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Home , Agastya Mala, Arma Konda, Kandaleru Dam, Kishtwar National Park, Nallamala Hills, Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary

Indian Geography Geography

SAARC membership countries: Maldives, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, , Nepal and Afghanistan.

• ISRO launched GSAT 9 of SAARC satellite on 5 th May 2017 is used for disaster prediction. This satellite

gives services to countries of SAARC accept Pakistan

Location of India: 8°4 North latitude 237 °6 North latitude and 68 °7 East longitude to 97 °25 East longitude.

• 82.5° East longitude is called Indian Standard Time and it passes through 5 states and . They are

Bihar, , , , Orissa and .

• GMC Balayogi Bridge interlinks between Andhra Pradesh and Puducherry. He is the first Telugu Lok Sabha

speaker and died in helicopter accident.

• India is a second largest Peninsula land mass and first one is Arabia.

• 23.5°North latitude is called tropic of Cancer passes through 8 states in India. They are , Madhya

Pradesh Chhattisgarh, , , and .

• 5 land lockers are present in India means surrounded by lands of India only and no coastal line. They are

Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and .

• Indian territorial waters are extended up to 12 nautical miles (1 nautical mile = 1.857 km).

End Points:

• East end point Dilpha at purvanchal hills , west end point is Rann of Kutch ,

Northern end point Indira Col and south end point Indira Point.

• East end point and West End Point time difference is 2 hours 30 degrees longitude.

‹ The word Andhra was appeared in Aitareya Brahmana Rig Veda. ‹ First word in Telugu is NAGABU. MyApp ‹ According to article 1 India is the union of states also called as Bharat.

‹ India land mass belongs to Northern hemisphere and Gondwana land.

‹ 90% population connector concentrated in Northern hemisphere.

‹ 10% population concentrated in Southern hemisphere.

‹ 90% water concentrated in Southern hemisphere.

‹ 10% water concentrated in Northern hemisphere.

‹ Earth contains 71% of water and 29% of land in that water 97.5% of saline water 2.5% of fresh water.

‹ Earth is formed 4.6 Billion years ago and it is called as Pangea.

‹ China contains 19.4% population growth supports and India contains 17.6% population growth. India is in

South Asia and China is in East Asia. Indian Geography

Indian physical features: Himalayas, Great Northern Plains, Peninsular plateau , Western and ,

Coastal Plains , Iceland’s and Deserts.

Note: Bharat Ratna for foreigners Mother Teresa in 1980, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan in 1987 (Red shirts Movement) and Nelson Mandela in 1987 (Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in jail).

• Andhra Bank founder was Pattabhi Sitaramayya.

• Home Minister is Vallabhbhai Patel because Gandhi and Pattabhi Sitaramayya.

• 1 October is international integrity day

Boundary countries with India:

Afghanistan:

• Afghanistan Durand line separates Pakistan and Afghanistan it was introduced in 1896.

• Afghanistan contains 80 km least boundary with India.

• Afghan-India Friendship Dam, formerly Salma Dam, is a hydroelectric and irrigation dam project located on

the Hari River and Afghanistan is primarily part of India.

Pakistan:

• Rahmat Ali name the name Pakistan

• Balochistan is the reason people started education for autonomous region.

• Gandhi view on Pakistan division from India rejected

• In 1947 29% of land and 18% of population was given to Pakistan in that 7 to 10 million people returned to

India. They killed 10 Lakhs people from them.

• and Kashmir, Gujarat, and are refused to join in India, but Gujarat and Travancore are joined in India withoutMyApp any War. • First war with Pakistan in 1947 after independence for Jammu and Kashmir and at last 17 September 1948

Operation Polo was done on Hyderabad, then Hyderabad was joined in India.

• In that were 7 hours first one was Nizam ul Mulk and Amaan Ali Khan richest Nawab maintain relationship

with Pakistan and give 3 crores rupees to Pakistan imported weapons said Indian currency is not valid in

Hyderabad

• K M Munshi is there two opposite.

• JN Chaudhuri headed the army on Hyderabad war

• War with Pakistan:

‹ 1947, 1965, 16 December 1971 Vijay Diwas, 26 July 1999 kargil Diwas and 13 December 2001

Parliament attack. Indian Geography

‹ There are three lines in between Pakistan and India Sir creek line except rejected Radcliffe line both India and

Pakistan accepted Kashmir Pakistan rejected.

China:

• 5 states in India have boundary line with China 3380 kilo meters boundary line length in that 2100 KM is in

controversy.

• In 1917 CPI was established by MN Roy established (Russia). CPI branch was opened in 1925 at Kanpur.

• Ranjit Singh conducted conference on July 2017 Delhi.

• In 1954 panchsheel agreement was done between China and India.

• China has boundary with 16 countries and India has boundary with 7 countries.

• Because of Dalai Lama in Tibet who came to India at the time of Jawaharlal Nehru was PM.

• (Aksai Chin) is a part India till 1962. China occupied Aksai Chin (1700 square kilo meters area) in

1962.

• In 1905 Repudi Somanatha Rao is an Indian, on the like of Japan he named their sons Togo and Nogo.

• In 1905 China is defeated by Japan who inspires in and leads to Vandemataram movement in 1906.

• In 1962 India and China war was held, at the time Prime Minister was Jawaharlal Nehru, Minister of Defence

was Krishna Menon and president was Radha Krishna.

• Due to the war Radha Krishna forced Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to remove Defence Minister Krishna

Menon.

• was merged into Indian Union in 1975 as per 35th Amendment Act ii article at that time Prime

Minister of India is Indira Gandhi. • Sikkim became a full-fledged state MyAppof India in 1976 as due to 36 Amendment Act. • Line of Actual Control:

‹ Doklam, Tibet, Bhutan and India

‹ Nathula Pass (Not in Use) and Lipulekh pass are roads to Lake Manasarovar.

‹ One belt one road meeting was held on 15 & 16 June 2017 in Beijing China but India is not attended for that

meeting.

Nepal: It has 5 states have its boundaries in India. They are , Uttar Pradesh, , West Bengal and

Himachal Pradesh.

Bhutan: Bhutan has six hydro power stations with 10000 megawatt capacity, we are importing power from

Bhutan and exporting to Nepal.

• Bhutan has boundaries with 4 states in India West Bengal Arunachal Pradesh

Myanmar: Myanmar has boundaries with , , Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Geography

Bangladesh: Bangladesh has boundaries with West Bengal, Assam, , Mizoram and Tripura

• On 31 July 2016 a railway line from Akhaura to Agartala this is the new railway track between India and

Bangladesh of 15 kilometers.

• There is another train Maitree Express between India and Bangladesh

• Recently India and Bangladesh Land boundary agreement was held in 2015 which was started in 1947 by

Indira Gandhi

• Enclaves residential areas 111 India transferred to Bangladesh 51 Bangladesh transferred to India.

• Largest fake currency state in India is West Bengal.

River System: West Flowing Rivers East Flowing Rivers Indus, Lune, Mahi, Narmada, Tapti, Sabarmati, Brahmaputra, Ganga, Damodar, Suvarnarekha, , Mandovi, Zuari, Saraswathi, Netravati, Pamba and Vamsadhara, Nagavali, Godavari, Krishna, Penna, and Bramhani

East Flowing Rivers:

Indus River:

• Left side tributaries are Jhelum (Tulbul project), Chenab (Baglihar Dul hasti and Salal dams), Ravi , Beas

(Larji, Thein and Pong dams) and Sutlej (Neptha jakri, Bakra and Nangal dams).

• Right side tributaries are Gilgit, Shigar, Kuram, Soyak and Kabul (All are present in Pakistan).

Brahmaputra River: length 2900 KM.

• Left side tributaries are Dibang River, Lohit River, Dhansiri River, Kolong River.

• Right side tributaries are Kameng River, Manas River, Beki River, Raidak River, Jaldhaka River, Teesta River, Subansiri River. MyApp • Tibet is also called as “Yarlung Tsangpo” in Tibetan language, “Dihag and shihag” in Assam and “Jamuna” in

Bangladesh.

• World largest Riverine Island is “Majuli” Island surrounded by Brahmaputra River.

Ganga River:

• Left side tributaries are Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara (Sarju and Sadra are main tributaries), Gandak and Kosi.

• Right side tributaries are Yamuna (Chabal, Betwa and Ken), Tamsa, Son (Rihand River) and Damodar.

• It is the largest National River (2525KM) with 26.7% catchment area. National aquatic animal (Dolphins) are

exists in this River.

• National Ganga River Basin Authority was setup according to 1986 Environmental act.

• Ramganga: Born in Uttarakhand.

• Ghaghara: It is born in Tran’s Himalayas. It flows through Nepal and India (Utter Pradesh). Indian Geography

• Sarju: Ayodhya is located at the bank of this river.

• Sadra: 2 Largest canal in Utter Pradesh.

• Gomti: It is born in Utter Pradesh.

• Gandak: It is born in Nepal and flows through Utter Pradesh. An International project was built on this river.

• Kosi: It born in Nepal and flows through India (Bihar). Kosi project also an international project built by both

countries. In 2008 400 people are dead due to floods and recently 2017 200 people are dead because of floods.

• Yamuna: It is largest tributary of Ganga born at yamunotri (Uttarakhand). Ganga and Yamuna both are called

living entities.

• Chambal: It is born at Janapav Hills (Madhya Pradesh). It is famous for Gharial Crocodiles. Madhya Pradesh

and Rajasthan are separated by this river.

‹ Projects on Chambal River are Kota barrage, Jawahar sagar dam, Rana pratap sagar dam, Gandhi sagar dam.

‹ On the advice of Supreme Court Rivers interlinking was started in 2002 but not executed. But recently cabinet

approves Rivers interlinking project.

• Betwa: Betwa River born in the Vindhya Range (Madhya Pradesh).

‹ A multipurpose dam is constructed on Betwa River. Betwa and Ken rivers interlinking was started in 2006 but

not executed. This river passes through “Penna Tiger zone”

• Rihand River: Rihand River born in Matiranga Hills (Chhattisgarh , Uttar Pradesh). Rihand project was built

on this river in Uttar Pradesh.

• Damodar River: Born in Chota Nagpur Plateau (Jharkhand). After Independence 1 flood control

multipurpose dam was constructed on Damodar River. ‹ All 4 dams (Konar Dam, PanchayatMyApp Dam, Maithon Dam and Tilaiya Dam) are combinedly called Damodar Valley Project.

Godavari River:

• Left side tributaries are Banganga, Kadva, Shivana, Purna, Kadam, Pranahita (Penganga, Wainganga, Vadra),

Indravati, Taliperu, Sabari

• Right side tributaries are Nasardi, Darna, Pravara, Sindphana, Manjira, Manair, Kinnerasani

• Benefited states are , Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,

Karnataka and Puducherry.

• Before it combined with it splits into 7 parts. They are Gowthami, Vasista, Vainateya, Tulya,

Bharadwaz, Artreya and Koushik

• Telugu states share in Godavari is Telangana (954 TMC) and Andhra Pradesh (526 TMC).

• Water supply for Hyderabad is from , Singur Puram, Osman sagar and Himayath sagar. Indian Geography

• Mohammad Bahadur Ali yar Jung is the best civil engineer in Telangana. Due to this Telangan engineers day

was celebrated on 11 July (Mohammad Bahadur Ali yar Jung birthday).

• Babli Project: Water in this project sometimes goes back.

• : Gross Capacity is 194 TMC and Active Capacity is 175 TMC.

• Pattiseema: Temporary lift irrigation at Warangal. Construction was started on 30 March 2015 and finished

before 29 March 2016 (It was register in Limca Book of records).

‹ It is an interlinking project between Godavari and Krishna with 24 Pumps (Transfer 80 TMC to Krishna

River).

‹ Pattiseema Lift Irrigation System is connected to at Ferry near Ibrahimpatnam ().

‹ In 80 TMC of water 40 TMC is used for capital region and remaining 40 TMC for drinking

water.

• Pushkar Lift Irrigation System: It is part of Polavaram Project.

• Purushothapatnam Lift Irrigation System: It receives eater from Yeleru Canal. Purushothapatnam and

Polavaram are interlinked by Yeleru Canal.

‹ It provides water for Irrigation of 43000 Acres (Jaggampeta, Peddapuram, and Tuni) and drinking water for

Vishakhapatnam.

• Venkata Nagaram Lift Irrigation System: receives drinking water from this project.

• Tadepalli Lift Irrigation System: It provides irrigation facilities for 13 mandals in West Godavari.

• Chintalapudi Lift Irrigation System: Not yet started.

• Dhavaleswaram Project: It was constructed in 1850 by Sir Arthur Cotton. Gross Storage Capacity is 3.12 TMC MyApp • : It is life line to Andhra Pradesh and 1 Hydro Power Station constructed on Sileru which is

joint venture of Andhra Pradesh and .

• Pranahita River: It is combination of 3 tributaries. They are Penganga, Wainganga and Vadra. Chanaka

Korata barrage was built on Penganga River.

• Manjeera River: Born at Balaghat range (Maharashtra). It is longest tributary of Godavari with 724 KM

length.

‹ Water facility for Bidar is from Manjeera River.

Krishna River: Born at Mahabaleswar (Maharashtra)

• Left side tributaries are Bhima, Dindi, Peddavagu, Musi, , Munneru .

• Right side tributaries are Venna, Koyna, Panchganga, Dudhaganga, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Tungabhadra. Indian Geography

• It supplies water to the states Maharashtra (565 TMC), (724 TMC), Telangana (299 TMC) and

Andhra Pradesh (512 TMC).

• Dam: It was started in 1961 and ended in 1980 with Gross Capacity 216 TMC.

• Power Capacity 1670 MW (From Right Canal 990MW and From Left Canal 770 MW). Srisailam Right Canal Srisailam Left Canal Project Location Project Location Velugodu or Pothi reddy padu Head regulatory kalwakurthy lift irrigation project Nagarkurnool Galeru Nagari Sujala Sravanthi Project Kurnool Dindi Lift Irrigation Scheme Nalgonda Alaganur reservoir Kurnool OWK Reservior Kurnool Kurnool KC Canal Brahma Sagar Dam Kadapa Gandikota Reservoir kadapa Handri neeva antaramiraddy sujala sravanthi Chottoor eligonda Project Prakasam

• : It was introduced by JL Nehru in 10 December 1955 at the time of First five Year

Plan.

‹ KL Rao suggested that to construct the dam with stones (Economical) and this is the largest rock built project

in the world.

‹ Storage capacity is 405 TMC and Power Capacity is 816 MW

‹ On 4 August 1967 Indira Gandhi inaugurated this dam.

• Nagarjuna Sagar Left Canal: It is also called LB Shastri Canal. It supplies water to Nalgonda, Khammam,

West Godavari and Krishna Districts. • Nagarjuna Sagar Right Canal: ItMyApp is also called JL Nehru Canal (230 KM). It supplies water to and Prakasam Districts.21.08 Lakhs of Acres are irrigated under right canal.

• KL Rao Sagar Pulichintala Project: It was inaugurated by Kiran Kumar Reddy on 7 December 2013. It is

last project in United Andhra Pradesh.

• : It was constructed on 1855 and Remodeled in 1957 and second remodeling was done in

2017.

• Moosi River: Born at Ananthagiri hills .

‹ In 1908 Moosi River is affected to floods. M Vishweshwarayya Played major role to construct Osman sagar at

vikarabad to stop floods.

• : Tunga and Bddra meet at Croog (Karnataka).

• River: Born at Pakala Cheruvu Warangal. It merges into Krishna River at Jaggayyapeta.

• Dindi: Born at Shahad hills Mahabubnagar. Indian Geography

Penna River: Born at Nandi Hills (Karnataka).

• Left side tributaries are Jayamangali, Kunderu, .

• Right side tributaries are Chitravati, Papagni, Cheyyeru.

Mahanadi: Born at Sihawa (Chhattisgarh) and flows through the states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha

• Left side tributaries are Shivnath, Mand, Ib, Hasdeo.

• Right side tributaries are Ong, parry river, Jonk, Telen.

Nagavali River: Main tributaries of the River Nagavali are Jhanjavati, Barha, Baldiya, Satnala, Sitagurha,

Srikona, Gumudugedda, Vottigedda, Suvarnamukhi, Vonigedda, Relligedda and Vegavati.

• Jhanjavati Project is a rubber dam and first of its kind in Andhra Pradesh and India and the biggest in Asia

Vamsadhara River:

West Flowing Rivers: Luni, Sabarmati, Mahi, Narmada, Tapi. Except Luni all are meeting at same place.

Narmada River: Born at Amarkantak (Madhya Pradesh). It is the largest west flowing river in India. Dhuandhar

waterfalls are located at Jabalpur on this river. Kollar dam, Bargi Dam, Sardar Sarovar dam, Omkareshwar dam

and Narmada sagar project are present on this river.

Tapi River: Born at Multai (Madhya Pradesh). It is the second largest west flowing river in India.

• Luni River: It is the only rivers flows through Thar Desert. It is combined in Arabian sea at Rann of Kutch.

Himalayas:

• Himalayas was extended in Pakistan, Tibet, India, Nepal and Bhutan.

• Significance: Abode of Snow and highest flooded mountains with steep slope and rugged surface. • Survey of India (Hyderabad) measuresMyApp Himalayas highest by using Trigonometry in to 25 April 2015. • Himalayas are formed in Cenozoic era.

• Himalayas are formed by compression force or convergence are pushing are sedimentary rocks

• Pre Cambrian Era (Earth was formed & Birth of Cyno bacteria takes place).

• Paleozoic Era (Aquatic animals & Coal minerals are formed).

• Mesozoic Era (Dinoceros are lived).

• Cenozoic Era (Himalayas are formed in this time).

• Neozonic Era (Homo sapiens [Humans] are lived in this period).

Divisions of Himalayas: Trans Himalayas, Greater Himalayas, Middle Himalayas and Sivalik Himalayas.

Trans Himalayas or Tibet Himalaya:

• Karakoram Range K2 Gordon Austin 8611 M. World second highest peak and Highest peak in India was

located in Pakistan occupied Kashmir. Indian Geography

• Mansarovar Lake.

• Kailash Hills.

• Ladakh Hills.

• Siachen is a highest glacier in the world and highest battlefield in the world.

• Pamir plateau is also called roof of the world.

Great Himalayas or Himadri or inner Himalayas:

• In these range mountains are Nanga Parbat, Nanda Devi, Dhaulagiri, Annapurna, Makalu, Manaslu, Lhotse

Mount Everest, Kanchenjunga and Namcha Barwa.

• Mount Everest 8848 m.

• Junko Tabei 1 woman who climb Mount Everest in the world belongs to Japan she recently passed away at

the age of 93.

• Edmund Hillary (New Zealand) and Tenzing Norgay (Nepal but settled in Tibet) are the first explorers to

reach the summit of Mount Everest in the world.

• Young child in India reach Mount Everest base camp in India is Kama Karthikeyan at the age of 9 years who

belongs to .

• First woman in the world climb serial Mount Everest 5 times is Anshu Jamsenpa belongs to Arunachal

Pradesh.

• First AP citizen climbed Mount Aconcagua America and Chile Argentina was Malli Mastan Babu who

belongs to Nellore.

Middle Himalayas Himachal Himalayas are lesser Himalayas: • Modi inaugurated a longest tunnel MyAppof Road tunnel on NH 44 2 April 2017 which is in Pir Panjal range which connects Chenani to Nashri with 9.2 km.

• In 2013 longest railway Tunnel of 11.2 km is in Pir Panjal range connecting Banihal pass and .

• is located in between Pir Panjal and greater Himalayas.

• Amarnath caves are a Saivist Centre is located in Kashmir Valley.

• Summer Locations & tourist places: Jammu and Kashmir (), (Dalhousie, Shimla,

Dharamshala), Uttarakhand (Mussoorie) and West Bengal (Darjeeling).

Shivalik or Foothills of Himalayas or Outer Himalayas:

• Lesser height 900 to 1100 m consists of valleys dunes gorgeous.

• Assam: Mikir Hills.

• Arunachal Pradesh: Dolphin Hills, Mishmi Hills and Miri Hills, Patkai Hills and Purvanchal Hills.

• Meghalaya: Khasi Vindhya Hills Indian Geography

• According to length Himalayas are divided into 4 types

• They are Punjab Himalayas, Kumaun Himalayas, Central/ Nepal Himalayas and Assam Himalayas.

Great northern plains:

• Great Northern Plains are formed by rivers around Pakistan {Indus (Punjab, )} and India {Ganga

River (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal), Brahmaputra River (Arunachal

Pradesh and Assam)}

• 70% of people are distributed along the coastal line of Ganga.

• 60 to 65% of food grains are produced here and Gnaga Plains are of alluvial soil.

• Bhabar: This is composed by large sediments like pebbles and gravels.

• It is located in South directions to the shivaliks.

• Water for college at the land surface and not suitable for agriculture and irrigation

• Terai: It means wetland it is composed by fine particles water appears at land surface best suitable for

agriculture and irrigation it is located at North direction to Bhabar

• Bhangar: Old alluvial soil with low fertile in nature.

• Khadar: New alluvial soil with high fertile in nature.

• Alluvial soils are formed by river sediments there are two types of alluvial soil fertile more productive soil

• Peninsular plateau: Northwest Aravalli Hills, West east Rajmahal Hills, West and East

Eastern Ghats.

• Aravalli Hills: Aravalli Hills are oldest hills mountains in the world, these are residuary / relict mountains

located in Rajasthan. Highest peak in Aravalli Hills is Guru Shikhar with 1722 meters. • Mount Abu is famous for Lord ShivaMyApp temple. Western Ghats: Sahyadri is famous in .

• railway line is between Roha and with760 kilometers connecting 3 states.

• Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats are connected by Nilgiri Hills.

• Western Ghats are

• located between Mumbai and Nashik

• located between Mumbai and Pune.

• Pal Ghat located between and

• Nilgiri is located in Tamil Nadu Ooty. Blue Mountains peak is with 2637 m.

• are located in Tamil Nadu. Kodaikanal is a part of Palani Hills.

• Yelagiri Hills / Hills are famous for Elachi crops located in Tamil Nadu.

• Highest peak in is 2695 M. Indian Geography

• Western Ghats are popular for richest biodiversity and also popular for an epidemic species like Nilgiri

Langur, .

Eastern Ghats:

• Eastern Ghats is also called as Purva parvat or Mahindra parvat.

• Rocks are of Charnockite and Khondalite.

• Eastern Ghats consists of Tamil Nadu Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Telangana and Odisha.

• Tamil Nadu: In Tamil Nadu Biligiri Hills, Yercaud Hills, Shiva Hills, Javadi Hills and Stanley Hills.

• Andhra Pradesh: In Andhra Pradesh (Nellore, Prakasam), palakonda/ milk hills (Kadapa),

horsley Hills (Chittoor), yenugu Yellamma Hills (Chittoor), waterfalls, Sri Lanka Hills (Jordan

courser, world conservation centre at Kadapa)

‹ : Seshachalam hills are famous for red sandal plant, Papavinasam waterfalls, dry and

moist deciduous forest biosphere reserve (5 types of varieties of butterflies are located in seshachalam out

of 63 varieties of butterflies).

‹ : Nallamala Hills starts from Prakasam and extended to Kurnool, Nalgonda and

Mahbubnagar. It is the longest range in Eastern Ghats and popular for Rosewood plant.

‹ Papikondalu Hills: These are extended to East Godavari, West Godavari and Khammam.

‹ Guntur: , Vinukonda (famous for iron industry and ruled by kakatiyas), Bellam konda,

Kotappa konda (famous for black buck Lord Shiva), kondaveeti konda and Mangalagiri.

‹ : Mogalrajapuram hills, Nandi Konda hills, Kondapalli hills (famous for wood toys made

by Phoneky plant), ‹ Note: Bobbili Veena (VijayanagaramMyApp Dist), Jaggayyapeta (Krishna Dist) and Pithapuram hills (East Godavari Dist ) are famous for musical instruments.

‹ Visakhapatnam: Chintapalle (Lambasingi is located here with elevation of 1000M and it is also called as

Andhra Kashmir), (with highest peak in Eastern Ghats and also in AP with an height of 1680

M), Bandhaghat (with a height of 1690 M near Araku Valley, proposed as highest peak in Eastern Ghats

but not given), Galikonda, Kambalakonda, Bavikonda Etikoppaka (famous for toys).

• Odisha: Malia range ( is peak with 1672 M in Odisha)

• Vindhya and Satpura: These are formed by tensional /diverging /pulling forces and located in 3 states

Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand. It consists of Kaimur hills, Maikal hills, Mahadeo hills,

Dhupgarh (highest peak in Vindhya and Satpura), Gwalior hills and Ajanta Hills.

• Malwa Plateau: This is the largest plateaus in 3 states Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.

• It consists of 2 parts Mewar (Queen Padmini) and Marwar (Located in Rajasthan). Indian Geography

• :

• It is the oldest plateau made of Lava consists of igneous rocks (Granite formed due to slow cooling of volcano

and Basalt sudden cooling of volcano)

• Chota Nagpur Plateau: Richest mineral belt also called “Mineral garden of India” and also “Ruhr of India”

popular for all minerals (Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha and Chhattisgarh)

• Kathiawar is the least mineral belt.

Coastal plains: In India total length of coastal plain is 7516 kilometers. In that Andaman Nicobar coastal length is1962 km Lakshadweep coastal length is 132 km Pondicherry is coastal length is 60.5 km.

All natural ports and harbors are located at west part of coastal area because of downward moment.

Gujarat: Longest coastal area state in India is Gujarat it consists of 1214.7 km of coastal length and coastal area

of Gujarat is also called “Saurashtra”.

• Wide Continental shelf coastal area because of this helps gives rise to formation of algae due to sunrise which

indicates Marine aquatic organisms living there.

Maharashtra and : These are also known as Konkan coastal areas and having small and least coastal line.

Kerala: Kerala coastal line is also called Malabar coastal line.

Karnataka: Karnataka coastal line is also called as Kanara coastal line.

Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu coastal line is also called as Coromandel coastal line.

Andhra Pradesh: In Andhra Pradesh total length of coastal line is 974 kilometers it is second largest coastal area

state in India (Least coastal area in and more coastal area is in district)

Orissa: Orissa coastal area is also called as Utkal coastal area and river called and beach called “” both beach and riverMyApp popular for Olive ridley Turtles. West Bengal:

Iceland’s: In India there are 247 Islands in that 204 Iceland’s are located in Bay of Bengal and remaining 43 islands are in Arabian sea it is also called Gulf of manner

Andaman Nicobar Islands:

• Largest coral reef Iceland’s. Corals are animals produce calcium carbonate and silicon. Andaman Nicobar is

formed by deadly animals of corals world largest Coral Reef Island in world is Great Barrier near Australia.

• Largest archipelago means group of islands is in India Andaman Nicobar Islands, contain salt crocodiles is

going to concern here and in world largest archipelago is Indonesia consists of 3000 Islands. Indonesia

constitutes Muslims as high population.

• It is also called Timber garden of India because of high timber available here

• Oldest population in India is Nagritroids they exist at Andaman Nicobar only Indian Geography

• Duncan pass water separate South Andaman and little Andaman Islands and 10 °channel separates Andaman

and Nicobar Islands

• First rainfall receiving Iceland in India is located in Nicobar Islands

Lakshadweep Islands:

• It is also called Laccadive Island. These are coral reef Iceland coconut is main occupation here more

population are literacy& Muslim population.

• Lakshadweep and Maldives are separated by 8°4 channel.

• Palk Strait separates India and Sri Lanka and it interlinked Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal

• Adam's Bridge connecting Rameswaram to Sri Lanka it is a Mythological Bridge (Rameswaram, Dhanushkodi

and Talaimannar)

• Pearls are famous in Rameswaram they came from Alaska which consists of Pinctada animal because of

rainfall.

Desserts: In Thar Desert 85% present in India and remaining 15% are present in Pakistan.

In Thar Desert Pokhran is used for nuclear testing. Saraswathi and Ghaggar are the mythological rivers which are present in Thar Desert.

Climate of India

• Units of rainfall in India are centimeter, millimeter and inches. Average rainfall in India is 108 CM and

average rainfall in Andhra Pradesh is 96 centimeters.

• Indian climate is called tropical monsoon climate Climate: Sum of all weather conditions forMyApp a long period and large area means 30 to 35 years India, South India, Asia and South Asia etc.

Whether: Sum of atmospheric conditions for a short period and small area means 1 year or 1 hour for a city or a town

Weather conditions: Temperature, rainfall, humidity and pressure.

Temperature: Temperature is measured by thermometer (body temperature with clinical thermometer, atmospheric temperature with sixes minimum or maximum thermometer and sun’s outer surface temperature is measured with pyrometer it by using pyrometer we can measure a temperature up to 60000 degree centigrade).

Pressure: Normal pressure at sea level is measured in mm of HG or centimeters. Normally the atmospheric pressure is

760 mm of HG.

Humidity: Humidity is measured by using hydrometer Indian climatic conditions are influenced by following factors latitude, altitude, distance from the Sea, western distributions, jet streams, monsoons, El Nino and La Nino. Indian Geography

Latitudes: Latitude length while moving from equator to North Pole and South Pole decreases but temperature increases (for Andhra Pradesh 12 ° latitude and for Telangana 16 ° latitude).

Altitude: for every 165 m rise there is a decrease in temperature of 1°centigrade and for every 1 km rise there is a decrease in temperature of 6.4 degree centigrade with height.

• Normal lapse rate or environmental lapse rate or Universal lapse rate means with respect to increase in height

temperature decreases (Shimla is colder than Ludhiana because of altitude).

• Coastal area cities are always maintaining uniform climatic conditions because of more specific heat of water

and non coastal area cities always maintain extreme climatic conditions

Western disturbances: Depression → Current → Wind → Pressure → Trade → Cyclone → Monsoon

• Western disturbances are originated at Mediterranean sea during the winter season western disturbances are

entered into North part of India.

• Punjab and Haryana States receive few amount of rainfall which is best suitable for wheat and barley.

Jet Streams: An Apparent air current circulation in the troposphere is called Jet Stream.

• Jet Stream speed is 250 to 300 km per hour. Jet streams are produced by Earth radiation, temperature variation

and pressure variation

• Types of Jet streams polar jet stream (9 to 11 km most powerful Jet streams), subtropical jet stream (12 to 16

km it passes over the Indian land mass), westerly jet (it travels from west to east) and Eastern jet (It travels

from east to west)

• East side (rich forest and water is high) and Westside (desert).

Monsoons: Monsoon is derived from Mausam word of Arabic means seasons. • 15 March to 15 July pre monsoon.MyApp 15 July to 15 September Southwest monsoon. 15 September to 15 December North East monsoon. 15 December to 15 March post monsoon

Pre Monsoon:

• March 2 June with high temperature and high humidity in hot summer.

• Afternoon due to motions vertical rays more water evaporated. Then conventional currents are provided in the

atmosphere which leads to conventional rainfall or Sun follow rainfall with thunderbolt.

• This type of rainfall is always received by an equatorial region.

• This type of rainfall in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana is named as Tholakari Jallu, in Karnataka Cherry

Blossoms, in Kerala showers and in West Bengal Kala baisakhi means black clouds.

• Hot winds are produced from North West side in between March to June of Pre monsoon

Southwest Monsoon:

• According to Coriolis force Southern hemisphere moves left Northern hemisphere moves right. Indian Geography

• Indian Ocean is also called half an ocean.

• Because of high pressure at equator southern hemisphere moves left and Northern hemisphere moves right so

it is called as Southwest monsoon.

• Indian landmass maximum rainfall is received by southwest monsoons.

• Southwest monsoon system is generated from Indian Ocean in the month of June first week

• So Southwest monsoon system is divided into 2 types Arabian Sea branch and Bay of Bengal sea branch

• Arabian Sea branch:

‹ Indian land mass receives more rainfall due to Arabian Sea branch. It strikes at Malabar cost in the month of

June first week Kerala.

‹ West part of Western Ghats Kerala, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Orissa

and Goa due to Arabian Sea branch

• Bay of Bengal sea branch:

‹ Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Northeastern States Meghalaya land of Clouds, Sikkim, West Bengal and Bihar.

‹ Wettest land on the earth and highest rainfall is in Meghalaya 1187 CM.

‹ Mawsynram recorded Guinness Book of World Record because of highest rainfall of 1187 CM Wettest land

on the earth.

• East Khasi Hills: 1 highest rainfall Mawsynram and 2 highest rainfall Cherrapunji with 1143 centimeters.

• Least rainfall region: 1 Leh and 2 Jaisalmer 50 centimeters below

‹ South Andhra Pradesh (Chittoor, Nellore), Tamil Nadu, , Aravalli, Shillong.

‹ Shillong in Meghalaya receives least rainfall because of leeward means backside of Hill ‹ India receives more rainfall due to orographyMyApp North East monsoon: North East monsoon does not carry any moisture but it creates depressions in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea

• It is also called reversal monsoon or recreating.

• Maximum cyclones are generated in the month of October.

• Bay of Bengal sea cyclones intensity is 4 to 5 times greater than Arabian Sea cyclone intensity.

• Odisha and Andhra Pradesh both States majority affected to cyclones

• Nellore, Chittoor and Tamil Nadu receive more rainfall due to North East monsoon.

Post monsoon: In this day is more and night is less. It is also called Diurnal temperature means difference between day temperature to night temperature is high Indian Geography

El Nino: means hot current/ Droughts/ Christ child Boy which is generated at coastal area near the Pacific Ocean due to hot current Southwest monsoon mechanism is become very weak and leads to drought condition over the Indian land mass

La Nino: means cold currents or Floods child girl it is generated at Peru coastal area due to this cold current Southwest monsoon mechanism is become very strong which leads to more rainfall over the Indian land mass

Note: El Nino and La Nina Spanish words both are causes structural damages

Natural vegetation

• Forest, national parks/ sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Biodiversity and Wetlands

Forest: Forest % at the time of 2029 is 50% of forests in Andhra Pradesh.

In 1952: 1 Forest policy is 33% of forest area.

• Happiness index is proposed by Chandrababu Naidu and happiness Secretariat is 1 started in Madhya Pradesh

• First family planning followed by Indian in 1952 National Development Council

• First community development program in India

• Apex body in five years plan in National Development Council

• Forest distribution depends on biotic and abiotic factors

Biotic: factors are bacteria, fungi and microbes

Abiotic: factors of soil, Rock, rainfall, temperature, pressure and humidity.

Forest report (2015):

LISS-Sensor-Linear imaging self Scanning System sensor are by using resources of GIS Sat 2. Forest area: An area registered in governmentMyApp records as a forest. It is a organized resistor. Forest cover: Organized or unorganized area comes under forest cover.

Carbon stock: the amount of carbon observed by the forest is called carbon stock.

Forest area is 21.34% in India and forest cover is 21.34% + 2.82% totally 24.16% in India.

Forest area: Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Orissa.

Mizoram 88.93% > Lakshadweep > Andaman Nicobar Islands > Arunachal Pradesh > Nagaland

Forest distribution based on canopy means foliage or leaf area:

10% or less Scrub forest, 10% to 40% open forest, 40% to 70% moderate dense forest, above 70% very dense forest.

Types of forest:

Tropical evergreen forest: High rainfall above 200 CM . 2.5 % of Evergreen forests are there in India. it is also

called as Dense forest/ Black forest/ Rain forest. Hardwood is available in the forest. Ex Mahogany, Ebony,

Rosewood, Ironwood. Man can’t destroy these types of forest. Indian Geography

• Distribution: west part of Western Ghats, Andaman Nicobar Islands and North East States including Sikkim.

Tropical deciduous forest: Medium rainfall 75 to 200 CM. Largest distribution forest in India .

• Rainfall is in between 75-200 centimeters it is called tropical dry deciduous forest.

• Rainfall is lies in between 100 to 200 CM that type of forest is called tropical wet deciduous forest.

• Tropical dry deciduous forest is affected by human activities. In India forest are destroyed mainly by

agriculture extension.

• Commercial plants:

Red sandal: These are costlier and luxurious one. Andhra Pradesh is top in the production of red sandal under

Telangana is in 2nd position in Andhra Pradesh Chittoor region top and Kadapa is in second position.

Sandalwood: Top production is from Karnataka (cocoon operation to kill Veerappan).

Sal tree: Mass production from Madhya Pradesh largest bee grown in Indian forest.

Lac tree: It is used for sealing wax, available Jharkhand.

Tendu leaf: These are more produced from Madhya Pradesh used in BD'S.

Mangrove forests: Cluster of plants or tidal forests or littoral forest

Location: Coastal areas, Marshy area (Edges of lakes and streams), Swampy areas (Wetland Forest), Estuaries and

Creeks.

Saline plants: These are not a deep rooting plants, root breathing plants, axial plants, supportive plants are

available in mangrove forests.

• Mangrove forests prevent soil erosion and cyclone intensity, these are best suitable for biodiversity.

Mangrove forest distribution: • West Bengal Delta formedMyApp by Ganga and Brahmaputra • Sundarbans Delta world largest delta

• Odisha- Bhitarkanika, Andhra Pradesh-Khurja famous for salt crocodiles

• Gujarat-Gulf of Kutch, West coastal forest area Gujarat.

• Andaman and Nicobar Islands salt crocodiles.

Desert forest: below 75 cm rainfall also called Scrub forest. Here Xerophyte plants with deep root systems are

available.

• Epiphytes: stoma for this type of plants opens on day time and closes on night time

• Xerophytes: stoma for this type of plants opens on day time and closes on night time.

• Desert plant leafs are always small and thick.

Montane forest:

• It is also known as snow forest. Soft wood plants are well grown here. Indian Geography

• Jennifer plants and rhododendrons these are used for paper making.

• Alpine forest is the highest elevation forest.

National parks and wildlife sanctuaries

• There are 103 national parks and 550 older sanctuaries in India.

• National parks means Limited area and private activities are not allowed here

• Wildlife sanctuaries means unlimited area and private activities are partially allowed here.

Legislature acts:

• In 1972 animal Act brought by Indira Gandhi

• In 1973 50 Reserves world largest Tiger population in India

• Royal is national animal and lion national emblem

• In 1975 project crocodile

• In1992 project conflict with West Bengal, Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar and Assam.

• 1986 environmental Act

• 2002 revised environmental act

• In 2006 joint forest management act (West Bengal). It is used to increase forest growth by giving jobs to

tribles to protect that forest.

• In 2010 National green tribunal was established.

State Bio-Divercities Andhra Pradesh Seshachalam Hills Tamilnadu NilgiriMyApp Biosphere Reserve, Gulf of Maine Kerala Mala Madhya Pradesh Pachmarhi, Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve Andaman and Nicobar Islands Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve Himachal Pradesh Cold Desert

State National Park Andhra Pradesh Telineelapuram and Telukunchi Bird Sanctuaries - Sibarian Crane – Flamingo Birds - Nellore Kolleru – Pelican Birds – West Godavari Krishna sanctuary – Marshy Crocodiles - Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary – – Chittoor Gundlakamma call life sanctuary – Marshy Crocodiles Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary – Great Indian Bustard – Kurnool Sri peninsular narasimha World Wildlife Sanctuary – Deer-Nellore Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary – Jordon courser – Kadapa Rajiv Gandhi Tiger Valley Sanctuary – Tigers – Srisailam Sri Venkateswara National Park - Indian Geography Tamilnadu Gunday National Park - White , - Tiger zone Sathyamangalam National Park, Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary Kerala Silent Valley National Park, , Karnataka Ranganathittu bird sanctuary, , Bannerghatta National Park National Park, Telangana Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park, , KBR National Park, , Shivaram wildlife sanctuary, Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary, Shamirpet Deer Park, Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary, pakhal wildlife sanctuary, Laknavaram wildlife sanctuary Assam Manas wildlife sanctuary, , , , Dibru-Saikhowa National Park Meghalaya , Mizoram West Bengal , , Odisha , Nandankanan Zoological Park Gujarat Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park, Gir Forest National Park, Nal Sarovar wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan , Ranthambore National Park, Keoladeo/Bharthpur/Ghana National Park Uttarakhand Jim Corbett National Park, , Uttar Pradesh Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh , , Bandhavgarh National Park,

Maharashtra Sahyadri Tiger Reserve, Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve, Sanjay Gandhi National Park Haryana Jammu & Kashmir , , National Park

Biodiversity: In India there are 4 biodiversity

• They are North Eastern Himalayas largest biodiversity region, Western Ghats, Indian Myanmar boundary and

Nicobar Sumatra Indonesia.

Wetlands:

• In 2 February 1971 World wetland day and Ramsar Convention held in Iran • Montreux record related with wetlandsMyApp the place where an ecosystem destroyed and damages is likely to be destroyed due to technology development.

• So far Government of India notified 26 wetlands are Ramsar sites. State Wet Lands Jammu & Kashmir Wular Lake, Hokera Wetland Punjab Harike Lake, Ropar Himachal Pradesh Chandertal Wetland, Pong Dam Lake, Renuka Wetland Madhya Pradesh Bhoj Wetland Rajastan (Largest salt water lake) Gujarath Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary West Bengal East Calcutta Wetlands Manipur Loktak Lake (Largest fresh water lake) Odisha (Longest and Deepest lake India) Andhra Pradesh Kerala Ashtamudi Wetland, -Kol Wetland

Agriculture Indian Geography

• Primary dependent are crops, Forestry, fisheries and animal husbandry (livestock).

• Secondary dependencies are industries, gas, water supply, manufacturing and electricity.

• Territory dependencies are Railways, Airways, Roadways, waterways, Insurance, Banking, Real estate, Hotels

trade, IT' S and Communications.

• Highest skilled people are present in Japan 80% > Germany 75% > China 50% > India 10%.

In 2017-18 budget highlights regarding agriculture:

• According to season crops are divided into 3 types Kharif, Rabi and Zaid.

• To find the decided change 1 January to 31 December by Shankaracharya.

Crops Seasons:

Kharif season: Also known as summer crops (rice, cotton, jute, groundnut, sugarcane and sunflower).

Rabi crops: Also known as winter crops (Wheat, Barley, pulses).

Zaid: April-June crops (fruits and vegetables).

Types of cultivation: Subsistence agriculture, sedentary agriculture, shifting agriculture, mixed farming, mixed cropping, crop rotation and terrace cultivation

Subsistence agriculture: It is also called as traditional agriculture, no modern tools only family members are used

to cultivate. Food grains are used to consume themselves.

Secondary agriculture: It is also called settled agriculture, largest agricultural practicing in India and world land

is used continuously after year.

Shifting cultivation: It is practiced by tribals. Land is used to 3- 4 years continuously until facility comes down. It

is also called slash or burning cultivation • It is also called as Podu cultivationMyApp n Andhra Pradesh and Telangana , Bewar in Madhya Pradesh, Podu in Orissa, Poonam krisheri in Kerala, Jhum in West Bengal and North East States.

Mixed formation: If a farmer cultivates both food crops and fodder crops in an area and there is no time

boundary.

Mixed Crop: Mixed cropping is a system of sowing two or three crops together on the same land, one being the

main crop and the others the subsidiaries.

Crop rotation: Planting of alternate crops or different crops one after other.

• Rhizobium Acetobacter Spirillum are used to convert nitrogen to nitrates and urea is the first chemical

contains 46% of Nitrogen

Important crops:

Rice largest crop in India and world

Indian Geography Crop Country States Institutes Rice Chain, India West Bengal, Utter Pradesh, Central rice research institute in Cuttack Andhra Pradesh International rice research institute in Manila-Philippines Wheat & Barley Utter Pradesh Tea China, India Assam, West Bengal, Tamil National tea board in Kolkata Nadu Coffee Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil National Coffee Board in Bangalore Nadu Tobacco Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh National tobacco board in Guntur, National tobacco research Institute in Rajahmundry Chilies India Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu Chillis research center LAAM in Guntur and Gannavaram Pine Apple Meghalaya Cotton Gujarat, Maharashtra Jute India, West Bengal Bangladesh Mulberry Silk Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh Eri Silk Assam Muga silk Assam Tussar Silk Jharkhand Sunflower oil Karnataka Groundnut oil Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh Soya Madhya Pradesh Coconut Tamil Nadu, Kerala Palm oil Andhra Pradesh Cater oil Gujarat, Rajasthan Papaya Andhra Pradesh Ragi Karnataka Jowar Maharashtra Bajra Rajasthan Maize Andhra Pradesh Sugar cane India Utter Pradesh National sugarcane research institute in Lucknow Mango Utter Pradesh Onions Maharashtra Rubber Kerala MyApp • It is a tropical crop China and India most cultivated countries.

• Golden rice is discovered by China which contains vitamin A and Zinc used to improve eyesight. In India rice

cultivated States West Bengal Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh

• Alluvial soils are best suitable for rice cultivation.

• Godavari Delta basin is called rice bowl of India

• International rice Research Institute Manila Philippines

• Central rice Research Institute Cuttack Odisha

• Directorate of rice Research Institute Hyderabad

• rice varieties IR 758 IR 32 hour means Indian rice IR 7 popular in Sri rice system of rice intensification

it is you also used to cultivate low rainfall areas

• to arise cultivate hundred to 150 cm rainfall is required at a temperature of 24 to 32 degrees 10 centigrade Indian Geography

Agro based revolution:

Green Revolution the word green revolution was introduced by William Gand USA

• Purpose of green revolution is to create high yielding variety of seeds with in short period

• In 1960 “Rock feller” Norman Borlaug Mexico scientist

• Previously for wheat cultivation we required 180 days, but Norman Borlaug introduced a genetic change in

wheat which is cultivated in 120 days.

• C Subramaniam Defence and agricultural minister

• M S Swaminathan meets Borlaug in 1967

• Father of Green revolution in world is Norman Borlaug and Father of Green revolution in India MS

Swaminathan

• In 1966-67 green revolution was started in India and wheat is the first crop cultivated in green revolution in

Punjab.

• In Andhra Pradesh green revolution cultivated crop is rice in West Godavari

• Green revolution crops are wheat, rice, potato and maize and Green revolution fails in oil seeds and pulses. Year Food Grain Production Population 1951 50 M Tonnes 36.1 Crores 2011 250 M Tonnes 121 Crores 2017 273.38 M Tonnes 133.38 rores

Green revolution inputs: To increase green revolution the following inputs are required

Irrigation

• Fertilizers urea 60% subsidy is given by central government • Electricity and water subsidies are givenMyApp by State Government. • Highest fertilizers using state is Punjab.

• Uses of fertilizers in Andhra Pradesh are slowly decreasing.

• Pesticides usage after green revolution increases.

• High yielding variety of seeds uses increases.

• Farm mechanism after green revolution also increases

White Revolution : It is also called Operation Flood and started by Varghese Kurien in 1970.

• He is also called as Milkman of India because of increasing milk and Milk products production.

• In milk production first America up to 2005 and after 2005 first place is India up to now

• Uttar Pradesh is in first place for milk production.

• National Dairy development board located in Anand Gujarat

• National Dairy Research Institute is located in Karnal Haryana Indian Geography

Blue Revolution: it is introduced by Rajiv Gandhi rule for Marine and Marine Products

Yellow Revolution: Oilseeds silver Revolution poultry

Red Revolution: Tomato and Meat

Gray Revolution: Fertilizers.

Round Revolution: Onions and potato pink Revolution prawns

Pink Revolution: Prawns AP is in 1 place in the production of prawns

Black Revolution: Crude oil. India imports crude oil and petrol

Soils of India

• Soil is a thin layer which is derived and composed from Rock particles and contained organic matter and

humus. Study of soil is called “Pedology” and formation of soil is a process which is called as “Pedogenesis”

• Indian Council of Agricultural Research started in 1953 which is located in Delhi. They bifurcated the soil into

8 types in that 4 major and 4 are minor.

4 Major Soils: Alluvial soils 43%, Red files 18.5%, Black soils 15% and remaining are Laterite soils

4 Minor Soils: Desert soil, Saline or Alkaline soil, Peaty organic soil and Forest soil. Igneous rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Granite, Basalt Stratified rocks Very hard rock’s like Diamond, Gold, Schist

Major Soils

Alluvial soils:

• These are called depositional soils which are formed by river sediments, high fertile in nature and gray in color. Largest distribution soil in IndiaMyApp is alluvial soil. • Best suitable for rice and wheat cultivation more distributed at river Plains and valleys.

• Old alluvial soil is called “Bangar” new alluvial soil is called “Kadhir”

• Alluvial soils are distributed in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Behar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra

Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Red soils: Second largest distributed file in India these are formed by sedimentary rocks.

• Igneous rocks are hard rock show formation of soil is slow.

• Gas, Coal, Petrol, Shale gas and lime are present in sedimentary rocks because it is soft rock.

• Due to ferric oxide presence in soil appears in red color and red soils are best suitable for oil seeds crops.

• Horticulture means fruits and vegetables and course cereals means millets.

• Red soil is distributed in Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.

Black soil: These soils are also called as Chernozem soils also called regular soils in Maharashtra Indian Geography

• Black soils are formed from igneous rocks, contains more organic minerals, magnesium iron oxides

• High water retention capacity

• Own ploughing soils

• In Summer Well cracks are developed

• Cotton and Sugarcane are more cultivated here

• Black cotton soil is distributed in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and

Tamil Nadu.

Laterite soils:

• Later means Brick in Latin language used in kill brick making.

• These soils are distributed in too hot and too cold weathers.

• At summit of hills are Laterite soils are distributed.

• The process of formation of these soils called leaching process.

• Loss of minerals and organic matter due to heavy rainfall is called leaching process.

• These soils are not suitable for cultivation of food crops and best suitable for plantation crops

• These soils contain iron so it is in red color.

• Laterite soil is distributed in Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats, Darjeeling Hills, Nilgiri Hills and North Eastern

Hills.

Minor soils:

Desert soil: It is a sandy soil with low organic matter low fertile sandy soil and arid crops like Jower, Bajra

distributed in Rajasthan and North Gujarat. Saline or Alkaline soil: Due to more accumulationMyApp of chlorides these soils are white in color. • Long standing of water leads to saline or alkaline soils formation from alluvial soils.

• These soils are located at Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh soils.

• These soils are not suitable for agriculture, it is only suitable for Marine Products.

Peaty organic soils: Means cool wet or Marshy soil.

• More organic matter so color is black these soils are also called as Kari soils in Kerala.

• Due to more Organic matter soils are acidic in nature and not suitable for agriculture.

• These soils are distributed at and Alappuzha in Kerala and at coastal areas

Forest soil: More organic in matter maximum distributed in forest areas

Types of Soil Erosion:

Rill Erosion : Erosion like fingers in hand

Gully Erosion: Rill erosion leads to Gully erosion Indian Geography

Sheet Erosion: Due to Cloudburst (North Eastern states)

Sea Erosion: Kerala

Wind Erosion: Rajasthan.

Glacier Erosion: Himalayas

Note: For formation of 1 cm thickness of soil we require 200 to 1000 years

Preventive methods of Soil Erosion: Different methods to prevent soil erosion are Mulching, Terrace cultivation,

Afforestation, Check dams and Check animal grazing.

Extraction of Minerals

• Open cast mining of 50 meters at earth surface

• Deep cast mining eight below 50 meters from earth surface

• Coal is available in both mining but majority is of open cast mining

• In open cast mining available minerals are Granite, Limestone, Slate, Dolomite, Talc and Coal.

• In deep cast mining available minerals are Gold and Diamonds Metallic Non Metallic Energy/ Fuel Atomic Precious Ferrous Non Ferrous Iron ore, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Tin, Limestone, Coal, Natural Uranium, Thorium, Gold, Diamond, Cobalt, Lead, Asbestos, sandstone, gas, Petroleum, Monazite Platinum, Silver Manganese Aluminum Granite, Slate Shale gas

Minerals Producer states Reserve state Iron ore India 4 Place (Odisha, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, India 5 Place Goa, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh) Coal India 3 Place (Jharkhand, West Bengal, Son Valley {Utter Pradesh and India 5 Place Madhya Pradesh}) (CarbonMyApp content: Diamond>Graphite>Coal>Plant/ Animal) (Jharkhand) [Anthracite (80%), Bituminous (60-80%), Lignite (40-60%), Peat (below 40%)] Bauxite Odisha (, Bolangir, Kalahandi), Andhra Pradesh (Madugula- Visakhapatnam, Rangampeta-East Godavari) Baryte Andhra Pradesh (Mangampeta-Kadapa) Silver, Zinc, Tin, Rajasthan Lead, Asbestos, Gypsum Uranium Negligible production (Jharkhand, Telangana- Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh- 1% Reserve in Kadapa) India MICA India (Andhra Pradesh-{Nellore, Kavali, }, Jharkhand-{ Koderma, Gaya}) Chromite Odisha Manganese India 5 Place (Maharashtra) Zimbabwe, India (Odisha) Copper Madhya Pradesh -{ Balaghat, Malanjkhand} Rajasthan, AP{Agnigundala}, Telangana {Khammam} Indian Geography Gold Karnataka-{Kolar mines, Hutti, Hassan}, Andhra Pradesh-{Anantapur} Diamonds Madhya Pradesh-{Panna Mines}, Andhra Pradesh-{ Anantapur, Vajrakarur} Petrol Saudi Arabia (Imported from Saudi Arabia) Onshore (Rajasthan-{Mangala, Aishwarya, Rajeshwari, Saraswathi}, Assam-{ Guwahati, Bongaigaon, Shiv Sagar, Rudra Sagar}, Gujarat-{Lunej, }) Offshore (Ravva oil field, D6 Block, Nariman, Mumbai)

Transportation

Transportation is done in 4 ways . They are Road network, Rail network, Water network and Air

Road Network: In world largest road network USA, China and after that India with 56.03 Lakh KM’s

Road density: The density of road is measured for every 1 Lakh KM population/KM .

• India Road density of 8.6 KM’s and Andhra Pradesh Road density 10.11 KM’s

• World highest road density is exists in India. Type National Highway State Highway District Roads Rural Roads % of Area in India 2% 3.5% 33.5% 61%

• National Highways can be controlled by Central Public Work Department under the Ministry of roads and

Highways of Central Public Works Department.

• National Highway Authority of India was introduced in Parliament on 1988, adopted in 1989 and came into

force on 1995.

• National Highway development program started at the time of Vajpayee in 1997-98 on fifth five year plan.

• In that plan Central Government has constructed 4, 6 lane and Expressway in 7 phages.

• Chief Minister has to plan to construct or connect the roadways. Village road to Mandal road is 1 Lane ,

Mandal road to district Road is 2 Lane , District roads to state highway 4 Lane and State highway to National Highway 6 Lane MyApp • Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh states are 100% electrified.

• Expressway was first started in the year 2012 and the first expressway is from Delhi to Agra (Yamuna

Expressway of length 165KM with 6 Lanes).

• On 2 April 2017 an Expressway from Agra to Lucknow with 302 KM’s is the longest expressway

constructed by Utter Pradesh Government was under process.

• In Hyderabad 1 Elevated Expressway is PV Expressway with 11.2 KM’s.

• Vijayawada to Hyderabad 4-lane GMR Expressway.

• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana: It was started in the year 2000. Main aim to start this project is to

provide connectivity for all villages.

‹ Budget including states for this project is 27000 Crores.

‹ In 2004 “Provision of Urban Facilities in Rural Areas” was started and it was introduced by “Abdul Kalam”. Indian Geography

‹ In India district to inter district migration is more due to lack of “Road Network”.

‹ Golden quadrilateral with 5846 KM’s by joining cities Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, and Kolkata.

Hyderabad is not a part of Golden Quadrilateral.

‹ East West & North South Corridor with 6310KM’s connected at “Jhansi” National Highway Origin and Destination Remarks National Highway-1 Delhi-Amritsar-Pak Border National Highway-2 Delhi- Dankuni(Kolkata) Also called Old Grand Trunk Road National Highway-3 Agra –Mumbai National Highway-4 Mumbai- Chennai Name changed to National Highway-69 and first 6- Lane national highway National Highway-5 Chennai- Baharagora Name changed to National Highway-16 and Largest national highway in AP National Highway-6 Hazira- Kolkata Busiest national highway in India National Highway-7 Kanyakumari- Varanasi Name changed to National Highway-44 and Longest national highway in India and Telangana National Highway-8 Mumbai- Delhi National Highway-9 Pune- Machillipatnam Name changed to National Highway-65 National Highway-15 Pathankot (Punjab)- Samakhiali (Gujarat) Passes through Thar Desert National Highway-17 Panvel-

Railway Network:

• Now in Railways 100% Foreign Direct Investment was launched by Modi it is only for Infrastructure.

• Top most 5 railway network according to route length is USA, China, Russia, India and Canada

• But according to passenger number Top is Japan and second is India

Important Trains:

• MAGLEV: Magnetic levitation of Japan fastest train in the world with 603 km per hour

• Fuxing Hao: China (Beijing to Shanghai with 400 km per hour started in July 2017) • East wind Express: China-BeijingMyApp to London part of 1 belt 1 road goods train. • Gatimaan Express: Delhi to Agra 160 km/ hour fastest train in India.

• Green Rail Corridor: First green rail corridor between Rameswaram to Munnar in Tamil Nadu with 114

KM’s consists of bio toilets to maintain clean.

• UDAY Express: Utkrisht Double Decker Air Conditioned Yatri Express is completely Double-decker train

AC chair trains designed by Indian Railways are started by Modi and Venkaiah Naidu.

• Vivek Express: Longest journey train with 82 hours from Dibrugarh (Assam) to Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu) • Vistadome: Complete glass train from Visakhapatnam to Araku. It is the 1 glass train in India Luxury train

to attract tourists.

In 2018-19 Railway Budget Highlights:

Railway Gauges: Indian Geography

• Broad gauge with 1.676 m width is 74% in India, Meter gauge with 1 m width, Narrow gauge with 0.762 m

width and special narrow gauge with 0.610 m width.

• Standard gauge is used for Metro with 1.45 m width newly introduced.

• Dalhousie is the father of Indian Railways. On 16 April 1853 1 railway line in India with 34 KM’s length

from Mumbai to Thane.

• In Andhra Pradesh 1 railway line is in 1862 (Puttur to Renigunta), in 1864 (Renigunta to Reddipalle) and in

1865 (Reddipalle to Kadapa).

Railway UNESCO sites: Nilgiri Mountain Railway Tamil Nadu , Kalka Shimla Railway Himachal Pradesh ,

Darjeeling railways West Bengal and Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai.

• In India we have 17 Railway zones

• Kolkata Metro Railway Zone.

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• October 1984 first metro was started India

• In Andhra Pradesh under South Central Railway there are 365 stations and under East Central Railway there

are 73 stations and under south Railways 15 stations

Water Network: There are 3 waterways but 5 National waterways are present in existence National wat erway River States National waterway 1 Allahabad-Haldia stretch of the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly Rivers UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal National waterway 2 Sadiya-Dhubri stretch of Brahmaputra River Assam National waterway 3 K ollam-Kozhikode stretch of West Coast Canal and Champakara canal Kerala and Udyogmandal canal (a) -Puducherry stretch of canals and the Kaluvelly Tank. Tamil Nadu, Andhra (b) Nashik-Bhadrachalam-Rajahmundry stretch of . Pradesh, Telangana (c) The bridge near village Galagali-Wazirabad-Vijayawada stretch of Krishna River. Indian Geography National waterway 5 (a) Talcher-Dhamra stretch of -Kharsua River- Odisha, West Bengal Tantighai River-Pandua Nala-Dudhei Nala-Kani . (b) Geonkhali-Charbatia stretch of East Coast Canal. (c) Harbatia-Dhamra stretch of Matai River and Mahanadi Delta Rivers National waterway 6 Aai River Assam

Air Network:

• For every 10 minutes 3 persons died due to road accidents and in 1 hour 18 members are died

• 1 Air network in 1911 Allahabad to Nainital

• In 1932 Mumbai to Karachi 1 passenger Air network

• JRD Tata obtained the first pilot licence issued in India

Black box: Cockpit voice recorder, flight data recorder and it is inserted in tail part of the aeroplane (Data is safe

up to 30 days). It is in yellow colour it is made by black diodes.

• At present in India 18 Civilian international airports and 6 Cargo international airports are there.

UDAN Scheme: Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik for 1 hour 2500 rupees.

• Indira Gandhi International Airport 40 Lakhs people users at a time, busiest International Airport and Asia first

carbon natural International Airport

• Rajiv Gandhi International Airport

• Asia carbon natural airport in 2017

• Bhogapuram airport under construction with 15000 acres

Note: Politician Bharat Ratna Scientist Bharat Ratna Philosopher Bharat Ratna C. Rajagopalachari C.V Raman Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan • In 1953 Civil Aviation, in 1949 RBI,MyApp in 1956 LIC, in 1964 14 banks were nationalized, in 1973 GIC and in1980 6 banks were nationalized.

Energy resources

Thermal Energy Renewable Energy Hydro Energy Nuclear Energy 68% 16% (day by day Increases) 14% (day by day decreases) 2%

Thermal energy resources:In Thermal energy 60% is from coal and 8% are from gas + oil.

• In 1975 National Thermal Power Corporation was initiated

• If produced power is 1000 megawatts it is called Super Thermal Power Station and if produced power is 4000

megawatts and above it is called Ultra Mega power project. Ultra Mega Power Station Super Thermal Power Station Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station, Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station Krishnapatnam Sasan Ultra Mega Power Project, Madhya Pradesh Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station, Vijayawada Tilaiya Ultra Mega Power Project, Jharkhand Simhadri Super Thermal Power Station, Visakhapatnam Mundra Thermal Power Station, Gujarat Indian Geography

• Obra Power Station, Dadri Power Station, Tandla Power Station and Unchahar Power Station are in Uttar

Pradesh. Cobra Thermal Power Station is in Chhattisgarh and Koradi thermal power station Madhya

Maharashtra.

• In 1998 power reforms are introduced by Nara Chandrababu Naidu.

Renewable energy: Wind, Solar, Biomass, Small hydro, Tidal, Geothermal, Wave and Ocean Thermal Energy

Conservation

Wind energy: Largest source of alternative energy to India. India is in 4 largest wind producer in world.

• It is an uncertain power minimum wind speed required for wind energy is 12 KM/ hour and it is a cheapest

energy.

• Kayathar-Tamil Nadu is largest wind from in Asia.

Solar power: Uncertain powder.

• International solar group was started in India.

• In 2009 Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission was started

• In 2020 a target with 20000 megawatts solar power production but Modi changed this target to 2022 we have

to produce 100000 megawatt solar power.

• Solar sheets photovoltaic cells are made by Boron, Germanium and Silicon.

• PVC converts Sunrays into DC current

• Largest solar producing state in India is Tamil Nadu

• In Andhra Pradesh Anantapur has become solar hub with 2000 megawatts

• 1 Plant target is 2000 megawatts Kadapa and 2 plant target mm megawatts Kurnool. Biomass: Power produced by Methane MyAppit is more in Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh target is 10000MW till 2022. Small hydro projects: Tidal Gujarat Gulf of Kutch and Andaman Nicobar Islands

Geothermal: Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh) and Puga vally (Ladakh and Jammu Kashmir)

Wave energy: Kerala producing one megawatt

Ocean Thermal Energy Conservation: Tamil Nadu Kanyakumari

Nuclear power: 2% of Indian power is from nuclear power plants i.e. average production is 6780 megawatts from

7 nuclear reactors.

• Tarapur Atomic Power Station Maharashtra first Atomic Power Station in India

• Kakrapar Atomic Power Station Gujarat

• Rawatbhata Atomic Power Station Rajasthan

• Narora Atomic Power Station Uttar Pradesh

• Kaiga Atomic Power Station Karnataka Indian Geography

• Indira Gandhi Atomic Power Station Kalpakkam Tamil Nadu

• Kudankulam Atomic Power Station Tamil Nadu is the highest nuclear power producing station joint venture of

India and Russia but transferred using 76% from usage of power energy

Under Processing Nuclear Power Stations: Jaitpur, Banswara, Mithi Virdi, Haripur, kovvada, chutkha and

Gorakhpur.

Industries in India

• In 1600

• In 1757 Battle of Plassey

• In 1764 boxer war

• In 1857 Sepoy mutiny

• In 1858 Victoria proclamation

• From 1858-1947 (89 years) India is ruled by British Parliament.

• 1948 1 industrial policy by Jawaharlal Nehru, in 1956 2 industrial policy and in 2017 industrial policy by

Nirmala sitharaman Defence Minister

• Textile industry is the oldest and largest industry in India

Cotton industry: In 1818 Fort Gloster it was closed now and in 1854 modern cotton mill was started at Mumbai.

Jute: Golden fiber is the raw material for one of India's oldest industries. The first jute mill started production in

Bengal in 1856 established at Rishra.

Woolen: The first woolen textile industry was set up in 1876 at Kanpur, because of Kanpur was the principal depot for the British Indian Army and also in Agra, Uttar Pradesh Silk: Karnataka Andhra Pradesh MyApp In India 2 Crores people are working on textile industry.

In India wool is taken from Pashmina Goats, in Australia from Marino sheep’s and in Turkey from Rabbit.

Iron Industry: Year Industry Location 1907 Tata Iron and Steel Company Jamshedpur 1918 Indian Iron & Steel Company Burnpur-West Bengal 1923 Visvesvaraya iron and steel plant Bhadravati Karnataka

First public sector steel industry in India is Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Ltd

At 2 five year plan Steel plants are invented

Steel Plants: Steel plant Location Technology taken from Bhilai Steel Plant Chhattisgarh Russia Indian Geography Rourkela Steel Plant Odisha West Germany Durgapur Steel Plant West Bengal United Kingdom Bokaro Steel Plant Jharkhand Russia Bhilai Steel Plant Odisha South Korea Visakhapatnam Steel Plant Andhra Pradesh Russia Salem steel plant Tamil Nadu Won Technology Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant Karnataka Won Technology

Petroleum Refineries in India: Total Petroleum Refineries are 23 Refinery Location Remarks Jamnagar Oil Refinery Gujarat World Largest Petroleum refinery Koyali Oil Refinery Gujarat World Largest Public sector Petroleum refinery Mathura Oil Refinery Utter Pradesh Barauni Oil Refinery Bihar Haldia Oil Refinery West Bengal Mangalore Oil Refinery Karnataka

New petroleum refinery: Bathinda Punjab, Panipat Haryana, Bina Madhya Pradesh and Tatipaka Andhra Pradesh.

Railway locomotive industries: Industry Location Manufacturing parts Chittaranjan locomotive West Bengal Railway electrical Engines Diesel locomotive Varanasi (Utter Pradesh) Railway Diesel Engines Integral Coach Factory Perambur (Tamil Nadu) manufacturer of rail coaches Rail Coach Factory Kapurthala (Punjab) passenger coaches of different types Railway wheel and axle plant Yelahanka (Bangalore) Wheel & Axle

Aluminum factories: Factory Name Location Bharat Aluminum Company Limited Chhattisgarh Madras Aluminum Company Ltd Tamil Nadu National Aluminum Company Odisha Indian Aluminum Company Ltd Odisha Hindustan Aluminum Corporation Uttarakhand Automobile companies: MyApp Companies Location TATA Nano Gujarat Volkswagen, Tata Motors, Bajaj, Mahindra and Mahindra and BMW Pune Audi car Aurangabad Maruti cars Haryana, Gurugram Hero (India) Honda (Japan) Gurugram Honda Noida (Uttar Pradesh) Hyundai, Renault and Ashok Leyland Chennai

• In India automobile Centre is in Auto Nagar (Vijayawada).

Hindustan Aeronautical Limited units: Manufacturing parts Location Aeroplane Body Parts Nashik (Maharashtra) Aircraft Engines Koraput (Odisha) Electrical and Electronic Parts Hyderabad Telangana Passenger Airplanes Lucknow and Kanpur Uttar Pradesh Assembling unit of Aeroplane Bangalore Indian Geography

Ship making industries:

• Hindustan Shipyard oldest and largest ship making industry first ship made by Hindustan Shipyard is “Jal

Usha”.

• Mazgaon Dockyard Mumbai here warships and missile boats are made.

• Garden Reach works Kolkata cash receipts are made.

Pharmaceutical industry: Industry Location Remarks IDPL (Closed Now) Hyderabad Popular for synthetic drugs and National Institute of Pharma education and research is located here. Ramky Pharma Visakhapatnam Pimpri Maharashtra Famous for antibiotics penicillin it is also called Wonder Drug

Population in India

• In India population below 25 years age people are 50% and below 35 years age people are 65%.

• According to population reference Bureau Indian population crosses the Chinese population till 2030.

• According to American population reference Bureau Indian population crosses the Chinese population till

2025 and population was 167.6 Crores expected.

• Indian population is stabilization on 2045 with zero growth rates.

• Present world population is 750 crores it will become 980 Crores on 2050.

• On 11 July 1987 World population crosses 500 Crores so, celebrated as World Population Day.

• On 12 October 1999 world population becomes 600 Crores it is called the day of 6 Billion.

• On 31 October 2011 World Population becomes 700 Crores. • Population wise order in 2017 was MyAppChina, India, USA, Indonesia and Brazil • In 2050 expected order is India, China, Nigeria and USA.

Types of population:

• Negritoid is the oldest tribal population in India was located in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

• Astritoids first India started cultivation of agriculture present in Central India.

• Mediterraneans are also known as Dravidians. They are the largest population in India.

• Mongoloid are present existing in North East States (short and white people).

• Aryans/ Nordies present in North West part of India means Gujarat and Rajasthan.

• Western Branch Zip Hills.

• Dravidian languages are Tamil (Tamil Nadu), Sanskrit (Tamil Nadu), Telugu (Telangana Andhra Pradesh),

Kannada (Karnataka) and Malayalam (Kerala).

• Non Dravidian language is Odia. Indian Geography

Census:

• According to article 246, population census comes under “Union list”

• Population census comes under Ministry of “Home Affairs”

• First population census is taken in 1872 at the time of Lord Mayo (Viceroy). He killed in 1872 in India by

Andaman Nicobar tribal people.

• In 1881 Census is officially taken by Lord Ripon. He is called Father of Local self Government.

• Census is taken in 1891, 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1941, 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011.

• Up to 1921 population is decreases, but from 1921 to till now population is increased. So it is called Great

Dividing Year.

• After Independence in 1951 first population Census was taken and the population is 36.1 Crores population.

• After formation of Andhra Pradesh first population census was taken in the year 1961

• More population growth rate was observed in the year 1981. But from 1981 population growth rate were

decreases.

• 2011 population census: Moto is our senses our future.

• Biometric population census was taken in 2009 after Aadhaar Card given.

• Aadhaar card works under Ministry of Electronics and Communications

• 2011 census population is 121.01 Crores.

• Meghalaya has highest population growth rate in India and Nagaland has least population growth rate in India.

• In 121 Crores population 62.37 Crores are male means 51.54% and 58.64 Crores are female means 48.46%.

• There is a 3% difference between male and female • According to 2011 Census in AndhraMyApp Pradesh female voters are more than voters. • In Telangana female voters are equal to male voters

• For women 50% reservation are requested in local self government not in jobs.

• 33% reservation was recommended according to article 243 (D) for Panchayati raj according to 73

Amendment Act in 1992 and 243 (T) for municipality according to 74 Amendment Act.

• It is agreed by Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and

Kerala.

Child population: In Indian population 13.6% are child (0- 6 years). More children are present in Uttar Pradesh and

Bihar.

Literacy:

• 8 September is celebrated as World literacy day.

• Any national language should read, write and understand minimum 7 years above. Indian Geography

• Literacy rate according to 2011 Census is 74.01% (82.14% are male and 65.46% are female)

• More illiteracy in Kerala is 93.94%

• More Muslims in Lakshadweep is above 92%

• More tribal’s in Mizoram is nearly equal to 90% after that Goa.

• More terrorists in Tripura is 87.9% (CM is Manik Sarkar and he is the poorest CM)

• Least literacy state is in Bihar equal to 63.84%.

Population density:

• 2001 population density is 324

• 2011 population density is 382

• Highest population density is present in Bihar with 1102 people/KM

• Least population density is present in Arunachal Pradesh with 17 people/ KM

• Delhi 11252 people/ KM

• Andaman and Nicobar Islands 46 people/ KM

Sex ratio: Year 1901 1991 2001 2011 Male: Female 1000: 972 1000: 927 1000: 933 1000: 940/943 (Revised)

Child sex ratio: Year 2001 2011 Male: Female 1000: 927 1000: 914

States: Location Kerala Andhra Pradesh Telangana Haryana Male: Female 1000:1084 Highest 1000: 997 1000: 988 1000: 879 Least Union Territory MyApp Location Mahe District Daman District Male: Female 1000: 1176 Highest 1000: 533 Least

• Rajputs ruled India so because of Muslim defeated them. So, they refused to have a girl child.

• On 22 January 2015 Narendra Modi Launches Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao programme at Panipat Haryana.

• Through Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana for 0-10 year girl child, Banks give high rate of interest (8%).

• If we pay 12000 per annum minimum and 1.50 Lakhs maximum after 14 years we can get 60 Lakhs rupees on

21 year of age.

Urban and Rural population: India Andhra Pradesh Telangana Rural Population 69 71 61 Urban Population 31 29 39

SC and ST population: Indian Geography

• Scheduled caste 16.6% according to Population of Uttar Pradesh and according to percentage Punjab is in top

position

• Scheduled tribal 8.6% according to population Madhya Pradesh and according to percentage Mizoram is top

for ST people

Religious population:

Tribal population:

• 8 August is tribal day

• Tribal Gadabas-Visakhapatnam Araku Valley

• Konda Reddy- Vizianagaram, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam

• Chenchu-

• Khoya-West Godavari and East Godavari

• Lambadi-Kurnool and Anantapur

• Santhals- Orissa, Jharkhand and West Bengal (largest tribal population in India)

• In 1855 they started Revolution due to that 20000 people are dead.

• Gonds is the second largest tribal population in India located at Central India (Madhya Pradesh).

• Bhils-Madhya Pradesh, kodava-Orissa, Kols-Madhya Pradesh, Lechas-Sikkim, Angamis-Assam and Todas-

Nilgiri Hills.

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