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Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off
Pydibhimavaram

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NIO/SP-13 /2019
(SSP-3235)

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment
(RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Sponsored by

Aurobindo Pharma Ltd

Pydibhimavarm

January, 2019

  • सीएसआईआर– राꢀरीयसमꢁविꢂानस
  • ꢃथान
  • ु

  • (ि
  • ै
  • ं

ु

(COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC & INDUSTRIAL
RESEARCH)

दोना पािला, िोिा भारत / DONA PAULA, GOA - 403004

India
फ़ोन/Tel : 91(0)832-2450450/ 2450327

फꢀस /Fax: 91(0)832-2450602

ै

इ-मेल/e-mail : [email protected]

http:// www.nio.org

All rights reserved. This report, or parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form without the prior written permission of the Director, NIO.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off
Pydibhimavaram

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTED

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment
(RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

SPONSORED BY

Aurobindo Pharma Ltd.

Pydibhimavaram

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY

(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) Regional Centre, Visakhapatnam – 530 017
January, 2019

All rights reserved. This report, or parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form without the prior written permission of the Director, NIO.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Foreword

M/s Aurobindo Pharma Limited was commenced operations in 1988-89 with a single unit manufacturing Semi-Synthetic Penicillin (SSP) at Pondicherry. It became a public company in 1992 and listed its shares in the Indian stock exchange in 1995. In addition to being the market leader in Semi-Synthetic Penicillins, it has a presence in key therapeutic segments such as neurosciences, cardiovascular, anti-retrovirals, anti-diabetics, gastroenterology and cephalosporins, among others.
Aurobindo Pharma Limited (APL) has set up a bulk drug manufacturing unit at
Pydibhimavaram village, Ranasthalam Mandal, Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh during 2001 in order to meet its market and export demand. The Industry is discharging the treated effluent into the sea through a pipeline from the coast as a safe disposal for quick dispersion. The Industry has proposed expansion of the existing facility to meet the global demand. It is mandatory for a costal base industry to monitor the marine environment and bioassay tests for the treated effluent to study the effects. In this process the M/s Aurobindo Pharma Limited (APL) has approached CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Visakhapatnam for these studies to know the cumulative effects, if any, on the ecology, water quality and sediment quality due to the discharge of treated effluent into the marine environment. After examining the proposal, CSIR-NIO agreed to carry out the field study to generate one time

  • site specific data on the oceanographic parameters including dispersion.
  • CSIR-NIO has

conducted a field campaign for in-situ observations and sample collection for chemical, biological and microbiological parameters and sediment characteristics at and around the marine outfall point (MOP) of the APL, off Phydibhimavaram, during 26 May - 6 June 2018. This report is the compilation of the data collected during the survey period.

1

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Contents

  • 1. Introduction
  • 11

11 12 13 14 14 15 15 22 22 24 24 26

1.1.Background 1.2.Objectives 1.3.Sample collection

1.4. Assessment 1.5. Approach Strategy 1.6. Studies Conducted 1.7. Sampling Locations
2. Project Description
2.1. Introduction 2.2. Production Details
2.2.1. Process Description 2.2.2. Water Requirement
2.3. Treated wastewater for rapid marine environmental impact assessment study 26
2.3.1. Details of wastewater treatment process 2.3.2. Stream wise treatment process details
27 28

2.3.2.1. 2.3.2.2. 2.3.2.3. 2.3.2.4. 2.3.2.5.
Stream – I (High TDS and High COD Effluents) Treatment Process. 28 Stream-II (Low TDS and High COD Effluents) Treatment Process. 30 Stream-III (High TDS and Low COD Effluents) Treatment Process. 30 Stream-IV (Low TDS and Low COD Effluents) Treatment Process. 31

  • Stream –V (Domestic Wastewater) Treatment Process.
  • 34

36 37 38
3. Study Area & Methodology
3.1. Climate and Meteorology 3.2. Morphology and Geology

2

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram
3.3. Methodology
3.3.1 Chemical Parameters
3.3.1.1 pH
38 38 38 38 39 39 39 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 41 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 44
3.3.1.2 Dissolved oxygen (DO) 3.3.1.3 Biological oxygen demand (BOD) 3.3.1.4 Ammonium – N 3.3.1.5 Nitrite – N 3.3.1.6 Nitrate – N 3.3.1.7 Phosphate – P 3.3.1.8 Silicate – Si 3.3.1.9 Total Phosphorous 3.3.1.10 Total suspended matter (TSM) 3.3.1.11 Sediment organic carbon (SOC) 3.3.1.12 Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
3.3.2 Biological Characteristics
3.3.2.1 Phytoplankton 3.3.2.2 Zooplankton 3.3.2.3 Benthos
3.3.2.3.1 Meio-fauna 3.3.2.3.2 Macro fauna
3.3.3 Microbiological Parameters
3.3.3.1 Total viable count (TVC) 3.3.3.2 Total Coliform (TC) 3.3.3.3 Escherichia like organisms (ECLO)

3

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram
4. Project Environment Domain
4.1. Water Quality and Sediment quality 4.2. Biological Characteristics
4.2.1. Chlorophyll-a
45 45 50 50 50 50 51 52 60 61 62 63 68 68 68 68 69 69 77 78 96 96 96 96 97
4.2.2. Phytoplankton 4.2.3. Zooplankton 4.2.4. Benthos
4.2.4.1. Macro and Meio-fauna
4.3. Microbiological parameters 4.4. Mangroves
5. Numerical Modelling
5.1. Near-field dilution 5.2. Far-field dilution 5.3. Hydrodynamic model
5.3.1. Basic governing equations 5.3.2. Continuity equation 5.3.3. Momentum equations
5.4. Model description 5.5. Model study for effluent dispersion 5.6. Modelling of water quality
6. Marine Environmental Impacts
6.1. Construction phase
6.1.1. Hydrodynamic characteristics 6.1.2. Water quality 6.1.3. Sediment quality

4

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram
6.1.4. Flora and fauna 6.1.5. Miscellaneous
97 99

  • 6.2. Operational phase
  • 99

  • 6.2.1. Water quality
  • 99

  • 6.2.2. Sediment quality
  • 100

100 101 101 102 103 103 104 104 104 104 106 107 107 107 108 109 110
6.2.3. Flora and fauna
7. Mitigation Measures
7.1.1. Construction phase 7.1.2. Operational phase
8. Management Of Marine Environment
8.1.1. Baseline quality
8.1.1.1 Water Quality 8.1.1.2 Sediment Quality 8.1.1.3 Flora and Fauna
8.1.2. Post project monitoring
9. Project Benefits 10. Environmental Management Plan
10.1.1. Construction phase 10.1.2. Aquatic area management 10.1.3. Operation Phase
11. Disclosure of Consultants Engaged 12. Recommendations

5

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Srikakulam District. Figure 1.2: Subtidal Sampling Stations Figure 1.3: Niskin Sampler and its operation for water sample collection Figure 1.4: Collection of water samples from Niskin Sampler Figure 1.5: Towing of zooplankton net and collection of sample for zooplankton Figure 1.6: Van Veen Grab Sampler Figure 1.7: Operation of Van Veen Grab sampler Figure 1.8: Collection of sediment sample Figure 1.9: Sediment sample Figure 2.1: Plant layout Figure 2.2: Multiple Effect Evaporator Figure 2.3: Agitated Thin Film Dryer Figure 2.4: Biological Effluent Treatment Plant Figure 2.5: Paddle Drier Figure 2.6: Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) Figure 3.1: Topography Map Figure 5.1: General layout of the study domain with outfalls (OF) Figure 5.2: Computational FEM grid for the study domain Figure 5.3: Interpolated depth contours for the study domain Figure 5.4: Comparison of observed and simulated tide Figure 5.5 (a): Observation points at and around OF-3 for NE-Monsoon Figure 5.5 (b): Observation points at and around OF-3 for SW-Monsoon Figure 5.5 (c): Observation points at and around OF-4 for NE-Monsoon Figure 5.5 (d): Observation points at and around OF-4 for SW-Monsoon

6

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram Figure 5.6 (a): Boundary Tide for NE- Monsoon Figure 5.6 (b): Boundary Tide for SW- Monsoon Figure 5.7: Currents during NE-Monsoon Figure 5.8: Currents during SW-Monsoon Figure 5.9: Dispersion of Excess BOD after 15 days during NE-Monsoon for Option-1 Figure 5.10: Temporal Variation of Excess BOD at different Location (OF3) for NE-
Monsoon
Figure 5.11: Dispersion of Excess BOD after 15 days during SW-Monsoon for Option-1

Figure 5.12: Temporal Variation of Excess BOD at different Location (OF3) for SW-
Monsoon
Figure 5.13: Dispersion of Excess COD after 15 days during SW-Monsoon for Option-1

Figure 5.14: Temporal Variation of Excess COD at different Location (OF3) for SW-
Monsoon
Figure 5.15: Dispersion of Excess COD after 15 days during NE-Monsoon for Option-1

Figure 5.16: Temporal Variation of Excess COD at different Location (OF3) for NE-
Monsoon
Figure 5.17: Dispersion of Excess BOD after 15 days during NE-Monsoon for Option-2

Figure 5.18: Temporal Variation of Excess BOD at different Location (OF4) for NE-
Monsoon
Figure 5.19: Dispersion of Excess BOD after 15 days during SW-Monsoon for Option-2

Figure 5.20: Temporal Variation of Excess BOD at different Location (OF4) for SW-
Monsoon
Figure 5.21: Dispersion of Excess COD after 15 days during SW-Monsoon for Option-2

Figure 5.22: Temporal Variation of Excess COD at different Location (OF4) for SW-
Monsoon
Figure 5.23: Dispersion of Excess COD after 15 days during NE-Monsoon for Option-2

Figure 5.24: Temporal Variation of Excess COD at different Location (OF4) for NE-
Monsoon

7

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram
List of Tables
Table 1.1: Sampling locations off Pydibhimavaram. Table 2.1: Treated wastewater characteristics of M/s. Aurobindo Pharma Limited. Table 2.2: Stream wise treatment process adopted Table 4.1: Temperature (oC) and salinity in the surface (SUR) and bottom (BOT) waters at the sampling stations

Table 4.2: pH and Chlorophyll-a in the surface (SUR) and bottom (BOT) waters at the sampling stations.

Table 4.3: Dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the surface (SUR) and bottom (BOT) waters at the sampling stations.

Table 4.4: Dissolved inorganic phosphate (µM), silicate (µM), nitrite (µM), nitrate (µM), and ammonium (µM) in the surface (SUR) and bottom (BOT) waters at the sampling stations.

Table 4.5: Total suspended matter (mg l-1), Phenols (µg l-1) and total phosphate (µM) concentrations in the surface (SUR) and bottom (BOT) waters of the sampling stations.

Table 4.6: Phytoplankton abundances (No.L-1) in the study region Table 4.7: Phytoplankton abundance (No. L-1) in bottom waters of the study region Table 4.8: Total zooplankton abundance (No.m-3) in the study region Table 4.9: Percentages of the zooplankton groups contribution to the total abundance of zooplankton

Table 4.10: Percentages of the zooplankton groups contribution to the total abundance of zooplankton

Table 4.11. Bacterial abundance (CFU/ml) in the study region

8

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Executive Summary

M/s Aurobindo Pharma Limited (APL), one of the major pharmaceutical companies in
India has set up a bulk drug manufacturing unit at Pydibhimavaram village, Ranasthalam Mandal, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh in 2001. M/s APL, Unit XI is currently producing 45 products out of 64 products at a time excluding consent for captive power generation is included in Group C along with the products consented to be manufactured. In order to meet the global demand the industry has once again proposed to go for expansion by introducing new products developed by R&D. During the expansion, the industry has proposed to increase its manufacturing capacity from 583.31 TPM to 1518.3 TPM and captive power plant to 8.85 MW within the existing site area of 165 acres. The Industry is discharging the treated effluent into the sea through a pipeline from coast as a safe disposal for quick dispersion. Monitoring of the marine environment and bioassay tests for the treated effluent are mandatory for any coastal based industry discharging its effluent into the sea.
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – National Institute of Oceanography
(CSIR-NIO) has conducted a field campaign for in-situ observations and sample collection for chemical, biological and microbiological parameters and sediment characteristics at and around the marine outfall point (MOP) of the APL, off Phydibhimavaram, during 26 May - 6 June 2018 in order to study the cumulative effects, if any, on the ecology, water quality and sediment quality due to the discharge of treated effluent into the marine environment.
Physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved inorganic nutrients (phosphate, silicate, nitrite, nitrate and ammonium), chlorophyll-a, phenols and total suspended matter, and the biological characteristics such as abundance and composition of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthic plankton in the study region are consistent with the ambient seawater conditions. Based on the

9

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

baseline monitoring studies available for site and modelling studies (near-field and far-field), it is recommended that the effluents can be released with two options. The effluent to the tune of 3.5

MLD can be released at present location 18°04’23.00’’N 83°40’51.00’’ E as an option I or the

combined effluent to the tune of 5.0 MLD can be released at another location, 18°04’51.21’’ N 83°41’04.00’’ E, with a well defined diffuser specifications (chapter 12) as an option II.

During the lay down of pipeline an area of about 0.53 ha is likely to be disturbed assuming a corridor width of 5 m and total length of 1060 m. Based on the results the probable loss of standing stock of macrobenthos (biomass and population) and affected faunal groups during the construction phase would be relatively low. Considering the benthic potential of the study area, such losses are unlikely to be reflected on the overall biopotential of the coastal marine system off Pydibhimavaram coast. Moreover, this loss would be temporary and the benthos would recolonise in due course after the laying is completed and construction activities are terminated.
Probable impact of release of the treated effluent at the designated site through a suitably designed diffuser on water quality is predicted based on probable dilution that the effluent would attain and assuming conservative behaviour of constituents in the receiving water. Concentrations of pollutants such as BOD in the receiving medium would be lower than predicted on the basis of conservative mixing because of decay and/or physical transformations of several pollutants on entering water that leads to reduction in their concentration. Based on model results, salinity may decrease by about 0.1 ppt in a limited area around the diffuser subsequent to the effluent release. An incremental decrease of this order, that too in a small area, is unlikely to negatively influence the biota even in the vicinity of the diffuser. The model also predicts an increase of about 1.8 mg/l in option I and increase of 1.5 mg /l in option II for BOD. The field of influence of increase in salinity and BOD would vary between 20 m and 70 m length along the adverted plume. The impact would not be evident beyond 70 m (max) distance from the outfall location.

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