions are rice, jute, tobacco, sugarcane, maize, millets, groundnut and oilseeds. Eastern Plateau and Hills region is deficient in water resources due to plateau structure and non-perennial streams. Main crop of Eastern Plateau and Hills Region are rice, millets, maize, oilseeds, ragi, gram and potato. Major crop of both the two regions is rice. Most part of the basin comes under East coast plains and Hills Region, whereas upper part of Vamsadhara & other basin and Nagvati & other basin comes under Eastern Plateau and Hills Region. East flowing rivers between Godavari & Krishna Sub- basin and East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin comes under East coast plains and Hills Region. Agro-climatic zone map of this basin is shown in Map 10. 1.8 Agro-ecological zones This basin is divided into three Agro-ecological zones namely Hot sub-humid eco-region with red and lateritic soils, Hot sub-humid to semi-arid eco-region with coastal alluvium-derived soils, Hot semi-arid eco-region with red and black soils. Length of growing period in Hot sub-humid eco- region with red and lateritic soils zone is 150-180 days and major crop of the zone is rice, pulses and millets. Length of growing period in Hot sub-humid to semi-arid eco-region with coastal alluvium-derived soils is 90-210 days and major crops is Rice, coconut, black gram, lentil, sunflower, groundnut. Length of growing period in Hot semi-arid eco-region with red and black soils is 90-150 days and major crop is Millets, oilseeds, rice, cotton & sugarcane. Lower part of Vamsadhara & other basin, Nagvati & other basin, east flowing river between Godavari and Krishna Sub-basin, East flowing river between Krishna and Pennar Sub-basin comes under Hot sub-humid to semi-arid eco-region with coastal alluvium-derived soils zone. Upper part of Vamsadhara & other basin, Nagvati & other basin comes under Hot sub-humid eco-region with red and lateritic soils zone. Upper part of East flowing river between Godavari and Krishna Sub-basin and East flowing river between Krishna and Pennar sub-basin comes under Hot semi-arid eco-region with red and black soils zone. Agro-ecological zone Map of this basin is shown in Map 11.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 10. Agro-climatic zones East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 11. Agro-ecological zones East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
1.9 Demography Demographics are the quantifiable statistics of a given population. Demographics are also used to identify the study of quantifiable subsets within a given population which characterize that population at a specific point in time. Demographic data is used widely in public opinion polling and marketing. Commonly examined demographics include gender, age, ethnicity, knowledge of languages, disabilities, mobility, home ownership, employment status, and even location. The total number of villages falling in the basin is 15592 with 4953304 no. of households residing in 19 districts (2011). Total population is 21310083 out of which 10690979 are male and 10619104 are female. Source of Drinking water in the basin includes a total of 19765 wells, 1917 tube-wells and 25125 numbers of hand-pumps. Population density study of this basin indicates that West Godavari and Krishna is most densely populated area. Visakhapatnam, Vijiyanagram, East Godavari, Srikakulam and Ganjam are medium dense area in terms of population. Other district falling in this basin has low population density area as these districts have mostly forested area. Population Density Map (2001) of the basin is shown in Map 12. Demographic Details of the basin is given in Annexure-III
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 12. Population density East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
2. Hydrological units 2.1 Sub-basins Semi-automated approach for delineation of hydrological units (Basin, Sub-basin and Watershed) is used. This approach uses SRTM DEM, topo maps on 1:50,000 scale, IRS P6 LISS IV & CARTOSAT merged data, drainage network, surface water bodies, rail/ road network and other ancillary data. Drainage divides from contour/ ridge lines are used to demarcate the boundary of hydrological units. The divide has been marked where flow is in opposite directions and Hydrological boundary has been validated with reference to contours and drainage network. This approach is potentially more objective, repeatable, cost-effective, and consistent than previously adopted manual delineation methods. The East Flowing River between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin constitute of four major Sub-basins namely Vamsadhara & other, Nagvati & other, East Flowing River between Godavari and Krishna, East flowing River between Krishna and Pennar. The independent rivers (directly draining into Bay of Bengal) in the four Sub-basin from north to south are the Rushikulya, Bahuda, Vamsadhara, Nagavali, Sarada, Vartha, Tandava, Eluru, Gundlakamma, Tammileru, Musi, Paleru and Manneru etc. Vamsadhara, Rushikulya, Bahuda and Madala etc. rivers are the major rivers of the Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin. Nagvali, Suvarnmukhi, Champavati, Vartha and Thandava nadi etc. are the major rivers of Nagvati & other Sub-basin. Tammileru, Ramileru vagu and Budameru etc. are the major rivers of East flowing rivers between Godavari & Krishna Sub-basin. Gundalkamma, Manneru, Musi and Vogaruvagu etc. are the major rivers of the East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub- basin. Percentage area of four Sub-basins of East Flowing River between Mahanadi and Pennar basin is given in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Sub-basins and percent drainage area
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
2.2 Watersheds Hydrological unit-wise assessment of water resources is a prerequisite for its proper management. Sub-basins have been sub divided into smaller hydrological units namely, watershed for water resources management at larger scale (micro level). Watershed is a natural hydrological entity that covers a specific areal expanse of land surface from which rainfall flows to a defined drain, channel, stream or river at any particular point. Watershed should be delineated purely on the basis of hydrologic principles. Size of the watershed is governed by the size of stream and its boundaries. Four Sub-basins have been further clustered into 132 Watersheds each of which represents a different tributary system for size ranging from 393 Sq. km to 1405 Sq. km with maximum number of watersheds falling in Nagvati & other Sub-basin and East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin. Number of watersheds and the range of size for the Sub-basins are given in Table 5.
Table 5. Sub-basin-wise watersheds
Sl. Area (Sq. Size Range of No. of Name of Sub-basin No. km) Watershed (Sq. km) Watersheds 1 Vamsadhara & other 21870.63 392.23-930.46 34 2 Nagvati & other 24372.24 357.79-928.45 41 East flowing rivers between 3 10342.29 472.32-902.04 16 Godavari & Krishna East flowing rivers between 4 23334.63 204.66-1404.19 41 Krishna & Pennar
Sub-basin-wise Watershed map of Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin, Nagvati & other Sub-basin, East flowing rivers between Godavari & Krishna Sub-basin and East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin are shown in Map 13a, Map 13b, Map13c and Map13d respectively.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 13a. Vamasadhara and other Sub-basin and watersheds East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 13b. Nagvati & other Sub-basin and watersheds East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 13c. East flowing rivers between Godavari & Krishna Sub-basin and watersheds East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 13d. East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin and watersheds East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
3. Surface water resources 3.1 Surface water bodies Surface water bodies have traditionally played an important role in the lives of common people in India by way of irrigation, drinking water supply, ecology, tourism and domestic uses. East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar basin as on today possesses some major water tanks and reservoirs. Out of total surface water bodies present in the basin, 88.08% of water bodies are the tanks. There are reportedly 4 major reservoirs in the basin which includes Gundalkamma, Gandipalem, Mopadu and Yerrakalva. Reported Average Annual Runoff of East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar basin is 22.52 BCM. Number of water bodies according to their Size Range is given in Table 6. According to the assessment, the total utilizable surface water resource in the basin is 13.10 BCM and Average Annual Water Potential is 22.52 BCM. Number of water bodies covering an area up to 25 ha are about 28639 whereas 8 big water bodies are there covering an area of more than 2500 ha.
Table 6. Number and size of water bodies
Sl. No. Size Range (ha) No. of Water bodies 1 0-25 28639 2 25-50 464 3 50-100 238 4 100-250 125 5 250-500 24 6 500-1000 26 7 1000-2500 13 8 More than 2500 8
Type and number of water bodies in the basin is shown in Figure 5. Statistics from the figure indicates that mostly water bodies in the basin are Tanks (25953), 2525 are the numbers of Lakes/ Pond. There are 52 reservoirs in the basin.
Figure 5. Type and number of water bodies
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
3.2. Water resource projects Water resources projects are broadly categorized into irrigation projects and hydroelectric projects. There are as on today total 67 Water resources projects in the basin. Veligonda (Polsubbarai) Major Irrigation Project, Vamsadhara Stage-I Major Irrigation Project, Rushikulya System Major Irrigation Project etc. is some of the Irrigation Projects in the basin. Live storage capacity of the completed projects in the basin is 1601.44 MCM, live storage capacity of projects under construction is 1424.97 MCM and total live storage capacity of the Basin is 3026.41 MCM. Details of Water Resources Projects of the basin are given in Annexure-IV: C & D. 3.2.1 Major and medium irrigation projects There are 58 Major/ Medium irrigation projects in the basin. Out of which 12 are Major and 46 Medium irrigation projects. Nagarjun Sagar, Krishna Delta and Godavari Delta and Indira sagar are major commands in the basin. Upper reaches of the basin are mainly fed by two major commands namely Thottapalli barrages and Vamsadhara project. Rest of the basin is covered under various medium commands. Seven projects of the Basin is coming under AIBP namely Vamsadhara Stage - II Phase - I Major Irrigation Project, Thotapalli Barrage Major Irrigation Project, Gundalakamma Major Irrigation Project, Chheligada Medium Irrigation Project, Tarakarama Thirtha Sagaram Medium Irrigation Project, Swarnamukhi Barrage Medium Irrigation Project, Madduvalasa Medium Irrigation Project. Details of some of the important Irrigation Projects in the basin are given below: Veligonda (Polsubbarai) Major Irrigation Project: This is an major on-going project located on the Inter-Basin. The associated structure in the project is Veligonda Dam. The Culturable command area and the ultimate irrigation potential of the project are 177.26 (Th. ha) and 181.1 (Th. ha), respectively. The estimated cost of the project is Rs. 2100 crores. Rushikulya System Major Irrigation Project: This is a completed major project located on the main river Rushikulya. The associated structure in the project is Soroda Dam. The Culturable command area and ultimate irrigation potential of the project is 59.06 (Th. ha) and 60.30 (Th. ha), respectively. Daha Irrigation Project: This is a completed medium project located on the river Daha. The associated structure in the project is Daha Dam. The Culturable command area and ultimate irrigation potential of the project is 4.76 (Th. ha) and 7.05 (Th. ha), respectively. Ghodahada Irrigation Project: This is a completed medium project located on the river Ghodahada. The associated structure in the project is Ghodahada Dam. The Culturable command area and ultimate irrigation potential of the project is 8.99 (Th. ha) and 8.20 (Th. ha), respectively. Vamsadhara Stage-I Irrigation Project: This is a completed major project located on the river Vamsadhara. The associated structure in the project is Gotta Barrage. The Culturable command area and ultimate irrigation potential of the project is 60.00 (Th. ha) and 59.99 (Th. ha), respectively. Vamsadhara Stage-II Ph-I Irrigation Project: This is a completed major project located on the river Vamsadhara. The associated structure in the project is Gotta Barrage. The Culturable command area and ultimate irrigation potential of the project is 33.29 (Th. ha) and 25.203 (Th. ha), respectively. Vamsadhara Stage-II Ph-II Irrigation Project: This is an ongoing major project located on the river Vamsadhara. The associated structure in the project is Neradi Barrage. The Culturable command area and ultimate irrigation potential of the project is 18.21 (Th. ha) and 18.21 (Th. ha), respectively.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Thotapally Barrage Irrigation Project including stabalization of Nagavali Head Regulator Project: This is a completed major project located on the river Nagavali. The associated structure in the project is Thotapally Barrage. The Culturable command area and ultimate irrigation potential of the project is (25.90(old) + 48.56) (Th. ha) and (16.48(old) + 74.46) (Th. ha), respectively. Thandava Irrigation Project: This is a completed medium project located on the river Tandava. The associated structure in the project is Tandava Dam. The Culturable command area and ultimate irrigation potential of the project is 19.42 (Th. ha) and 19.75 (Th. ha), respectively. Yeleru Project: This is a completed major project located on the river Pedda Eru. The associated structure in the project is Yeleru Dam. The ultimate irrigation potential of the project is 85.63 (Th. Ha). Yerakal Irrigation Project: This is an ongoing medium project located on the river Erra Kalava. The associated structure in the project is Yerakal Dam. The Culturable command area and ultimate irrigation potential of the project is 13.90 (Th. ha) and 13.90 (Th. ha), respectively. There are 10 Extension, Renovation and Modernization Projects in the Basin. Dhanei Extn., and Hiradharbati Extn., is two major ERM project in the Basin. Table 7 lists number of projects in the Basin.
Table 7. Number of water resources projects
Sl. No. Type of Projects Number of Projects 1 Major Irrigation Projects 12 2 Medium Irrigation Projects 46 3 ERM Projects 10 4 Hydro-Electric Projects 0
3.2.2 Dams, Barrages/ Weirs/ Anicuts Water resources structures are manmade structures to store the water for hydropower, irrigation, drinking water supply etc. Sixty four Dams are situated in the East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar basin among which twenty one are a part of Nagvati & other Sub-basin, twenty seven falls in the Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin, three falls in East flowing rivers between Godavari & Krishna Sub-basin and thirteen falls in East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin. Five Barrages are situated in the basin among them two are a part of Nagvati & other Sub-basin, two in Vamsadhara & other Sub- basin and one in East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin. Twelve Weirs are situated in Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin and Twelve Anicuts are situated in the basin among them six are a part of Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin, three each are part of Nagvati & other Sub-basin and East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin. Around 94.74% dams are used for the purpose of irrigation. Majority of dams (42.37%) have a storage capacity of 0-25 MCM and 20.34% have a storage capacity of 50-100 MCM. Number of Water Resource Assets in the basin is given in Table 8. Details of Dam and Barrages/ Weirs/ Anicuts of the basin are given in Annexure-IV: A & B.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
3.2.3 Command area and canal network Canals are man-made channels for conveyance of water. When the water is to be transported across landscape to deliver the water to the respective command areas by canal network, construction of various irrigation structures are necessary to negotiate terrain including drains, road, rail lines. Important Irrigation structures are Regulators, Bridge, Aqueduct/ Syphon Aqueduct, Super passage/ Syphon, Level crossing/ Inlets and Outlets, and Other Cross drainage Structures. Distributary head regulator controls the supply to an off taking channel from the parent channel. The Prakasam and Guntur district are mainly fed by canal network of Nagarjuna Sagar dam project and Prakasm Barrage Project. Prakasm Barrage also irrigates lower part of Krishna and West Godavari district of the basin. Ganjam is the most northern district of the basin and has canal spread of Harbhangi Weir Project. Thotapalli and Godavari Barrage irrigate Vijiyanagram and Srikakulam and East Godavari Districts of the Basin. Rayagada and Gajapati have comparatively less dense network of Canals. Canals network and command area of the Basin is shown in Map 14. A study was carried out jointly by CWC & ISRO to assess the waterlogging and salt affected area of the irrigation commands. IRS P4 LISS III data of two different seasons namely, pre-monsoon (2005) and post-monsoon (2004) were used for delineation of waterlogged and salt affected areas of major and medium irrigation commands of East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar basin. Total waterlogged area within these occupies 11,365.92 ha whereas salt affected area has been extended to 4,461.46 ha.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 14. Command area and canal network East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
3.2.4 Multipurpose projects Srisailam Multi-Purpose Project is the only multipurpose Project of the Basin. Veligonda (Polsubbarai) Major Irrigation Project of the Basin is a part of Srisailam Multi-Purpose Project.
Table 8. Sub-basin-wise number and type of water resources structures
Sl. Sub-basin Dams Barrages Weirs Anicuts Lifts Power No. House 1 Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin 27 2 12 6 0 0
2 Nagvati & other Sub-basin 21 2 0 3 0 0
3 East flowing rivers between 3 0 0 0 0 0 Godavari & Krishna Sub-basin 4 East flowing rivers between 13 1 0 3 0 0 Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin
Dam classification based upon storage is shown in Figure 6. Three dams in the basin are having Gross storage more than 500 MCM and 25 dams are having gross storage up to 25 MCM. Dam classification based upon purpose is shown in Figure 7. Fifty four dams in the basin are having purpose of irrigation and only one dam is having both the purpose irrigation as well as hydroelectric. Major water resources structures and projects of the basin are shown in Map 15. The map is showing Dam and Barrages along with Gross Storage Capacity (GSC) and Live Storage Capacity (LSC) as annotation.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 15. Major water resources structures and projects East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Figure 6. Dam classification based on storage
Figure 7. Dam classification based on purpose
Water resources assets map of Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin, Nagvati & other Sub-basin, East flowing rivers between Godavari & Krishna-Basin and East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin are shown in Map 16a, Map16b, Map 16c and Map16d respectively.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 16a. Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin-wise water resources assets East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 16b. Nagvati & other Sub-basin-wise water resources assets East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 16c. East flowing rivers between Godavari & Krishna Sub-basin-wise water resources assets East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 16d. East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin-wise water resources assets East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
4. Ground water resources 4.1 Ground water observation wells Monitoring of ground water regime is an effort to obtain information on ground water levels and chemical quality through representative sampling. The important attributes of ground water regime monitoring are ground water level, ground water quality and temperature. The primary objective of establishing the ground water monitoring network stations is to record the response of ground regime to the natural and anthropogenic stresses of recharge and discharge parameters with reference to geology, climate, physiography, land use pattern and hydrologic characteristics. The natural conditions affecting the regime involve climatic parameters like rainfall, evapotranspiration etc., whereas anthropogenic influences include pumpage from the aquifer, recharge due to irrigation systems and other practices like waste disposal etc. Ground water levels are being measured four times a year during January, April/ May, August and November. In East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar basin, there are five hundred and twenty eight observation wells which fall in Nagvati & other Sub-basin, Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin, East flowing rivers between Godavari & Krishna and East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar with Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin having the highest number of wells. These wells show four seasonal water level data viz., pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon and post-monsoon (rabi). The density of Observation wells is more in the districts of Krishna and West Godavari. The number of observation wells in four basins is given in Table 9.
Table 9. Sub-basin-wise number of ground water observation wells Sl. Sub-basin No. of Observation No. Wells 1 Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin 178 2 Nagvati & other Sub-basin 135 3 East flowing rivers between Godavari & Krishna Sub-basin 108 4 East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin 107
Ground water observation wells falling in the basin are shown in Map 17.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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4.2 Ground water level fluctuation The occurrence of ground water generally depends upon the rainfall, drainage, topography and the geological conditions of the area. Ground water fluctuation in the East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar basin is assessed for recharge and draft conditions based on the available ground water level in four different seasons. Ground water recharge is estimated by the difference between pre and post monsoon seasons. Similarly, ground water draft is estimated by the difference between post-monsoon and post-monsoon (rabi) seasons data. Interpolated maps for ground water recharge and irrigation draft (rabi) are prepared based on the available ground water fluctuation data in the basin. The ground water level fluctuation (Recharge) map (2011) shows that there is a rise of >4 m in Ground water level in parts of Gajapati, Ganjam and Rayagada districts of Odisha and part of Krishna, West Godavari, East Godavari, Visakhapatnam and Vijiyanagram showing rise of 2-4 m ground water level. Prakasam districts register a fall of <2 m in Andhra Pradesh. A comparatively low values in the water level rise (<2 m) is indicated other parts of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha falling in the basin. All these fluctuations in the water level have occurred due to recharge. Ground water level fluctuation (Draft) map (2011) shows that in most of the area of basin shows a fall of <2 m ground water level between the period of after monsoon and March except some portion of Prakasam and Nellore district water level having risen <2 m and 2-4 m below ground level, one of the major factor behind this is rainfall in the months of October to December because of North-East monsoon. Ground Water Fluctuation (Recharge) and Ground Water Fluctuation (Draft) of the Basin is shown in Map 18 and Map 19 respectively.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 18. Ground water level fluctuation (Recharge) East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 19. Ground water level fluctuation (Draft) East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
5. Hydro-met observations 5.1 Hydrological observation sites Hydro-meteorological observations in the basin are carried out by the Central and State Governments. The Central Water Commission maintains 15 gauge-discharge sites in the basin. Quality data are available at 5 sites established by the State Governments. These stations carry out observations about various hydrological parameters as gauge (river water level), discharge (amount of water released from a cross section in the river in a given time period), sediment (concentration of solid particles in water) and river water quality pertaining to different quality parameters. Fifteen Hydro-observation stations of Central Water Commission (CWC) are located in the basin (fig. 19). These stations are categorized as ‘GDSQ’, where the abbreviation stands as: G-Gauge, D- Discharge, S-Sediment and Q-Water Quality. Hydrological observations are carried out by the Central as well as State Governments. There are 7 Gauge Sites, 3 Gauge Discharge Sites and 5 Gauge Discharge Sediment & Water Quality Sites which are maintained by Central Water Commission (CWC) for the study of hydrological observations in East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin as shown in Table 10. Hydrological observation sites of the basin are depicted in Map 20.
Table 10. Hydrological observation sites of CWC
Sl. No. Station Type Number of Stations 1 G 7 2 GD 3 3 GDSQ 5
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
5.2 Flood forecasting sites Central Water Commission, Ministry of Water Resources has set up a network of flood forecasting stations covering all important flood prone rivers. Flood forecasting indicates the forecast or inflow level with its time of occurrence. Two kinds of forecasts are issued based on the utility of the forecast. Inflow forecasts assist in reservoir regulation (full reservoir level & maximum water level) and the level forecast is used for predicting water level (warning level & danger level) well ahead of its occurrence. The basin is subject to severe flooding occasionally in the delta area due to inadequate carrying capacity of the channels. Many dams provide some amount of flood relief by storing part of flood water. However, the problem still persists and a lasting solution needs to be evolved. The Central Water Commission operates 4 flood forecasting stations. There are 3 Level forecast stations and 1 Inflow forecasting stations under East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin. Vamsadhara River is having two Level forecast and one Inflow forecast Stations and Rishkulya River is having one Level Forecast Station. The number of flood forecasting stations of CWC in the basin is shown in Table 11. Flood forecasting observation sites of the basin are depicted in Map 20.
Table 11. Types of flood forecasting stations of CWC
Sl. No. Station Type Number of Stations
1 Level Forecast 3
2 Inflow Forecast 1
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 20. Hydro observation and flood forecasting stations East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
5.3 Meteorological stations There are 3 main organizations in the country which records meteorological parameters viz., India Meteorological Department (IMD), Central Water Commission (CWC) and ISRO (Automatic Weather Stations). Thirteen table has fifteen meteorological stations of Central Water Commission (CWC) are located in the basin. These stations carry out observations pertaining to meteorological parameters viz.; Rainfall, Temperature, Pan Evaporation, Relative Humidity, Wind Speed, Sunshine etc. There are 161 meteorological stations in the basin among them 82 are IMD stations, 64 AWS stations and 15 are CWC Observation stations. Number of meteorological stations in the basin is depicted in Table 12.
Table 12. Meteorological stations
Sl. No. Organisation Number of Stations
1 CWC Observation Stations 15
2 IMD Stations 82
3 ISRO AWS Stations 64
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
6. Water quality 6.1 Surface water quality observations CWC stations carry out observations for testing the surface water quality pertaining to sixty eight water quality parameters which are considered to be the ‘Standard Hydrology Project Water Quality Parameters’. There are 5 stations in the basin namely Kashinagar, Marella, Purushottampur, Srikakulam and Thammavaram. Kashinagar station is on river Banshadhara, Marella is on river Gundalkamma, Purushottampur is on river Rushikulya, Srikakulam is on river Nagavati and Thammavaram station is on river Gundalkamma. All physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters are categorized further under sub categories like field determinations, nutrients, organic matter, alkalinity, hardness, other inorganics, major ions, coliforms and others. In East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar basin, the water quality concerned area is the coastal reach. Apart from affecting fishing harbour activities at the estuary, the mixing of tides affects the water quality greatly. The costal environment is under stress of municipal sewage and industrial effluent discharge by receiving huge water inputs of contaminates which could be hazardous to the living organisms. The ebb flow causes saline water from ocean deteriorating the ground water quality in the coastal region.
6.2 Ground water quality observations There are 55 CGWB Ground Water quality stations in the Basin where recordings are done. The main
parameters monitored are pH, Fe, TDS, Na, K, Mg, Cl, Ca, Cu, SO4, NO3, CO3, HCO3, SAR, RSC, F, and EC. Near coastal areas the ground water is saline also. Concentrations above permissible limits of pH,
Mg and NO3 have been recorded in the Basin.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
7. Inter-basin transfer links
There are three important Inter-basin transfer links made/ proposed in the basin. The Mahanadi-Godavari link:
Mahanadi-Godavari link a quantum of 12,165 (Mcum) is proposed for diversion through the link taking off at Manibhadra reservoir on Mahanadi to Dowlaiswaram Barrage on Godavari. This link will provide enroute irrigation benefits to the tune of 4.43 lakh hectares, of which 0.91 lakh hectares in Andhra Pradesh and 3.52 lakh hectares in Orissa. In this process it will utilize 3,790 (Mcum) of water. A provision of 802 (Mcum) is made for domestic and industrial water requirement enroute. The total length of the link canal is about 828 km including 6.15 km. of length through a tunnel. Length of Link canal crossing within the basin is 640.42 km. Polavaram-Vijayawada Link: This is the one of the three link proposed to transfer water from Godavari to Krishna. This link canal takes off from the Right Bank of Godavari at the proposed Polavaram reservoir and shall divert 5,325 (Mcum) of water over a length of 174 km. This link will provide total irrigation benefits of about 5.82 lakh hectares in Andhra Pradesh. This link will also cater to transfer of 2,265 (Mcum) of water to the Krishna Delta, enroute domestic and industrial requirement of 162 (Mcum) and 1,236 (Mcum) of additional water for stabilization of the existing command under Krishna Delta. NWDA has completed the feasibility study of the link. Length of Link canal crossing within the basin is 125.25 km. Nagarjunasagar-Somasila Link: The link proposes to divert 12,146 (Mcum) of water from Nagarjunasagar (Krishna Basin) to Pennar Basin to irrigate 5.81 lakh hectares entirely in the State of Andhra Pradesh. The total length of the link canal is about 393 km. Length of Link canal crossing within the basin is 251.38 km. The Inter-basin transfer link of the basin is shown in Map 21.
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Map 21. Inter-basin transfer links East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
8. Inland navigation waterways
National Waterway-4 is cutting across the Basin. Total length of waterway is 1095 km. covered by following sections- Kakinada-Puducherry Canal-767 km, Godavari River (Bhadrachalam-Rajmundry)- 171 km, Krishna River (Wazirabad-Vijayawada)-157 km. This waterway has 328 km as river portion, 302 km as irrigation canals and 397 km as salt water canals. Kakinada-Puducherry Canal section of NW-4 is formed by a combination of the Kakinada canal, the Eluru canal, Commamur canal, and the Buckingham canal. Geographically Kakinada canal, Eluru canal and a small portion of North Buckingham canal of National Waterway-4 is coming in the Basin. The Kakinada canal runs between Kakinada and Rajahmundry for a length of 50 km. Starting from Dowleiswaram on the left bank of the river Godavari through a head sluice and lock to Kakinada (approx. 5 km) downstream from Kakinada Port. The canal gets its water from the Godavari through the Dowleiswaram barrage and thereafter connects Kakinada anchorage port. It connects the Godavari river section from Bhadrachalam to Rajahmundry. The Eluru canal comprises of two distinct irrigation cum navigation canals; namely the Krishna Eluru canal of the eastern Krishna delta and the Godavari Eluru canal of western Godavari delta. It runs between Vijayawada to Vijjeswaram and lock at Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton Barrage for a total distance of 139 km. The Krishna Eluru canal takes off from the river section on the left bank of Krishna river on the upstream of Prakasam barrage through a head sluice at Vijayawada and meets Godavari Eluru canal at east Tammileru lock at Eluru. The Godavari Eluru canal takes off from the River section of river Godavari at Vijjeswaram in Rajahmundry on the upstream of Dowleiswaram anicut through a head sluice and joins Krishna Eluru canal at East Tammileru lock. The Commamur canal runs between Vijayawada Seethanagaram lock and Peddaganjam lock for a total length of 113 km. It takes off from the Krishna River section in river Krishna in Vijayawada on the right side upstream off Prakasam barrage through a head sluice at Seethanagaram and joins the Buckingham canal at Peddaganjam lock near Ongole. The Buckingham canal is a tidal canal stretching from Peddaganjam (Andhra Pradesh) lock to Chennai and further down south up to Marakkanam. Important terminals in National Waterway-4 are Kakinada, Rajahmundry, Eluru, Kottapatnam, Maipadu, Durgarajupatnam, Muktiyala, Ennore (South), Muthukadu, Marakanam, Puducherry, Bhadrachalam, Wazirabad, Vijayawada, Tadepaligudam out of these Kakinada, Eluru and Vijayawada are in the Basin. In this canal waterway, the major commodities used to be transported were coal, rice, food grains, cement, salt, sand, forest products, paddy, pulse, building materials and other bulk cargo etc. by country crafts of 30 to 40 tons capacity. (Source: Wikipedia National_Waterway-4) Inland navigation National waterways-4 of the basin is shown in Map 22.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 22. Inland navigation waterways East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
9. Water tourism sites
There are 25 major tourism locations in the basin. There are five religious tourist locations in the basin. Kakinada is an important port of the country situated in the basin. Visakhapatnam is a natural harbor in the Basin. It has reasonable amount of shipping related activities. Katiki Waterfalls is named after Katiki, the place where it is located. The waterfall is about 50 ft. high and lies around 4 km away from Borra Caves. Katiki Waterfalls originate from the Gosthani River and contains greenery and clear water in its vicinity.
The Borra Caves are located on the East Coast of India, in the Ananthagiri hills of the Araku valley of the Visakhapatnam district in Andhra Pradesh. The Caves one of the largest in the country, at an elevation of about 705 m ranging from very small to big and irregularly shaped stalactites and stalagmites. The Caves are basically karstic limestone structures extending to a depth of 80 m considered the deepest cave in India.
There are three Wild Life Sanctuaries in the Basin namely Uppalapadu Bird Sanctuary, Kondakarla Bird Santuary and Gundla Brameshwara Wild Life Santuary. There is one Sub Marine Museum in Visakhapatnam: INS Kusura is a Russian built submarine (December 18, 1969). The submarine embarked on its journey on February 20, 1970 via the Baltic Sea and reached Visakhapatnam on the May 11, 1970. Since then INS Kusura is being used by the Indian Navy. The Submarine is tuned into a first Submarine Museum on February 27, 2001. It was earlier brought to the sands off the Visakhapatnam beach shores from the sea. Kakinada Port is situated in the East Coast of India. This is an all-weather port developed in a naturally sheltered bay called as Godavari Sand Spit. It affords excellent protection to the water spread of the bay measuring about 100 Sq. km and renders complete protection to the Port of Kakinada from South-West Monsoon. Cargo is transported through privately owned Steel barges from ship to shore and vice-versa through the commercial canal. Tourism sites of the basin are shown in Map 23. Table 13. Water tourism sites Sl. No. Tourist Site Category No. of Places 1 Pilgrimage (Church) 1 2 Port 1 3 Lake 1 4 Hot Spring 1 5 Tourist Spot 3 6 Museums/ Monument 1 7 Caves 1 8 Major Tourist Spot 3 9 Natural Harbour 1 10 Pilgrimage (Temple) 5 11 Waterfall 1 12 Hill Station 1 13 Wildlife Sanctuary 5
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
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Map 23. Water tourism sites East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
10. Conclusion
East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin comprises of many independently east flowing rivers directly draining into Bay of Bengal. Nearly 51% of Average Annual Water Potential is used as utilized surface water in the basin. Concentrations above permissible limits of pH, Mg and
NO3 have been recorded in the basin for Ground Water Quality. There are 57 Major/ Medium Irrigation projects, 64 Dams and 10 Extension Renovation and Modernization Project in the basin. Systematic and scientific exploratory work is needed for a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the ground water resources in the basin. Nearby coastal areas the Ground water is saline, so there is a need for carrying out studies regarding salinity problem in ground water. In addition there is a need for carrying out soil conservation measures for conserving the storage capacities of existing and proposed reservoir in the basin. The basin requires planning to maximize use of rainwater, increase in ground water potential, change cropping pattern to achieve a balanced crop production and developing horticulture in upland areas; increasing marine, upgrading genetic potential of existing animals; improving tank irrigation by desilting and embanking existing tanks and improving field channels and structures; and providing solutions to the problems of water logging and alka- linity.
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Annexure I: State, district and parliamentary constituency in the basin
District Details (2011)
Sl. No. State Name District Population Total Area (Sq. km) District Area in % of District Area Basin (Sq. km) in the Basin 1 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari 5154296 10571.11 4681.80 44.29 2 Andhra Pradesh Krishna 4517398 8365.25 3678.45 43.97 3 Andhra Pradesh Vizianagaram 2344474 5821.45 5821.45 100 4 Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam 4290589 11115.36 7501.09 67.48 5 Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam 2703114 5730.80 5730.80 100 6 Andhra Pradesh Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore 2963557 13090.71 2848.33 21.76 7 Andhra Pradesh Prakasam 3397448 17389.37 15786.99 90.79 8 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool 4053463 17503.31 59.34 0.34 9 Andhra Pradesh Guntur 4887813 11186.51 4641.13 41.49 10 Andhra Pradesh Khammam 2797370 15646.02 784.64 5.01 11 Andhra Pradesh West Godavari 3936966 7582.74 5900.34 77.81 12 Odisha Koraput 1379647 8180.27 1486.94 18.18 13 Odisha Khordha 2251673 2654.72 192.40 7.25 14 Odisha Nayagarh 962789 3755 296.34 7.89 15 Odisha Kandhamal 733110 7770.03 1962.90 25.26 16 Odisha Kalahandi 1576869 7633.06 645.40 8.46 17 Odisha Rayagada 967911 7126.04 6150.44 86.31 18 Odisha Ganjam 3529031 8197.71 7698.21 93.91 19 Odisha Gajapati 577817 3928.20 3928.20 100
Source: Survey of India and Census Data 2011
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Parliamentary Constituency Details (2009)
Sl. No. State Name Parliamentary Constituencies Total Area (Sq. km) Area Falling in Basin % Area in the Basin (Sq. km) 1 Andhra Pradesh Anakapalli 4042.55 4042.55 100 2 Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam 1311.12 1311.11 100 3 Andhra Pradesh Khammam 7740.39 784.64 10.14 4 Andhra Pradesh Araku 14022.63 8063.50 57.50 5 Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada 3030.11 81.31 2.68 6 Andhra Pradesh Nandyal 10437.27 59.34 0.57 7 Andhra Pradesh Nellore 7927.80 4110.98 51.86 8 Andhra Pradesh Bapatla 4472.69 3657.61 81.78 9 Andhra Pradesh Ongole 13223.24 11620.86 87.88 10 Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam 3602.47 3602.46 100 11 Andhra Pradesh Vizianagaram 3746.90 3746.90 100 12 Andhra Pradesh Kakinada 2817.07 2543.59 90.29 13 Andhra Pradesh Eluru 5726.10 5038.13 87.99 14 Andhra Pradesh Rajahmundry 2595.38 1262.77 48.65 15 Andhra Pradesh Narsapuram 2019.96 1626.90 80.54 16 Andhra Pradesh Amlapuram 2674.23 111.50 4.17 17 Andhra Pradesh Narasaraopet 7072.58 2579.78 36.48 18 Andhra Pradesh Machilipatnam 3744.40 2008.27 53.63 19 Andhra Pradesh Machilipatnam 3744.40 21.13 0.56 20 Andhra Pradesh Guntur 2544.72 1307.22 51.37 21 Orissa Berhampur 6213.38 6093.80 98.08 22 Orissa Puri 4675.98 323.31 6.91 23 Orissa Koraput 13462.60 7638.27 56.74 24 Orissa Aska 4384.03 4034.78 92.03 25 Orissa Kandhamal 14176.33 3626.17 25.58 26 Orissa Kalahandi 11361.49 645.40 5.68
Source: Election Commission of India 61 www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in
East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Annexure II: Climate-Rainfall (1971-2004) and Temperature (1969-2004) profile in the basin
A. Sub-basin-wise Annual Rainfall (mm) (1971-2004)
Sl. No. Year Annual Rainfall
Nagvati & other Sub-basin Vamsadhara & other Sub- East flowing rivers between East flowing rivers between basin Godavari & Krishna Sub-basin Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin
1 1971 1121.11 1271.31 921.66 708 2 1972 1090.69 1146.24 914.22 777.63 3 1973 901.75 1163.34 915.08 744.22 4 1974 969.78 953.08 914.16 748.5 5 1975 1248.47 1255.06 1114.96 907.28 6 1976 1193.42 1078.74 1175.79 974.24 7 1977 1184.99 1192.79 1017.17 840.39 8 1978 1025.5 1113.26 1341.21 1037.11 9 1979 1057.53 1052.92 786.88 908.49 10 1980 1189.33 1390.19 1147.78 691.38 11 1981 1065.56 1258.13 1020.71 950.08 12 1982 1048.66 1067.96 929.06 683.1 13 1983 1305.13 1178.35 1431.26 1069.23 14 1984 843.46 932.51 747.59 718.62 15 1985 1070.35 1261.02 951.84 703.06 16 1986 1338.9 1692.39 1007.39 757.52 17 1987 1148.01 1092.06 1046.69 965.61 18 1988 1227.06 1169.64 1329.7 828.6 19 1989 1083.83 1100.06 1299.24 768.51 20 1990 1736.4 1845.78 1478.96 1135.56
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Annual Rainfall Sl. No. Year Nagvati & other Sub-basin Vamsadhara & other Sub- East flowing rivers between East flowing rivers between basin Godavari & Krishna Sub-basin Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin
22 1992 1079.12 1285.9 810.49 754.33 23 1993 910.25 1141.94 880.48 983.81 24 1994 1145.5 1383.34 1147.74 916.37 25 1995 1559.03 1800.97 1355.39 1055.46 26 1996 1264.48 995.36 1265.93 1144.42 27 1997 1094.21 1259.3 1009.38 1017.42 28 1998 1077.41 1408.16 565.27 901.74 29 1999 972.71 1279.99 987.79 657.4 30 2000 1001.25 986.75 1129.88 1009.75 31 2001 1182.05 1475.49 1133.44 1043.35 32 2002 805.67 975.25 747.72 713.97 33 2003 1279.44 1500.71 1176.27 754.79 34 2004 1010.12 1043.78 978.16 950.96
B. Temperature profile in the basin (36 Years Average for the period 1969-2004)
Sl. No. Month Mean Maximum Temperature (°C) Mean Minimum Temperature (°C) Mean Average Temperature (°C)
1 January 29.12 17 23.06 2 February 33.38 21.47 27.42 3 March 34.69 22.16 28.42 4 April 36.84 25.08 30.96 5 May 38.22 26.73 32.48
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Sl. No. Month Mean Maximum Temperature (°C) Mean Minimum Temperature (°C) Mean Average Temperature (°C)
6 June 35.6 26.08 30.84 7 July 32.57 24.84 28.71 8 August 31.79 24.51 28.15 9 September 32.3 24.36 28.33 10 October 31.67 22.93 27.3 11 November 30.09 19.89 24.99 12 December 28.72 16.95 22.84
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Annexure III: Sub-basin-wise population and drinking water facilities
A. Demographic Details
Sl. Sub-basin No. of No. Total Male Female No. of No. Districts Villages Population Population Population Households (2011)
1 Nagvati & other Sub-basin 8 4868 7041096 3523396 3517700 1649613 2 Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin 9 7741 4923014 2446928 2476086 1051417 3 East flowing rivers between Godavari & 3 1371 4118445 2076784 2041661 1029101 Krishna Sub-basin 4 East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar 4 1612 5227528 2643871 2583657 1223173 Sub-basin
Source: Census Data 2001
B. Drinking Water Facilities
Sl. No. Sub-basin District Wells Tube-wells Hand-pumps (2011)
1 Nagvati & other Sub-basin Koraput 731 3 1751 2 Nagvati & other Sub-basin Vizianagaram 894 73 917 3 Nagvati & other Sub-basin East Godavari 678 177 757 4 Nagvati & other Sub-basin Kalahandi 1094 0 1532 5 Nagvati & other Sub-basin Visakhapatnam 0 0 0 7 Nagvati & other Sub-basin Rayagada 729 3 1979 8 Nagvati & other Sub-basin Srikakulam 1174 170 1036 9 Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin Ganjam 2281 156 2408
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Sl. No. Sub-basin District Wells Tube-wells Hand-pumps (2011)
10 Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin Vizianagaram 894 73 917 11 Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin Gajapati 1231 0 907 12 Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin Khordha 0 0 0 13 Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin Nayagarh 1468 25 1437 14 Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin Kalahandi 1094 0 1532 15 Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin Kandhamal 1849 9 1962 16 Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin Rayagada 729 3 1979 17 Vamsadhara & other Sub-basin Srikakulam 1174 170 1036 18 East flowing rivers between Godavari & Krishna Sub-basin Krishna 511 118 509 19 East flowing rivers between Godavari & Krishna Sub-basin West Godavari 388 182 412 20 East flowing rivers between Godavari & Krishna Sub-basin Khammam 747 254 958 21 East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin Prakasam 621 80 803 22 East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin Kurnool 298 165 791 23 East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin Guntur 452 149 540 24 East flowing rivers between Krishna & Pennar Sub-basin Nellore 728 107 962
Source: Census Data 2001
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Annexure IV: Inventory of surface water resources
A. List of Dams with surrogate information
)
Sl. .
No.
capacity capacity
a)
h
River
(MCM) (MCM)
Purpose
Type of Dam of Type
Name of Dam of Name
foundation (m) foundation
Type of spillway of Type
Max height above above height Max
Length of dam (m) dam of Length
Year of completion of Year
Live storage storage Live
Gross storage capacity capacity storage Gross
Submergence Area (Th Area Submergence Catchment Area (Sq. km (Sq. Area Catchment 1 Konam Dam Pedol Earthen 1980 170 339 23 24.07 22.87 Ogee 0.42 IR 2 Mopad Dam Manneru Earthen 1921 647.50 2630 28 60.99 59.22 1.31 IR 3 Pampa Dam Pampa Earthen/ 1969 350 1128 15 15.96 15.76 Ogee IR Gravity/ Masonry 4 Salia Dam Salia Earthen 1977 245 423.63 32.91 60.66 52.76 Chute 0.98 IR
5 Andhra Dam Champavathi Earthen 1998 114 1890 22 27.75 26.40 IR
6 Baghua Dam BAGHUA Earthen 1980 150 1860 23.35 37.50 27.40 Ogee 0.87 IR
7 Cumbum Dam Gundlakamm Earthen 1113 295.65 15.38 83.59 83.59 IR a & Jampaleru 8 Dhanei Dam Dhanei Earthen 1977 106 1314.1 20.57 15.32 11.71 Ogee 0.89 IR 2 9 Kumili Dam Champavathi 8450 59.60 Ogee 0.33 IR
10 Marudi Dam 11 Soroda Dam Padma Earthen 1986 43 5815 17.9 49.75 3272 0.91 IR,WS
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
)
Sl. .
No.
spillway
a)
h
River
(MCM) (MCM)
Purpose
Type of Dam of Type
Name of Dam of Name
foundation (m) foundation
Type of Type
Max height above above height Max
Length of dam (m) dam of Length
Year of completion of Year
Live storage capacity capacity storage Live
Gross storage capacity capacity storage Gross
Submergence Area (Th Area Submergence Catchment Area (Sq. km (Sq. Area Catchment 12 Varaha Dam Varaha Earthen 1975 55.68 1652 25 13.18 12.21 IR 13 Yeleru Dam Eleru Earthen/ 1991 2200 2544 43 682.70 508.30 Ogee 4.32 IR,WS Gravity/ Masonry 14 Jalleru Dam Jalleru Earthen/ 1992 48.13 1790 31.42 15.32 11.34 IR Gravity/ Masonry 15 Pydigam Dam Mahendratan IR aya 16 Raiwada Dam Sarada Earthen 1981 450 5750 28 101.91 92.60 Ogee 1.10 IR
17 Daha (OD) Daha & Earthen 1985 17 3450 19.3 28 21.9 Ogee 0.55 IR Dam Kalinga 18 Jharanai Dam Jharanai Gravity/ 1984 274.5 28 1.42 1.39 IR Masonry 19 Ramaguda Ramaguda Earthen 1990 3 1006 15.24 1.53 1.50 IR Dam nalla 20 Badanalla Dam Badanalla Earthen 1997 352 435 48 75.64 67.14 Ogee 0.93 IR
21 Baghalati Dam Bahuda Earthen 9.07 1645 38 43.21 13.88 Chute 0.34 IR
22 Bhaluguda Bhalughai Earthen 1894 7.77 570 0.67 0.43 IR Dam nalla
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
)
Sl. .
No.
a)
h
River
(MCM) (MCM)
Purpose
Type of Dam of Type
Name of Dam of Name
foundation (m) foundation
Type of spillway of Type
Max height above above height Max
Length of dam (m) dam of Length
Year of completion of Year
Live storage capacity capacity storage Live
Gross storage capacity capacity storage Gross
Submergence Area (Th Area Submergence Catchment Area (Sq. km (Sq. Area Catchment 23 Ghodahada Ghodahada Earthen 1978 138 1724 27.23 34.90 31.00 Ogee 0.39 IR Dam 24 Jajigedda Dam 25 Pratappur Vamsadhara Earthen 1983 563 24 1.03 0.83 IR Dam 26 Rallapadu Manneru Earthen 1958 2202 2951 13.85 31.32 30.83 Ogee IR Dam 27 Thatipudi Dam Gosthani Earthen/ 1968 330 585 37 94.16 88.04 1.05 IR Gravity/ Masonry 28 Veligonda Krishna Earthen 1525.06 1232.79 2.56 IR Dam 29 Bhallugahi Bhallugahi Earthen 1984 6.63 635.96 1.08 0.87 IR Dam 30 Chheligada Badajore Gravity/ 173.50 159.5 36 52.01 43.26 Ogee 57.40 IR Dam Masonry 31 Ganianalla Ganianalla 1984 14.20 1535 14.93 1.86 1.74 Ogee IR Dam 32 Harabhangi Harabhangi Earthen 1998 504 690 49 141.25 86.25 Ogee 1.22 IR Dam 33 Maddigedda Janjhavathi Earthen 1981 130 862 27 13.74 12.27 0 IR Dam
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
)
Sl. .
No.
a)
h
River
(MCM) (MCM)
Purpose
Type of Dam of Type
Name of Dam of Name
foundation (m) foundation
Type of spillway of Type
Max height above above height Max
Length of dam (m) dam of Length
Year of completion of Year
Live storage capacity capacity storage Live
Gross storage capacity capacity storage Gross
Submergence Area (Th Area Submergence Catchment Area (Sq. km (Sq. Area Catchment 34 Peddagedda Peddagedda Earthen 217.56 2430 24 30.38 29 Ogee 0.37 IR Dam 35 Thammileru Thammileru Earthen 1980 1600 6400 23.25 84.94 76.44 Ogee 1.49 IR Dam 36 Vottigadda Nagavalli Earthen 1976 290 2152 27 27.15 25.17 Ogee 0.18 HE,IR Dam 37 Yerrakalva Yerrakalva Earthen 1988 2800 2700 19.79 125.40 114.60 Other IR Dam 38 Baghua (MI) BAGHUA Earthen 1980 1134 13.41 3.69 2.26 0.13 IR Dam 39 Bhanjanagar Baranganalla Earthen 1966 64 1377.7 21.55 57.66 5.77 IR Dam 40 Ghatakeswar Gravity/ 2008 23.55 266.61 38.83 9.30 8.60 Ogee 0.06 IR Dam Masonry 41 Gundlakamma Gundlakamm 21672 69.94 IR Dam a 42 Kalinga Dal Dam 43 Kanheinalla Kanheinalla Earthen 1993 1021 18.89 0.86 0.64 IR Dam
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
)
Sl. .
No.
a)
h
River
(MCM) (MCM)
Purpose
storage capacity capacity storage
Type of Dam of Type
Name of Dam of Name
foundation (m) foundation
Type of spillway of Type
Max height above above height Max
Length of dam (m) dam of Length
Year of completion of Year
Live
Gross storage capacity capacity storage Gross
Submergence Area (Th Area Submergence Catchment Area (Sq. km (Sq. Area Catchment 44 Madduvalasa Maddigedda/ Earthen 2002 2535 2320 16 95.51 93.58 Ogee 2.67 IR Dam Suvarnamukhi tributary of Nagavali 45 Hiramandalam Vamsadhara Earthen/ 200 539.12 464.97 IR Dam Gravity/ Masonry 46 Nakkalagandi Uppuvagu Earthen 1958 137.27 354 15 4.73 IR Dam 47 Ramathirtham Dam 48 Narayanapura Nagavali IR m Dam 49 Thippayapale - Earthen/ 1938 10 5.13 5.13 IR m Dam Gravity/ Masonry 50 Ghambiramge Gambhiramge Earthen 1957 93.24 369 13 3.18 3.16 IR dda Dam dda 51 Mahendratana Mahendratan Earthen 390.99 1815 35.6 93.25 83.11 Ogee 1.24 ya Dam aya 52 Pittakayagulla Vemuluri Earthen 1978 12.5 3.31 3 IR Dam Stream
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
)
Sl. .
No.
Dam
a)
h
River
(MCM) (MCM)
Purpose
Type of Dam of Type
Name of of Name
foundation (m) foundation
Type of spillway of Type
Max height above above height Max
Length of dam (m) dam of Length
Year of completion of Year
Live storage capacity capacity storage Live
Gross storage capacity capacity storage Gross
Submergence Area (Th Area Submergence Catchment Area (Sq. km (Sq. Area Catchment 53 Raghunath Sagar Dam 54 Bhitiri Baunsakata Earthen 1967 6.67 395 18.1 1 0.90 Chute IR Bediguda Dam nalla 55 Vanaka Vanaka Earthen/ 630 13 56.32 Badigedda Badigedda Gravity/ Dam Masonry 56 Vengalaraya Suvrnamukhi Earthen 1988 360 1765 21 47.57 42.33 Ogee 0.79 IR Sagar Dam 57 Janjavati/ Svarnamukhi Earthen 841.75 4370 34 96.30 78.53 IR Janjavathi Gomula Dam 58 Muraripalli/ Krishna Earthen 1975 732 18.68 6.60 6.60 IR Mararipalli Dam 59 Gandipalem/ Pillaperu Earthen/ 1981 486.92 388 21 53.28 49.45 Ogee 0.95 IR Pcr Gravity/ Gandipalem Masonry Dam 60 Seethai Cheru, Godavari Earthen 1922 1020 11 1.20 1.02 IR Seethaipally Dam
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
)
Sl. .
No.
(m)
a)
h
River
(MCM) (MCM)
Purpose
Type of Dam of Type
Name of Dam of Name
foundation foundation
Type of spillway of Type
Max height above above height Max
Length of dam (m) dam of Length
Year of completion of Year
Live storage capacity capacity storage Live
Gross storage capacity capacity storage Gross
Submergence Area (Th Area Submergence Catchment Area (Sq. km (Sq. Area Catchment 61 Gandicheruvu Earthen 240 26.69 4.03 4.03 IR (Dist- Prakasam) Dam 62 N.T.R. , Earthen/ 1317 24.51 5.77 5.77 IR Thatiparthi Gravity/ (V), Madugula Masonry (M) Dam 63 Urakagedda , Earthen 515 25 2.16 2.16 IR Sankaram (V), Madugula (M) Dam 64 Thandava (Sri Earthen 1974 4480 201 32.7 140.50 124.70 Ogee 1.87 IR Raja Sagi Suryanarayana Raju (Srssr) Dam
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
B. List of BWA with surrogate information
Sl. Name of B/ W/ A River Length (m) Height up to Catchment area Design flood discharge Purpose No. crest (m) (Th. ha) (cumecs)
1 Padma Weir Padma 130.62 19 2 Baghua Weir BAGHUA - - IR 3 Jakar Anicut Dhanai - - 4 Gotta Barrage Vamsadhara 475.75 9700 8213 IR
5 Ramanadi Weir Ruskulya 60 1008 IR
6 Denkada Anicut Champavathi 182.88 4530.70 IR
7 Janivilly Weir Rushikulya 246.88 99.99 IR
8 Janveli Anicut - - 9 Neradi Barrage Vamsadhara - - IR
10 Harabhangi Weir Padma 100.60 - IR
11 Kapaghai Anicut Dhanei - - 12 Karaghai Anicut - - 13 Poichandia Weir 64.33 441 14 Sorisamuli Weir Badanadi 62.94 28.88 15 Banapalli Anicut BAGHUA - - 16 Jayamangal Weir Ghodahada 82.30 1206 17 Kalingadola Weir Bahuda 173.74 2037.60 IR
18 Madhabarida Weir Mahanadi 182.88 60 IR
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Sl. Name of B/ W/ A River Length (m) Height up to Catchment area Design flood discharge Purpose No. crest (m) (Th. ha) (cumecs)
19 Sengaghai Anicut - - 20 Hiradharbati Weir Rushikulya - 1075 21 Pedankalam Anicut Suvarnamukhi 108.25 3114.85 IR
22 Rallapadu Barrage Manneru River 2950 9.4 7328.54 IR
23 Thotapalli Barrage Nagavali 221 4500 4378 IR
24 Bogi Diversion Weir - - 25 Seethanagarm Anicut Suvarnamukhi - - IR
26 Lower Uppeteru Anicut - - IR
27 Paleru Bitragunta Anicut Paleru 274.32 2.43 2463.84 IR
28 Tarakarama Thirtha Champavathi 184 34.12 IR Sagaram Barrage 29 Veera Raghavani Kota (V R Manneru River 299.20 1.2 2300 7328.54 IR Kota Anicut)
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
C. Major/ Medium irrigation projects with surrogate information
Sl. No. Name of Type River Tributary Status Year of GCA (Th. CCA (Th. Ultimate District(s) Benefitted Project completio ha) ha) Irrigation (2011) n Potential
1 Krishna Major Completed 714.44 475.65 529 Krishna, Prakasam Barrage (including old Krishna Delta system) 2 Godavari Major Godavari Godavari Completed 1852 552 415.80 415.80 East Godavari, West Delta Major Godavari Irrigation Project 3 Veligonda Major On-going 322.90 177.26 181.10 Prakasam (Polsubbarai) Major Irrigation Project 4 Vamsadhara Major Completed 95.76 60 59.99 Srikakulam Stage-I Major Irrigation Project 5 Rusikulya Major Rushikulya Rushikulya Completed 1894 59.06 60.30 Ganjam System Major Irrigation Project 6 Thotapalli Major Nagavali On-going 106.84 48.56 Vijayanagaram, Barrage Srikakulam Major Irrigation
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Project Sl. No. Name of Type River Tributary Status Year of GCA (Th. CCA (Th. Ultimate District(s) Benefitted Project completio ha) ha) Irrigation (2011) n Potential
7 Vamsadhara Major Completed 33.29 25.203 Srikakulam Stage-II Phase-I Major Irrigation Project 8 Gundalakam Major Gundlakam On-going 37.73 32.40 32.38 Prakasam ma Major ma Irrigation Project 9 Yeleru Major Completed 51.47 27.36 85.63 East Godavari, Reservoir Visakhapatnam Project Ph. I 10 Thotapalli Major Nagavali Completed 25.90 16.48 Vizianagaram Reservoir (old) + (old) + Major 48.56 74.46 Irrigation Project 11 Thandava Medium Thandava Thandava Completed 40.89 19.42 19.75 Visakhapatnam, East Reservoir Godavari (SRSSR) Medium Irrigation Project 12 Vamsadhara Major Vamsadhar On-going 21.86 18.21 18.21 Srikakulam Stage-II a Phase-II Major
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Irrigation Project Sl. No. Name of Type River Tributary Status Year of GCA (Th. CCA (Th. Ultimate District(s) Benefitted Project completio ha) ha) Irrigation (2011) n Potential
13 Narayanapur Medium Nagavalli Completed 1956 26.63 15.86 Srikakulam am Anicut Medium Irrigation Project 14 Madduvalasa Medium Maddiged Completed 2004 19.94 10 10 Vizianagaram Medium da Irrigation Project 15 Vengalaraya Medium Suvrnamu Completed 2000 20.45 10 10 Vizianagaram/ Sagram khi Srikakulam Medium Irrigation Project 16 Janjavathi Medium On-going 37.73 9.97 9.97 Vizianagaram Medium Irrigation Project 17 Badanalla Medium Badanalla Completed 13.07 9.80 13.74 Medium Irrigation Project 18 Harabhangi Medium Harbhangi Completed 12.87 9.65 17.65 Ganjam, Gajapati Medium Irrigation Project
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Sl. No. Name of Type River Tributary Status Year of GCA (Th. CCA (Th. Ultimate District(s) Benefitted Project completio ha) ha) Irrigation (2011) n Potential
19 Ghodahado Medium Ghodahada Ghodahad Completed 1978 10.81 8.99 8.20 Ganjam Medium a Irrigation Project 20 Bahuda Medium Bahuda Bahuda Completed 1977 8.54 9.15 Ganjam Medium Irrigation Project 21 Raiwada Medium sarada Completed 1982 8.54 8.64 Visakhapatnam Medium Irrigation Project 22 Baghua Medium Baghua BAGHUA Completed 10 8.37 3 Ganjam Stage-I (Baghua ) Medium Irrigation Project 23 Jayamangal Medium Ghodahado Ghodahad Completed 2003 7.35 7.55 Ganjam Medium a Irrigation Project 24 Tarakarama Medium Champava On-going 18.78 6.69 Vizianagaram Thirtha thi Sagaram Medium Irrigation Project
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Sl. No. Name of Type River Tributary Status Year of GCA (Th. CCA (Th. Ultimate District(s) Benefitted Project completio ha) ha) Irrigation (2011) n Potential
25 Vottigedda Medium Nagavali Nagavalli Completed 9.21 6.57 Vizianagaram Medium Irrigation Project 26 Rallapadu Medium Manneru Completed 6.48 Prakasam Medium Irrigation Project 27 Hiradharbati Medium Rusikulya Rushikulya Completed 6360 6.36 5.90 Ganjam Medium Irrigation Project 28 Konam Medium Sarada Pedol Completed 7.23 5.89 4.01 Visakhapatnam Medium Irrigation Project 29 Thatipudi Medium Gosthani Completed 10.97 5.66 West Godavari Medium River Irrigation Project 30 Baghalati Medium Bahuda On-going 7.20 5.05 6.05 Ganjam Medium Irrigation Project 31 Peddagedda Medium Nagavali Peddagad On-going 7.25 4.86 Vizianagaram Medium u Irrigation Project
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Sl. No. Name of Type River Tributary Status Year of GCA (Th. CCA (Th. Ultimate District(s) Benefitted Project completio ha) ha) Irrigation (2011) n Potential
32 Pampa Medium Pampa Pampa Completed 4.86 East Godavari Medium Irrigation Project 33 Daha Medium Loharkhand Kalinga Completed 1988 7.85 4.76 7.05 Ganjam Medium i nalla Irrigation Project 34 Dhanei Medium Dhanei Completed 5.30 3.93 4.68 Medium Irrigation Project 35 Andhra Medium Completed 2000 7.15 3.81 3.82 Vizianagaram Medium Irrigation Project 36 Chheligada Medium Badajore vamsadha On-going 3.80 3.88 Ganjam Medium ra Irrigation Project 37 Thammileru Medium Thammileru Thammile Completed 3.97 3.72 West Godavari Medium ru Irrigation Project 38 Swarnamukhi Medium Swarnamuk Swarnamu Completed 12.42 3.65 9.39 Chittoor Barrage hi khi Medium Irrigation
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Project Sl. No. Name of Type River Tributary Status Year of GCA (Th. CCA (Th. Ultimate District(s) Benefitted Project completio ha) ha) Irrigation (2011) n Potential
39 Pedda Medium Nagavali Completed 5.32 3.52 3.52 Vizianagaram Ankalam Medium Irrigation Project 40 Paleru Medium paleru Completed 9.45 2.91 Prakasam Bitragunta Medium Irrigation Project 41 Cumbum Medium Gundlakam Gundlaka Completed 1898 3.98 2.79 Prakasam Medium ma mma & Irrigation Jampaleru Project 42 Veera Medium Manneru Manneru Completed 1951 9.51 2.77 Prakasam Raghavani River Kota Medium Irrigation Project 43 Krishnapuram Medium Nagari Kaulasthal Completed 2.52 2.48 Chittoor Medium i Irrigation Project 44 Denkada Medium Champavat Completed 4.14 2.06 Vizianagaram Medium hi Irrigation Project
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Sl. No. Name of Type River Tributary Status Year of GCA (Th. CCA (Th. Ultimate District(s) Benefitted Project completio ha) ha) Irrigation (2011) n Potential
45 Paidigam Medium Mahendrat Mahendra Completed 5.56 2.02 Srikakulam Medium anaya tanaya Irrigation Project 46 Baghua- Medium Rushikulya Completed 1.95 Ganjam Dhanei Doab Medium Irrigation Project 47 Varaha Medium Varaha Varaha Completed 2.71 1.82 Visakhapatnam Medium Irrigation Project 48 Mallimadugu Medium Swarnamuk Rallakalva Completed 3.85 1.60 Chittoor Medium hi River and Irrigation Konakalva Project 49 Ramanadi Medium Ramanadi Completed 1968 1.76 1.60 1.32 Ganjam Medium Irrigation Project 50 Bahuda Medium Completed 1.17 Srikakulam Medium Irrigation Project 51 Gambhiramg Medium Gambhiram Gambhira Completed 0.26 Visakhapatnam edda Medium gedda mgedda Irrigation
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Project Sl. No. Name of Type River Tributary Status Year of GCA (Th. CCA (Th. Ultimate District(s) Benefitted Project completio ha) ha) Irrigation (2011) n Potential
52 Vamsadhara Medium Proposed 0 Medium Irrigation Project 53 Yeleru Canal Major Yeleru Completed 0 85.63 East Godavari open head channel System 54 Bandakattu Medium Completed 0 East Godavari Channel Medium Irrigation Project 55 Chapaud Medium Completed 0 Kurnool Channel Medium Irrigation Project 56 Palair Medium Completed 1941 0 Prakasam Medium Irrigation Project 57 Karedu Medium Completed 0 Medium Irrigation Project 58 Yerrakalva Medium Yerrakalva Yerrakalva On-going 13.98 13.90 13.90 West Godavari
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
D. ERM projects with surrogate information
Sl. Name of Project River Status Year of District(s) Purpose No. completion Benefitted (2011)
1 Dhanei Extn. Rushikulya Completed Ganjam IR 2 Ghodahado Ext Ganjam IR 3 Daha Extension Daha & On-going IR Kalinga 4 Bahuda Renovation Bahuda On-going Ganjam IR 5 Hiradharbati Extn. Rushikulya Ganjam 6 Extension of Ghodahado Ganjam IR 7 Poichandia Canal Extn. Completed 8 Modernisation of Rushikulya Rusikulya Completed Ganjam IR 9 Imp. to Baldiha Diversion Weir Baldiha Mayurbhanj 10 Modernisation of Krishna delta & Pulichinthala Dam Project Proposed
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Annexure V: Salient features of hydro-meteorological stations
A. Salient features of Hydro-Meteorological Stations
Sl. Station Name Station Independent Regional Division Section office Drainage Zero Station Status No. type river office area (Sq. of bank km) Gauge (m)
1 Anakapally GD Sarada M & E RO, E.E., Anakpalli 2090 0 Existing Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 2 Gottabarrage G Banshadhara M & E RO, E.E., GOTA 9300 0 Existing Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 3 Gudari G Banshadhara M & E RO, E.E., GUDARI 3172 0 Existing Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 4 Gunupur GD Banshadhara M & E RO, E.E., GUNUPUR 6740 0 Left Existing Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 5 K. Bitragunta GD Palleru K & G BO, Lower K. Bitragunta 2420 0.20 Right Closed Hyderabad Krishna Div., Hyderabad 6 Thammavaram GDSQ Gundlakamma K & G BO, Lower Thammavaram 7889 13.36 Left Closed Hyderabad Krishna Div., Hyderabad 7 Kashinagar GDSQ Banshadhara M & E RO, E.E., Kashinagar 7820 0 Left Existing Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 8 Kutraguda G Banshadhara M & E RO, E.E., KUTRAGADA 663 0 Existing Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 9 Marella GDSQ Gundlakamma K & G BO, Lower 7881 95 Right Existing Hyderabad Krishna Div., Hyderabad 10 Purushottampur GDSQ Rushikulya M & E RO, E.E., Purushottampur 7112 0 Right Existing
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar Sl. Station Name Station Independent Regional Division Section office Drainage Zero Station Status No. type river office area (Sq. of bank km) Gauge (m)
11 Sorada G Rushikulya M & E RO, E.E., SORADA 1560 0 Existing Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 12 Srikakulam GDSQ Nagavali M & E RO, E.E., Srikakulam 9500 0 Existing Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 13 Mohana G Banshadhara M & E RO, E.E., MOHONA 147 0 Existing Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 14 Madhabarida G Rushikulya M & E RO, E.E., MADHABARIDA 2060 0 Existing Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 15 Mahendragarh G Banshadhara M & E RO, E.E., MAHENDRAGARH 185 0 Existing Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar
Salient features of Flood-Forecasting Stations
Sl. No. Site Met Indepe Type of Base Travel Base Travel Full Max Highest Year of Mode of Name Sub ndent Forecas Station Time Station Time Reserv Reserv Flood H.F.L Collection Divisio river t -1 Base -2 (hrs) Base oir oir Level n Station Station Level Level (m) -1 (hrs) -2 (hrs) (m) (m)
1 Gotta Coastal Bansha Inflow Kutraga 12 34.84 39.92 1999 Wireless/ Barrage Andhra dhara Forecas da Telemetry Prades t h
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Sl. No. Site Met Indepe Type of Base Travel Base Travel Full Max Highest Year of Mode of Name Sub ndent Forecas Station Time Station Time Reserv Reserv Flood H.F.L Collection Divisio river t -1 Base -2 (hrs) Base oir oir Level n Station Station Level Level (m) -1 (hrs) -2 (hrs) (m) (m)
2 Gunup Odisha Bansha Level Kutraga 3-6 88.75 1980 Wireless/ ur dhara Forecas da Telemetry t 3 Kashina Odisha Bansha Level Kutraga 6-9 58.93 1980 Wireless/ gar dhara Forecas da Telemetry t 4 Purush Odisha Rushiku Level Sorada 18-20 19.65 1990 Wireless/ ottamp lya Forecas Telemetry ur t
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Annexure VI: Inventory of water tourism sites
A. Water Tourism Sites in the Basin
Sl. No. Name Type Water body WB Relation District State (2011)
1 Kakinada Port Port Coast of Bay of On East Godavari Andhra Pradesh Bengal 2 Annavaram Pilgrimage Pampa River Near by East Godavari Andhra Pradesh (Temple) 3 Etikoppaka Tourist Spot Varaha River Near by Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 4 Dolphin's Nose Tourist Spot Bay of Bengal Near by Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 5 Sri Venkateswara Pilgrimage Sea Coast (Bay of On Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh Konda (Church) Bengal) 6 Visakhapatnam Natural Harbor Sea Coast (Bay of On Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh Natural Harbor Bengal) 7 Sub Marine Museums/ Sea Coast (Bay of Near by Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh Museum Monument Bengal) 8 Kailash Giri Major Tourist Bay of Bengal Near by Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh Spot 9 Mudasarlova Lake Lake Mudasarlova lake On Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 10 Bheemunipatnam Major Tourist Gosthani River, Near by Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh Spot Sea Coast (Bay of Bengal) 11 Taptapani Hot Hot Spring Taptapani Hot On Ganjam Orissa Spring Spring 12 Sorada Reservoir Tourist Spot Ganjam Orissa 13 Punyagiri Temple Pilgrimage Gowtami River On Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh (Temple) 14 Srikurmam Pilgrimage Sea Coast (Bay of On Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Temple (Temple) Bengal) Sl. No. Name Type Water body WB Relation District State (2011)
15 Katiki Waterfall Waterfall Gosthani On Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 16 Galikonda Hill Station Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh Viewpoint 17 Borra Caves Caves Gosthani Near by Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 18 Arasavalli Pilgrimage Nagavalli River On Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh (Temple) 19 Kalingapatnam Major Tourist Confluence of On Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh Lighthouse Spot Vamsadhara River and Bay of Bengal 20 Srimukhalingam Pilgrimage Vamsadhara River Near by Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh Temple (Temple)
B. Wildlife Sanctuaries/ National Parks in the Basin
Sl. No. Name Type Water WB Nearest District State Year of Mammals Birds Reptiles body Relation City Establishment (2011)
1 Kondakarla Bird KondaKarla Near by Visakhapatnam Andhra Bird Sanctuary Pradesh Sanctuary 2 Kolleru Bird Bird Kolleru On West Godavari Andhra Sanctuary Sanctuary Lake Pradesh
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Sl. No. Name Type Water WB Nearest District State Year of Mammals Birds Reptiles body Relation City Establishment (2011)
3 Uppalapadu Bird Krishna Near by Guntur Andhra Bird Sanctuary River Pradesh Sanctuary 4 Lakharj Badajhara Near by Gajapati Odisha Valley River 5 Mahanadi Barha Near by Ganjam Odisha Baispali River Wildlife Sanctuary
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Acronyms
AEZ Agro-Ecological Zones AIA Annual Irrigated Area AIBP Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme APGCL Assam Power Generation Corporation Limited AWS Automatic Weather Stations B & BBO Brahmaputra and Barak Basin Organization BB Brahmaputra Board BCB Bansagar Control Board BCM Billion Cubic Metre BIS Bureau of Indian Standards BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BR Balancing Reservoir BRB Betwa River Board BWA Barrage Weir Anicut C & SRO Cauvery and Southern Rivers Organization CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute CBIP Central Board of Irrigation & Power CCA Culturable Command Area CEA Central Electricity Authority CGWB Central Ground Water Board Ch Chainage CIWTC Central Inland Water Transport Corporation CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CSMRS Central Soil & Materials Research Station cumec cubic metre per sec cusec cubic foot per sec CWC Central Water Commission CWPRS Central Water and Power Research Station D Discharge DEM Digital Elevation Model DOS Department of Space DVC Damodar Valley Corporation EC Electrical Conductivity EFR East Flowing Rivers ERM Extension, Renovation and Modernization ETP Effluent Treatment Plant EW Exploratory Well FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FC Flood Control
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
FF Flood Forecasting FMP Flood Management Programme FRL Full Reservoir Level G Gauge GCA Gross Command Area GD Gauge and Discharge GDQ Gauge, Discharge and Water Quality GDS Gauge, Discharge and Sediment GDSQ Gauge, Discharge, Sediment and Water Quality GFCC Ganga Flood Control Commission GIS Geographical Information System GOI Government of India GPI Grossly Polluting Industries GSC Gross Storage Capacity ha Hectare HE Hydro-Electric HFL Highest Flood Level HO Hydrological Observation hrs Hours I & CAD Irrigation and Command Area Development IBO Indus Basin Organization IBTL Inter-basin Transfer Link IBWT Inter-basin Water Transfer ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICPO Irrigation-cum-Power Outlet IM Moisture Index IMD Indian Meteorological Department India-WRIS India-Water Resources Information System IR Irrigation IRS Indian Remote Sensing ISRO Indian Space Research Organization IWAI Inland Waterways Authority of India IWT Inland Water Transport K & GBO Krishna and Godavari Basin Organization km Kilometre LBC Left Bank Canal LGBO Lower Ganga Basin Organization LGP Length of Growing Period LISS Linear Imaging Self-scanning Sensor lps Litres Per Second
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
LSC Live Storage Capacity LULC Land Use Land Cover m metre M & ERO Mahanadi and Eastern Rivers Organization MAF Million Acre Feet MCM Million Cubic metre Mcum Million Cubic metre MDDL Minimum Draw Down Level mg/ l Milligram per Litre MI Minor Irrigation MLD Million Liters per Day mm Millimetres MMIR Major and Medium Irrigation MOSDAC Meteorological & Oceanographic Satellite Data Archival Centre MoU Memorandum of Understanding MoWR Ministry of Water Resources MPN Most Probable Number MSL Mean Sea Level MU Million Units MW Mega Watt N & TBO Narmada and Tapi Basin Organization NA Navigation NBO Narmada Basin Organization NBSS & LUP National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning NEEPCO North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited NEIC North Eastern Investigation Circle NF No Flow NGRBA National Ganga River Basin Authority NHPC National Hydro Power Corporation Limited NRLD National Register of Large Dam NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre NW National Waterway NWDA National Water Development Authority NWDT Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal NWMP Northern Water Monitoring Programme NWP National Water Policy OW Observatory Well P Precipitation PET Potential Evapotranspiration PH Power House
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
pH puissance de Hydrogen ppm parts per million PS Pisciculture PW Peizometre Well Q Water Quality R & R Rehabilitation and Resettlement RBC Right Bank Canal RF Rainfall RRR Repair, Renovation and Restoration RRSC Regional Remote Sensing Centre RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate S Sediment SAC Standing Advisory Committee SAR Sodium Absorption Ratio SD Sub Division SMCS Soil Moisture Control Section SOI Survey of India Sq. km Square Kilometres SRTM Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission TAC Technical Advisory Committee TBO Tapi Basin Organization TC Total Coliform TDS Total Dissolved Solids Th. ha Thousand Hectare THDC Tehri Hydro Development Corporation TW Tube well UGBO Upper Ganga Basin Organization UIP Ultimate Irrigation Potential UJVNL Uttarkhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UPJVNL Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited UT Union Territory WB Water Body WFR West Flowing Rivers WMO World Meteorological Organization WS Water Supply YBO Yamuna Basin Organization
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
References
Central Water Commission. 2013. Annual Report 2012-2013. Central Water Commission. 2010. Water Year Book, CWC, 2009-2010. New Delhi. Central Water commission. 1997. India River Basin Atlas. New Delhi. Central Water Commission. 1989. Major River Basins of India. New Delhi. Jain, S. K., Agarwal, P. K. and Singh V. P. (2007). Hydrology and Water Resources of India, Springer, the Netherlands. Ministry of Irrigation and Power (1972). Report of the Irrigation Commission Volume III (Part I). New Delhi, pp. 91-115 & 222-240. National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad. (2011). Land use/ Land cover Atlas of India based on Multi-temporal Satellite Data of 2005-2006. National Remote Sensing Centre, RRSC-West (2012). River Basin Atlas of India. Jaipur: Jaipur Printers. Prasad, A.N. , Singh, O., Gupta, A. 1971. Andhra Plateau. In: Singh, R.L. et al. eds. India A Regional Geography. Varansi, pp. 821-850. Padmanabhan, N.A. , Daksha,C., Sinha, B.N., Ghosh, S. 1971. East Coastal Plains. In: Singh, R.L. et al. eds. India A Regional Geography. Varansi, pp. 932-966. Singh, H.H. , Acharya, B.C., Prusti, N., Ghosh, S. 1971. Orissa Highland Region. In: Singh, R.L. et al. eds. India A Regional Geography. Varansi, pp. 754-774. Singh, H.H. , Acharya, B.C., Prusti, N., Ghosh, S. 1971. Orissa Highland Region. In: Singh, R.L. et al. eds. India A Regional Geography. Varansi, pp. 754-774. Sehgal, J. L., Mandal, Mandal, D.K., and Vadivelu, S. (1992). Agro-Ecological Regions of India. 2nd ed., NBSS Publication, Technical Bulletin. National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land use Planning, Nagpur, India.
Links:
India-Water Resources Information System: http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM) 90 m digital elevation Model: CGIAR. 2006, http://srtm.sci.cgiar.org National Institute of Hydrology, Roorke: www.nih.ernet.in National Waterway Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Waterway_4_(India) Agro climatic zone: http://www.preservearticles.com/2012020422744/east-coast-plains- and-hills-of-agro-climatic-regions-of-india.html , http://www.preservearticles.com/2012020322613/complete-information-on-eastern- plateau-and-hills-of-agro-climatic-regions.html Agro Ecological zone: http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/india_information/ecological regions.html National Informatics Centre, Nellore: nellore.ap.nic.in
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Authors
ISRO Officials CWC Officials
Dr. V.K. Dadhwal Er. A.Mahendran Director Member (WP & P) National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) Central Water Commission ISRO, Department of Space, Govt. of India New Delhi Balanagar, Hyderabad
Dr. J.R. Sharma Er. W.M. Tembhurney Project Director, India-WRIS Project & Chief Engineer (EMO) Chief General Manager Central Water Commission Regional Remote Sensing Centres - NRSC/ ISRO New Delhi DOS Branch Secretariat, Loknayak Bhawan New Delhi
Dr. Suparn Pathak Er R.K.Jain Scientist/Engineer ‘SF’ Chief Engineer (BPMO) Regional Remote Sensing Centre-West Central Water Commission NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur New Delhi
Mr. Piyush Dubey Er. YogeshPaithankar Research Scientist Director Regional Remote Sensing Centre-West Remote Sensing Directorate NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur Central Water Commission, New Delhi
Mr. Goutam Bhati Er. Alok Paul Kalsi Research Scientist Deputy Director Regional Remote Sensing Centre-West Remote Sensing Directorate NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur Central Water Commission, New Delhi
Mr. Mohamed Ali .S Research Scientist Regional Remote Sensing Centre-West NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur
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East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
Ind ia-WRIS Project Team
ISRO Officials CWC Officials
Project Director Dr. J R Sharma Project In-charge Er. Yogesh Paithankar, Director Convener (S/W) Sh. P G Diwakar
Quality Sh. V M Bothale, Sh. M V Ravikumar, Dr. S S Rao, Dy. Project In-charge Dr. S N Das, Sh. D S P Rao, Ms. A Vijaya Banu, Er. Alok Paul Kalsi, Dy. Director Assurance Sh. Chandrasekaran, Sh. D J Chutia Er. Prashant Kumar Gupta, Dy. Director Team
Convener Dr. A Jeyaram (Database) Quality Assurance Dr. S Sudhakar, Sh. Uday Raj, Dr. M Kudrat, Ms. Rajashree V Bothale, Dr. D Dutta, Technical Guidance Team Dr. G Ravishankar, Sh. S Pathak, Dr. K K Sarma Er. C K Agarwal, Chief Engineer (B & BBO) Er. W M Tembhurney, Chief Engineer EMO Er R.K. Jain, Chief Engineer (BPMO) Project Sh. Shantanu B., Sh.Uday Raj, Dr. A T Jeyaseelan Coordinators Project Managers Dr. A K Bera, Dr. B K Bhadra, Sh. S Pathak, Dr. Rakesh Paliwal
Groups and Work Project Leads & Research Scientists DPDs & Project Team Components Project Scientists at at Lead Centre Scientists Lead Centre
Er. Navin Kumar, Director S/W Design, Sh. Gaurav Kumar Ms. Suman Gurjar Sh. Vinod M Bothale Architecture, Sh. K S Srinivasan Ms. Pragya Chaturvedi Sh. Shantanu B Er. S N Abraham, Director Ms. Shilpa Taneja Sh. K Nagajyothi Integration, Data Sh. Hansraj Meena Er. R Azhagesan, Director Ms. S V Pravalika Sh. S S Rajashekhar Security, Web Ms. Divya Mishra Hosting & Website Sh. Harish Karnatak Er. Ashish Banerjee, Director Ms. Jyotsana Chuchra Sh. D Giribabu Mr. Samuel Lourdraj C Dr. A V Suresh Babu Er. Rajiv Kumar, Director Mr. Rahul Sharma Mr. Piyush Dubey Sh. E Sivasankar Er. Piyush Ranjan, Executive Engineer
Mr. V Srinivasa Reddy Er. Pankaj Sharma, Dy. Director Ms. Chitra S Pai Ms. Manasa Devi B Er. Amarjit Singh, Dy. Director Database Dr. A K Bera Mr. Mohamed Ali S Dr. M C Gupta Organization & Geo- Dr. Rakesh Paliwal Ms. Hemlata Gehlot Dr. S N Das Er. S K Chaturvedi, Dy. Director Mr. Amit Kumar database Standards Dr. S S Rao Er. Y S Varshney, Executive Engineer Mr. Devdatta Tengshe Sh. K Abdul Hakeem Mr. Jai Prakash Jyani Er. Manoj Paunikar, Executive Engineer Mr. Munish Gorsi Legacy Data ISRO Ms. Deepika Acharaya Dr. V V Rao Er. Amitabh Prabhakar, Executive Engineer Dr. Rakesh Paliwal Projects Ms. Pratima Tak Dr. G Ravishankar Sh. Ashish Kumar Jain Mr. Niteen K Bankar Dr. A V Suresh Babu Er. Vishal Garg, Assistant Director Sh. B Simhadhari Rao Ms. Himani Singh Er. M Sahabdeen, Assistant Director Ms. Sneha Ms. Kamini Yadav Watershed Atlas & Dr. A K Bera Ms. Rajashree V B Er. Ashish Awasthi Assistant Director Mr. Goutam Bhati Dr. G Sreenivasan Water Resources Dr. Rakesh Paliwal Mr. Debhasish Bhakta Er. R. Bhaskaran, Assistant Director Projects Dr. S Ravindranath Er. Sagar S Salunkhe Mr. Nitin Chauhan Dr. K H V Durga Rao Ms. Ila Agnihotri Mr. Vishal Singh Administrative Dr. D Dutta Dr. B K Bhadra Ms. Vineeta Sharma & Thematic Layers Dr. N Vyjayanthi Dr. V M Choudhary Dr. Rakesh Paliwal Dr. Shirsath Paresh B Sh. P V Raju Sh. S Pathak Mr. Sanjay Kumar Sh. P Satyanarayana
Sh. Sushilkumar B Ms. Rashmi Rekha Dutta Mr. Brij Kishor Jashal Rehpade Sh. Amanpreet Singh Environmental Data Dr. S Rama Dr. S N Das Subramoniam Sh. John Mathew Dr. Manoj Joseph Sh. M Shanker Sh. B Simhadhari Rao
Capacity Building, Sh. S Pathak Dr. P Manavalan Modelling, Value Sh. Pramod Kumar Addition & Report Sh. P V Raju Dr. K H V Durga Rao
Lead Centre: Regional Remote Sensing Centre - West, NRSC/ISRO, Jodhpur
98 www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in
East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar Basin
99 www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in