Aurobindo Pharma Ltd. Pydibhimavaram

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTED NIO/SP-13 /2019

(SSP-3235)

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

SPONSORED BY

Aurobindo Pharma Ltd. Pydibhimavaram

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY

(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research)

Regional Centre, Visakhapatnam – 530 017

January, 2019

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Foreword

M/s Aurobindo Pharma Limited was commenced operations in 1988-89 with a single unit manufacturing Semi-Synthetic Penicillin (SSP) at Pondicherry. It became a public company in

1992 and listed its shares in the Indian stock exchange in 1995. In addition to being the market leader in Semi-Synthetic Penicillins, it has a presence in key therapeutic segments such as neurosciences, cardiovascular, anti-retrovirals, anti-diabetics, gastroenterology and cephalosporins, among others.

Aurobindo Pharma Limited (APL) has set up a bulk drug manufacturing unit at

Pydibhimavaram village, Ranasthalam Mandal, Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh during

2001 in order to meet its market and export demand. The Industry is discharging the treated effluent into the sea through a pipeline from the coast as a safe disposal for quick dispersion. The

Industry has proposed expansion of the existing facility to meet the global demand. It is mandatory for a costal base industry to monitor the marine environment and bioassay tests for the treated effluent to study the effects. In this process the M/s Aurobindo Pharma Limited

(APL) has approached CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre,

Visakhapatnam for these studies to know the cumulative effects, if any, on the ecology, water quality and sediment quality due to the discharge of treated effluent into the marine environment.

After examining the proposal, CSIR-NIO agreed to carry out the field study to generate one time site specific data on the oceanographic parameters including dispersion. CSIR-NIO has conducted a field campaign for in-situ observations and sample collection for chemical, biological and microbiological parameters and sediment characteristics at and around the marine outfall point (MOP) of the APL, off Phydibhimavaram, during 26 May - 6 June 2018. This report is the compilation of the data collected during the survey period.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Contents

1. Introduction 11

1.1. Background 11

1.2. Objectives 12

1.3. Sample collection 13

1.4. Assessment 14

1.5. Approach Strategy 14

1.6. Studies Conducted 15

1.7. Sampling Locations 15

2. Project Description 22

2.1. Introduction 22

2.2. Production Details 24

2.2.1. Process Description 24

2.2.2. Water Requirement 26

2.3. Treated wastewater for rapid marine environmental impact assessment study 26

2.3.1. Details of wastewater treatment process 27

2.3.2. Stream wise treatment process details 28

2.3.2.1. Stream – I (High TDS and High COD Effluents) Treatment Process. 28

2.3.2.2. Stream-II (Low TDS and High COD Effluents) Treatment Process. 30

2.3.2.3. Stream-III (High TDS and Low COD Effluents) Treatment Process. 30

2.3.2.4. Stream-IV (Low TDS and Low COD Effluents) Treatment Process. 31

2.3.2.5. Stream –V (Domestic Wastewater) Treatment Process. 34

3. Study Area & Methodology 36

3.1. Climate and Meteorology 37

3.2. Morphology and Geology 38

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

3.3. Methodology 38

3.3.1 Chemical Parameters 38

3.3.1.1 pH 38

3.3.1.2 Dissolved oxygen (DO) 38

3.3.1.3 Biological oxygen demand (BOD) 39

3.3.1.4 Ammonium – N 39

3.3.1.5 Nitrite – N 39

3.3.1.6 Nitrate – N 40

3.3.1.7 Phosphate – P 40

3.3.1.8 Silicate – Si 40

3.3.1.9 Total Phosphorous 41

3.3.1.10 Total suspended matter (TSM) 41

3.3.1.11 Sediment organic carbon (SOC) 41

3.3.1.12 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 41

3.3.2 Biological Characteristics 41

3.3.2.1 Phytoplankton 42

3.3.2.2 Zooplankton 42

3.3.2.3 Benthos 42

3.3.2.3.1 Meio-fauna 43

3.3.2.3.2 Macro fauna 43

3.3.3 Microbiological Parameters 43

3.3.3.1 Total viable count (TVC) 43

3.3.3.2 Total Coliform (TC) 44

3.3.3.3 Escherichia like organisms (ECLO) 44

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

4. Project Environment Domain 45

4.1. Water Quality and Sediment quality 45

4.2. Biological Characteristics 50

4.2.1. Chlorophyll-a 50

4.2.2. Phytoplankton 50

4.2.3. Zooplankton 50

4.2.4. Benthos 51

4.2.4.1. Macro and Meio-fauna 52

4.3. Microbiological parameters 60

4.4. Mangroves 61

5. Numerical Modelling 62

5.1. Near-field dilution 63

5.2. Far-field dilution 68

5.3. Hydrodynamic model 68

5.3.1. Basic governing equations 68

5.3.2. Continuity equation 68

5.3.3. Momentum equations 69

5.4. Model description 69

5.5. Model study for effluent dispersion 77

5.6. Modelling of water quality 78

6. Marine Environmental Impacts 96

6.1. Construction phase 96

6.1.1. Hydrodynamic characteristics 96

6.1.2. Water quality 96

6.1.3. Sediment quality 97

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

6.1.4. Flora and fauna 97

6.1.5. Miscellaneous 99

6.2. Operational phase 99

6.2.1. Water quality 99

6.2.2. Sediment quality 100

6.2.3. Flora and fauna 100

7. Mitigation Measures 101

7.1.1. Construction phase 101

7.1.2. Operational phase 102

8. Management Of Marine Environment 103

8.1.1. Baseline quality 103

8.1.1.1 Water Quality 104

8.1.1.2 Sediment Quality 104

8.1.1.3 Flora and Fauna 104

8.1.2. Post project monitoring 104

9. Project Benefits 106

10. Environmental Management Plan 107

10.1.1. Construction phase 107

10.1.2. Aquatic area management 107

10.1.3. Operation Phase 108

11. Disclosure of Consultants Engaged 109

12. Recommendations 110

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Srikakulam District.

Figure 1.2: Subtidal Sampling Stations

Figure 1.3: Niskin Sampler and its operation for water sample collection

Figure 1.4: Collection of water samples from Niskin Sampler

Figure 1.5: Towing of zooplankton net and collection of sample for zooplankton

Figure 1.6: Van Veen Grab Sampler

Figure 1.7: Operation of Van Veen Grab sampler

Figure 1.8: Collection of sediment sample

Figure 1.9: Sediment sample

Figure 2.1: Plant layout

Figure 2.2: Multiple Effect Evaporator

Figure 2.3: Agitated Thin Film Dryer

Figure 2.4: Biological Effluent Treatment Plant

Figure 2.5: Paddle Drier

Figure 2.6: Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

Figure 3.1: Topography Map

Figure 5.1: General layout of the study domain with outfalls (OF)

Figure 5.2: Computational FEM grid for the study domain

Figure 5.3: Interpolated depth contours for the study domain

Figure 5.4: Comparison of observed and simulated tide

Figure 5.5 (a): Observation points at and around OF-3 for NE-Monsoon

Figure 5.5 (b): Observation points at and around OF-3 for SW-Monsoon

Figure 5.5 (c): Observation points at and around OF-4 for NE-Monsoon

Figure 5.5 (d): Observation points at and around OF-4 for SW-Monsoon

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.6 (a): Boundary Tide for NE- Monsoon

Figure 5.6 (b): Boundary Tide for SW- Monsoon

Figure 5.7: Currents during NE-Monsoon

Figure 5.8: Currents during SW-Monsoon

Figure 5.9: Dispersion of Excess BOD after 15 days during NE-Monsoon for Option-1

Figure 5.10: Temporal Variation of Excess BOD at different Location (OF3) for NE- Monsoon Figure 5.11: Dispersion of Excess BOD after 15 days during SW-Monsoon for Option-1

Figure 5.12: Temporal Variation of Excess BOD at different Location (OF3) for SW- Monsoon Figure 5.13: Dispersion of Excess COD after 15 days during SW-Monsoon for Option-1

Figure 5.14: Temporal Variation of Excess COD at different Location (OF3) for SW- Monsoon Figure 5.15: Dispersion of Excess COD after 15 days during NE-Monsoon for Option-1

Figure 5.16: Temporal Variation of Excess COD at different Location (OF3) for NE- Monsoon Figure 5.17: Dispersion of Excess BOD after 15 days during NE-Monsoon for Option-2

Figure 5.18: Temporal Variation of Excess BOD at different Location (OF4) for NE- Monsoon Figure 5.19: Dispersion of Excess BOD after 15 days during SW-Monsoon for Option-2

Figure 5.20: Temporal Variation of Excess BOD at different Location (OF4) for SW- Monsoon Figure 5.21: Dispersion of Excess COD after 15 days during SW-Monsoon for Option-2

Figure 5.22: Temporal Variation of Excess COD at different Location (OF4) for SW- Monsoon Figure 5.23: Dispersion of Excess COD after 15 days during NE-Monsoon for Option-2

Figure 5.24: Temporal Variation of Excess COD at different Location (OF4) for NE- Monsoon

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

List of Tables

Table 1.1: Sampling locations off Pydibhimavaram.

Table 2.1: Treated wastewater characteristics of M/s. Aurobindo Pharma Limited.

Table 2.2: Stream wise treatment process adopted

Table 4.1: Temperature (oC) and salinity in the surface (SUR) and bottom (BOT) waters at the sampling stations

Table 4.2: pH and Chlorophyll-a in the surface (SUR) and bottom (BOT) waters at the sampling stations.

Table 4.3: Dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the surface (SUR) and bottom (BOT) waters at the sampling stations.

Table 4.4: Dissolved inorganic phosphate (µM), silicate (µM), nitrite (µM), nitrate (µM), and ammonium (µM) in the surface (SUR) and bottom (BOT) waters at the sampling stations.

Table 4.5: Total suspended matter (mg l-1), Phenols (µg l-1) and total phosphate (µM) concentrations in the surface (SUR) and bottom (BOT) waters of the sampling stations.

Table 4.6: Phytoplankton abundances (No.L-1) in the study region

Table 4.7: Phytoplankton abundance (No. L-1) in bottom waters of the study region

Table 4.8: Total zooplankton abundance (No.m-3) in the study region

Table 4.9: Percentages of the zooplankton groups contribution to the total abundance of zooplankton

Table 4.10: Percentages of the zooplankton groups contribution to the total abundance of zooplankton

Table 4.11. Bacterial abundance (CFU/ml) in the study region

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Executive Summary

M/s Aurobindo Pharma Limited (APL), one of the major pharmaceutical companies in

India has set up a bulk drug manufacturing unit at Pydibhimavaram village, Ranasthalam

Mandal, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh in 2001. M/s APL, Unit XI is currently producing

45 products out of 64 products at a time excluding consent for captive power generation is included in Group C along with the products consented to be manufactured. In order to meet the global demand the industry has once again proposed to go for expansion by introducing new products developed by R&D. During the expansion, the industry has proposed to increase its manufacturing capacity from 583.31 TPM to 1518.3 TPM and captive power plant to 8.85 MW within the existing site area of 165 acres. The Industry is discharging the treated effluent into the sea through a pipeline from coast as a safe disposal for quick dispersion. Monitoring of the marine environment and bioassay tests for the treated effluent are mandatory for any coastal based industry discharging its effluent into the sea.

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – National Institute of Oceanography

(CSIR-NIO) has conducted a field campaign for in-situ observations and sample collection for chemical, biological and microbiological parameters and sediment characteristics at and around the marine outfall point (MOP) of the APL, off Phydibhimavaram, during 26 May - 6 June 2018 in order to study the cumulative effects, if any, on the ecology, water quality and sediment quality due to the discharge of treated effluent into the marine environment.

Physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved inorganic nutrients (phosphate, silicate, nitrite, nitrate and ammonium), chlorophyll-a, phenols and total suspended matter, and the biological characteristics such as abundance and composition of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthic plankton in the study region are consistent with the ambient seawater conditions. Based on the

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram baseline monitoring studies available for site and modelling studies (near-field and far-field), it is recommended that the effluents can be released with two options. The effluent to the tune of 3.5

MLD can be released at present location 18°04’23.00’’N 83°40’51.00’’ E as an option I or the combined effluent to the tune of 5.0 MLD can be released at another location, 18°04’51.21’’ N

83°41’04.00’’ E, with a well defined diffuser specifications (chapter 12) as an option II.

During the lay down of pipeline an area of about 0.53 ha is likely to be disturbed assuming a corridor width of 5 m and total length of 1060 m. Based on the results the probable loss of standing stock of macrobenthos (biomass and population) and affected faunal groups during the construction phase would be relatively low. Considering the benthic potential of the study area, such losses are unlikely to be reflected on the overall biopotential of the coastal marine system off Pydibhimavaram coast. Moreover, this loss would be temporary and the benthos would re- colonise in due course after the laying is completed and construction activities are terminated.

Probable impact of release of the treated effluent at the designated site through a suitably designed diffuser on water quality is predicted based on probable dilution that the effluent would attain and assuming conservative behaviour of constituents in the receiving water.

Concentrations of pollutants such as BOD in the receiving medium would be lower than predicted on the basis of conservative mixing because of decay and/or physical transformations of several pollutants on entering water that leads to reduction in their concentration. Based on model results, salinity may decrease by about 0.1 ppt in a limited area around the diffuser subsequent to the effluent release. An incremental decrease of this order, that too in a small area, is unlikely to negatively influence the biota even in the vicinity of the diffuser. The model also predicts an increase of about 1.8 mg/l in option I and increase of 1.5 mg /l in option II for BOD.

The field of influence of increase in salinity and BOD would vary between 20 m and 70 m length along the adverted plume. The impact would not be evident beyond 70 m (max) distance from the outfall location.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

M/s Aurobindo Pharma Limited (APL) set up a bulk drug manufacturing unit at

Pydibhimavaram village, Ranasthalam Mandal, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh (Figure 1.1) in the year 2002. At present, the unit is receiving 1588.86 KLD freshwater from underground.

The treated wastewater to the tune of 778.71 KLD has been discharged at a location in the Bay of Bengal as suggested by M/s NIO. For this location, the company obtained environmental clearances from MoEF&CC Vide letter no. F. No. J-11011/48/2001-IA II (I) dated: 23.05.2002 and F. No. J-11011/53/2005-IA II (I) dated: 21.06.2005.

M/s Hyacinths Pharma Private Limited (HPPL) which is situated in the vicinity has recently been acquired by the APL. This company obtained environmental clearances in 2015 for release of 0.446 MLD of effluent at another location as suggested by the NIO. However, the pipeline laying is still pending. The Existing pipelines of M/s. Aurobindo Pharma Limited,

Unit XI and M/s. Hyacinths Pharma Pvt. Ltd. are proposed to be utilized interchangeably as alternate in the event of maintenance of pipelines, etc. It is proposed to discharge 3500 KLD treated wastewater at M/s. Aurobindo Pharma Limited disposal point and a combined effluent of

5.0 MLD from both APL and HPPL through the disposal point of HPPL in the view of the immediate proposed expansion of APL. Hence the study is required for release of a 3.5 MLD wastewater from the existing APL outfall location and a combined effluent of 5.0 MLD (effluent from both APL and HPPL) through the HPPL wastewater disposal point to the Bay of Bengal at

Pydibhimavaram coast.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 1.1: Srikakulam District.

1.2 Objectives

The objectives of this study are as follows:

a) To evolve prevailing environmental status of the sea off Pydibhimavaram with respect to

physical processes, water quality, sediment quality and biological characteristics.

b) To suggest suitable locations for outfall and mode of release for treated wastewater

amounting to 3.5 MLD (APL) and combined effluent of 5 MLD (APL and HPPL) in the

coastal waters off Pydibhimavaram.

c) To assess the impacts of the proposed activity on the marine environment during the

construction and operational phases.

d) To suggest adequate mitigation measures in the form of Marine Environment

Management Plan (MEMP) for minimising adverse impacts identified, if any.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

1.3 Sample collection

Samples for chemical, biological, microbiological and sedimentological parameters were collected at 12 stations including the marine outfall point (MOP) (Fig. 1.2) during 26-27 May

2018. Details of the stations (latitude and longitude) were provided in Table 1.1. Two current meters (Aanderaa Seaguard), one at the near surface and the other at near bottom, were deployed at 18°04.5ʹ43″ N and 83°40.766′ E for collection of high resolution (every 10 minutes interval) currents data. Tide Guage (MID/PPTR/2008) was also deployed in the nearby location

18°04.26′ N and 83o40.45′ E to collect tides data in the region. Both currents (near surface and near bottom) and tides were observed continuously for 11 days.

A Niskin water sampler (10L, Fig. 1.3) was used to collect water samples from surface and near bottom at and around the marine outfall point (MOP) of M/s Aurobindo Pharma Limited near Phydibhimavarm. Water samples were collected in pre- cleaned glass/plastic bottles as soon as the water sampler was brought to the deck. The samples were fixed immediately for dissolved oxygen (DO) and for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in the air-tight glass bottles. Samples for dissolved inorganic nutrients were collected in plastic bottles and kept frozen until the samples reached shore laboratory. Samples were preserved in a -20oC deep freezer at the shore laboratory until the analysis is performed. The following personnel have participated in the field campaign for in-situ observations and to collect the water and sediment samples for different chemical and biological parameters. Standard methods have been employed to analyze chemical constituents in seawater samples collected for this study. Longitude, latitude and water column depth of the sampling stations were provided in Table 1. Collection of water samples from

Niskin sampler and zooplankton samples from towing net were shown in Fig. 1.4 and 1.5 respectively.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Name of the personnel participated in the field campaign

1. Dr. M. Sri Rama Krishna, Senior Scientist Chemical Oceanography

2. Dr. T. N. R. Srinivas, Scientist Microbiological Oceanography

3. Dr. L. Jagadeesan, Scientist Biological Oceanography

4. Dr. Amol Prakash, Scientist Physical Oceanograpy

5. Mr. R. Gangadhar Raju, Technical Assistant Instrumentation

6. Mr. S. Kushwant Kumar, Project Assistant Instrumentation

7. Mr. N. Surendra Babu, Project Assistant Marine Biology

8. Mr. Y. M. Naidu, Project Assistant Marine Chemistry

1.4 Assessment

A 2D numerical model will be applied to define the hydrodynamics and dispersion at the project site in order to suggest suitable sites for effluent release in the coastal waters of

Pydibhimavaram and the mode of release for the treated effluent and its behaviour in the receiving water will be assessed through a Buoyant Jet Model.

The impact assessment of the effluent release on the marine ecology will be carried out based on the behaviour of the released effluent in the marine environment. Suitable mitigation measures will be suggested for adverse impacts, if any, in the form of an EMP.

1.5 Approach strategy

Twelve subtidal stations covering an area of 10 km2 of the open- shore segment (Bay of

Bengal) of Pydibhimavarm were sampled (Fig. 1.2). To facilitate inter-comparison of results, the stations operated during earlier studies were sampled during the present study also.

Coastal waters often reveal significant seasonal changes in ecology. These variations should be clearly understood for assessing the prevailing status of a water body. The study region experiences three distinct seasons: premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon. However, field

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram observations are hampered during monsoon due to rough sea conditions. Moreover, monsoon season is not considered critical with respect to release of effluents since the prevailing high turbulence enhances dispersion of the effluent cloud entering marine areas thereby minimising the impacts of contaminants on ecology. This report is based on the field studies conducted during May 2018 and the database available with CSIR-NIO.

1.6 Studies conducted

Subtidal sampling stations were selected based on potential sites for release of the treated effluent, bathymetry as given in the National Hydrographic Office (NHO) Chart and locations of previous investigations to obtain intensive information for the coastal segment likely to be impacted by the release of the effluent.

1.7 Sampling locations

In the present study (May 2018) sampling was done at 12 subtidal stations as shown in

Figure 1.2. The station locations are as follows:

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Table 1.1: Sampling locations off Pydibhimavaram.

Pydibhimavaram Latitude (ʹʹN) Longitude (ʹʹE) Depth (m)

PBM1 18° 04'36.17"N 83°41'07.24"E 9.7

PBM2 18° 04'45.11"N 83°41'21.43"E 10.5

PBM3 18° 05'03.47"N 83°41'50.07"E 10.8

PBM4 18° 4'14.97"N 83°41'10.72"E 11.4

PBM5 18° 4'6.37"N 83°41'24.77"E 12.0

PBM6 18° 3'49.50"N 83°41'50.25"E 13.1

PBM7 18° 4'16.61"N 83°40'41.16"E 10.8

PBM8 18° 4'8.38"N 83°40'25.53"E 11.0

PBM9 18° 3'48.81"N 83°39'57.62"E 10.8

PBM10 18° 4'36.99"N 83°40'39.82"E 9.2

PBM11 18° 4'46.43"N 83°40'26.27"E 8.0

APL-MOP 18° 4'23.00"N 83°40'51.00"E 9.8

AOL-MOP 18° 4'03.50"N 83°41'02.00"E 10.8

LPL-MOP 18° 4'25.00"N 83°41'25.00"E 11.2

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 1.2: Subtidal Sampling Stations

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 1.3: Niskin Sampler and its operation for water sample collection

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 1.4: Collection of water samples from Niskin Sampler

Figure 1.5: Towing of zooplankton net and collection of sample for zooplankton

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 1.6: Van Veen Grab Sampler

Figure 1.7: Operation of Van Veen Grab sampler

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 1.8: Collection of sediment sample

Figure 1.9: Sediment sample

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Chapter 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Introduction

M/s Aurobindo Pharma Limited (APL) has set up a bulk drug manufacturing Unit-XI at

Sy. Nos. 61-66 IDA of Pydibhimavaram Village, Ranasthalam Mandal, Srikakulam District,

Andhra Pradesh. The layout is shown in the Figure 2.1. The plant site is connected by NH 5 in north direction, NH 5 to Chittivalasa village road in east direction, Kandivalasa gedda, a seasonal stream in south direction and open agricultural lands in west direction. The nearest habitation from the plant is Chittivalasa village located at a distance of 0.5 km in east direction. The main approach road, AH45 (NH-5) is adjacent to the site in north direction. The nearest town

Vizianagaram is situated at a distance of 20 km in west direction. The nearest railway station,

Garvidi, is at a distance of 16 km in northwest direction and nearest airport is Visakhapatnam located at a distance of 60 km in southwest direction. Kandivalasa gedda a seasonal stream is flowing from northwest to southeast direction at a distance of 0.2 km in southwest direction.

Kumili RF is at a distance of 2.1 km in northwest direction. There are no National Parks, sanctuaries, critically polluted area and interstate boundary within the impact area of 10 km surrounding the site.

M/s. Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Unit XI has obtained Environment Clearance Vide letter no. F. No. J-11011/48/2001-IA II (I) dated: 23.05.2002 and F. No. J-11011/53/2005-IA II

(I) dated: 21.06.2005 for expansion, Consent for operation and Hazardous waste authorization vide order APPCB/VSP/VZN/142/HO/2015-2064 dated: 26.10.2017 & order valid up to

31.12.2021.

For the Proposed Expansion, M/s. Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Unit XI has obtained the Terms of reference (TOR) for the environmental impact assessment studies from MoEF&CC vide letter

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram no. F. No. J-11011/153/2017-IA II (I) dated 31.05.2017 as part of environmental clearance process. Subsequently Environmental public consultation was conducted on 28.03.2018.

Figure 2.1: Plant layout

2.2 Production Details

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

2.2 Production details

M/s. Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Unit XI is currently producing 45 products out of 64 products (6 out of 17 from Group A, 5 out of 13 from Group B and 34 products from Group C) at a time excluding consent for captive power generation is included in Group C along with the products consented to be manufactured.

As the bulk drug industry is market driven, manufacturing of new APIs and intermediates from time to time is inevitable. There are several other reasons that demand manufacturing of products at the Units, some of them include, validation of manufacturing processes of new products or intermediates and cGMP and Regulatory requirements.

Hence, the industry has once again proposing to go for expansion by introducing new products developed by R&D. In the proposed expansion the manufacturing capacity from 583.31 TPM to

1518.3 TPM and captive power plant to 8.85 MW in existing site area of 165 acres. The capital cost for expansion is Rs. 250 crores, towards additional production blocks, utilities and enhancement of treatment facilities, storages and additional equipment to enhance the capacity.

2.2.1 Process Description

The manufacturing process for the above mentioned products involves chemical synthesis utilizing mainly organic chemicals as raw materials in batch process. Active pharma ingredients which have unique physical and pharmacological properties are manufactured in batch process.

Typically, a series of chemical reactions are performed in multi-purpose reactors and the products are isolated by extraction, crystallization and filtration. The finished products are usually dried, milled, sieved before packing and dispatch. The proposed expansion requires additional steam for processes, effluent treatment system and additional coal fired boiler. A detailed flow sheet is presented below.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

PROCESS FLOW SHEET

Raw Material charging into Reactor Solid/Liquid/Gas addition or charging

Reaction Heating/cooling/stirring/Distillation/ Crystallization etc.

Filtration/Purification/Separation Centrifuge/Agitated Nutch Filter/Pressure Nutch Filter/Sparkler Filter/Leaf Filter etc.

Drying Tray Dryers/Agitated Nutsche Filter Dryer/ Rotary Cone Vacuum Dryer/Vacuum Tray Dryers etc.

Milling Multi Miller/ De-lumper/ Pulverizer

Shifting Shifter

Micronizing

Micronizer

Blending Blender

Material Packing

Material25 Dispatch

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

2.2.2 Water Requirement

Water is required for process, scrubbers, washing, cooling tower makeup, steam generation and domestic purposes. The total water requirement after expansion increased from 1588.86

KLD to 4043 KLD. The required water shall be drawn from ground water or Thotapalli reservoir in addition to reuse of treated wastewater.

2. 3 Treated waste water for rapid marine environmental impact assessment study

In M/s. Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Unit XI the wastewater generated from process, separation techniques and during purification contains organic and inorganic soluble raw materials, solvents, and products. The total treated wastewater generation after expansion increases from 778.71 KLD to 2320 KLD. The Treated wastewater is discharged into Bay of

Bengal at Discharge point located at latitude 18°04’23.00” (N) and longitude 83°40’51.00” (E).

M/s. Hyacinths Pharma Pvt Ltd is a 100% subsidiary unit of M/s Aurobindo Pharma

Limited located at Sy. No. 286,287,288, 289/1, 290/1-4 & 291/1 sancham village, Ranasthalam

Mandal, Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh-532 409 and it’s marine discharge pipeline passes along the west side compound wall of M/s. Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Unit XI. M/s. Hyacinths

Pharma Pvt Ltd has obtained Environmental Clearance vide letter no. F. No. J-11011/599/2010-

IA II (I) dated 09.04.2013 and Coastal Regional Zone Clearance vide letter no. F. No. 11-

13/2014-IA-III dated 17.06.2015 from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change.

The Treated wastewater is discharged into the Bay of Bengal at Discharge point located at latitude 18004’51.21” (N) and longitude 83041’04.00” (E).

The Existing pipelines of M/s. Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Unit XI and M/s. Hyacinths

Pharma Pvt Ltd are proposed to be utilized interchangeably as alternate in the event of maintenance of pipelines, etc. It is proposed to discharge 3.5 MLD treated wastewater at M/s.

Aurobindo Pharma Limited disposal point and a combined effluent of 5.0 MLD (from both APL

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram and HPPL) through the disposal point of M/s. Hyacinths Pharma Pvt. Ltd. in the view of immediate proposed expansion with below mentioned characteristics. Hence it is proposed to evaluate Rapid Marine Environmental impact Assessment Study at both the disposal points.

The Treated wastewater characteristics of M/s. Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Unit XI & M/s.

Hyacinths Pharma Pvt Ltd is tabulated below.

Table 2.1: Treated wastewater characteristics of M/s. Aurobindo Pharma Limited.

TREATED WASTEWATER PARAMETER DISCHARGE LIMITS

pH 6.50 – 8.50

TSS ≤100 mg/l

TDS 10000 -15000 mg/l

COD ≤250 mg/l

BOD ≤100 mg/l

Oil & Grease ≤10 mg/l

2.3.1 Details of wastewater treatment process

The wastewater is segregated into four streams at source. Effluent from process and scrubbers are considered as high TDS and high COD and it is named as Stream - I; Effluent from solvent recovery system is considered as low TDS and high COD and it is named as Stream-II;

Boiler, cooling tower blow downs and DM/softener rejects are considered as high TDS and low

COD and it is named as Stream-III; Effluent from process, reactor and floor washings, personnel hygiene, QC and R&D, PD laboratory, RO back wash, process cooling tower blow downs and wastewater from decontamination of barrels and liners are considered as low TDS and low COD and it is named as Stream –IV. Domestic wastewater is considered as Stream-V.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

The stream wise treatment process adopted is given in below,

Table 2.2: Stream wise treatment process adopted

S.NO DESCRIPTION OF STREAM ADOPTED TREATMENT PROCESS

Stream – I Subjected to Treatment in MEE followed by 1 (High TDS and High COD Effluents) Treatment in Bio-ETP Operation.

Stream-II Sent to Standalone stripper followed by 2 (Low TDS and High COD Effluents) Treatment in Bio-ETP Operation.

Stream-III Subjected to RO process, permeate used for

3 (High TDS and Low COD Effluents) Cooling tower makeup and reject to Guard

pond.

Stream-IV Sent to Treatment in Bio-ETP Operation 4 (Low TDS and Low COD Effluents) followed by marine outfall.

Stream –V Subjected to Treatment in sewage treatment 5 (Domestic Wastewater) plant and used for gardening purpose.

2.3.2 Stream wise treatment process is detailed as follows:

2.3.2.1 STREAM – I (high TDS and high COD effluents) treatment process

Effluents from process and scrubbers are considered as High TDS and high COD is collected in an overhead tank. The treatment system for treating these effluents consists of Equalization,

Neutralization, Flash Mixer, and Clarifier before stripping to prevent organic shock loads. The

High TDS and High COD wastewater streams are then treated through Stripper, where organic content in the waste water is removed. The stripped waste water is concentrated into two stage multiple effect evaporator (Fig. 2.2 and 2.3). The primary stage consists of falling film

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram evaporator followed by forced evaporation and the condensate generated in MEE and ATFD is taken to Biological Treatment and is disposed off through marine outfall.

Stripper condensate is further subjected to distillation and disposed off to Cement Units/sold as mixed solvent.

Evaporation salts will be disposed off to CWMP, Parawada

STREAM- I PROCESS FLOW

Figure 2.2: Multiple Effect Evaporator Figure 2.3: Agitated Thin Film Dryer

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2.3.2.2 STREAM-II (low TDS and high COD effluents) treatment process

Effluent from solvent recovery process considered as low TDS and high COD. These are sent to standalone stripper. The organic distillate from the stripper is sent to cement plants for co- incineration and aqueous bottom from stripper is sent to further treatment to Biological ETP.

STREAM- II PROCESS FLOW

2.3.2.3 STREAM-III (high TDS and low COD effluents) treatment process

Utility blow downs and wastewater from garment washings are considered as high TDS and low

COD. These are sent to RO. RO permeate reused for cooling towers and rejects sent to Guard ponds followed by Marine outfall.

STREAM- III PROCESS FLOW

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2.3.2.4 STREAM-IV (low TDS and low COD effluents) treatment process Effluents from process, reactor and floor washings, personnel hygiene, QC and R&D, PD laboratory, RO back wash, process cooling tower blow downs and wastewater from decontamination of barrels and liners are considered as low TDS and low COD. These effluents along with condensate from

MEE and ATFD are subjected to biological treatment system and membrane bio reactor (MBR).

The total effluent after MBR will be stored in Guard ponds and sent to marine disposal after meeting the standards in bioassay test. The primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of existing process is detailed below.

STREAM- IV PROCESS FLOW

Primary Treatment:

Low TDS & organic wastewater generated from different blocks and from utilities in of the plant is passed through corrugated plate separator for removal of oil & grease collected in equalization cum neutralization tanks. All the effluents are homogenized with the help of floating aerator to get a uniform quality of waste and then pH is adjusted to 7.0 - 7.5.

Pre aeration tank is equipped with floating aerator. Effluents are aerated for 48 hours to strip – off volatile organics if any, thereby to reduce the organic load (COD/ BOD). Another advantage

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram is to handle the fluctuations in the influent organic load (COD/BOD) thereby to safe guard the

Biological aeration system failures due to organic shock loads and for better performance of

Biological system. Neutralized effluents are pumped to flash mixer where Alum &

Polyelectrolyte chemicals are mixed and passed through flocculator and primary clarifier for removal of suspended solids and clear supernatant effluent is sent to clarifier. Primary clarifier under flow (sludge) is pumped to sludge thickener for further treatment and disposal. These effluents are to be analyzed for COD, BOD, pH, Total Nitrogen as N, Phosphorus as P every day.

Secondary Treatment:

A two-stage aerobic activated sludge process is used for removing soluble organics from the effluents. First stage aeration tank is equipped with aeration equipment for supplying atmospheric oxygen for Bacteria and also for maintaining Bacterial culture (MLSS) & for complete mixing purpose. Under aerobic conditions bacteria converts the organics to carbon dioxide, new bacterial cells and other end products. Aeration tank contents passed into secondary clarifier after a specified period, where the bacteria (activated sludge) are separated from the wastewater. A portion of the settled sludge is recycled to maintain the desired concentration of bacteria (MLSS) in the aeration tank to achieve the desired removal efficiencies of COD/BOD.

The excess sludge from secondary clarifier pumped to sludge thickener and clarified effluent is passed into second aeration tank for further removal of COD/BOD.

Second stage aeration tank is equipped with fixed type surface aerators for supplying atmospheric oxygen/pure oxygen. The treatment process is same as in first stage aeration tank.

The treated effluent from final clarifier is collected in holding tank.

Tertiary Treatment:

The treated effluent from holding tank is pumped to Multigrade filter followed by

Activated carbon filter to remove further TDS or COD present in the effluent. The effluent is

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram further subjected to treatment in membrane bioreactor before entering into guard ponds and to marine disposal. The treated wastewater from ETP is stored in guard ponds. As per the directions of APPCB, the capacity of guard ponds has been enhanced to store ten days generation of treated wastewater. Discharge of treated wastewater from guard ponds is connected to on-line

TOC analyser to ensure conformance to marine discharge standards. Biological effluent treatment plant is shown in figure 2.4

Figure 2.4: Biological Effluent Treatment Plant

Sludge Treatment:

The excess sludge from clarifiers is pumped to sludge thickener where sludge is thickened to 4% solids and then pumped to Paddle Drier (Fig. 2.5) to separate the sludge instead of using sand- drying beds. The sun-dried sludge is sending to TSDF for ultimate disposal.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 2.5: Paddle Drier

2.3.2.5 STREAM –V (Domestic Wastewater) Treatment Process

The domestic wastewater from various locations is pumped to screening chamber and to collection tank by gravity. The domestic wastewater after screening will be collected in the collection sump for smoothing out peak flows; homogenization of domestic wastewater is done by provision of air. The homogenized domestic wastewater is then pumped into aeration tank equipped with floating media and air diffusion system to ensure equal distribution of air in the reactor. The overflow from the MBBR reactor is passed through a Tube Settler from where it passes through Clarified water tank by gravity and chlorine dosing is given for disinfection, from where it is pumped to a pressure sand filter, which is capable of removing finely divided colloidal particles. Followed by activated carbon filter to remove all traces of colour, and then it passes through chlorine dosing system to control the infectious micro organisms. Sludge generated in the Settler is collected in sludge sump. Sewage treatment plant (STP) is shown in figure 2.6

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STREAM- V PROCESS FLOW

Figure 2.6: Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Chapter 3 STUDY AREA & METHODOLOGY The plant site (Fig.1.1) is situated in Pydibhimavaram Village, Ranasthalam Mandal,

Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh. Srikakulam district covers an area of 5837 sq. km. It is the extreme northeastern district of Andhra Pradesh State. This district is situated between latitudes of 18o 20’ & 19o 10’N and longitudes of 83o 50’ & 84o 50’. The topography map is shown in

Figure 3.1. The distance of the proposed landfall from the plant site is 9 km. The population of the district according to the census of 2011 was 2703114 of which 1341738 are males and

1361376 are females and it is the third least populous district of Andhra Pradesh. There are five industrial areas in this district: (i) APIE, Amadalavalasa, (ii) IP, Kusalapuram, (iii) MIE, Balaga,

(iv) IP, Plasa and (v) IDA, Pydibheemavaram. Total industrial units registered in this district were 5576. There are 35 medium and large scale industries, with an investment of Rs. 3136.04

Cr. and an employment of 9155, working in this district.

Figure 3.1: Topography Map

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3.1 Climate and meteorology

The District has two Natural Regions, i.e., the Hilly Region called Agency Area that is mostly inhabitated by Tribal Population and the Plain Area. General climate of the district is subtropical and is characterized by 3 well-defined seasons, i.e. Summer – from March to June,

Rainy season – from July to October, and winter- from November to February. The climate is characterized by humidity throughout the year. The normal rainfall over the district is 1162 mm.

The region receives rainfall during monsoon (June to September) and maximum rainfall occurs in July. Mean maximum daily temperatures range from 32oC to 42oC and mean minimum daily temperatures from 11oC to 26oC. April and May are the hottest months. The winter is generally pleasant with minimum temperatures around 12o C. The district has the long coastal line of about

193 km.

The district is bound on the North by Orissa State, on the west and south by

Vizianagaram district and on the east by the Bay of Bengal. The Nagavali, Vamsadara,

Suvarnamukhi, Vegavathim, Mahendratanaya, Gomukhi, Champavathi, Bahuda and

Kumbikotagedda are the important rivers of the district. The Vamsadhara River rises in the

Eastern Ghats of Orissa State and enters Srikakulam District in Bhamini Mandal and finally falls into the Bay of Bengal near Kalingapatnam. The Nagavali and Suvarnamukhi rivers also originate in the Eastern Ghats and confluence with the Bay of Bengal at Kallepalli near

Srikakulam. Another river of the same Eastern Ghats flows through Mandasa and Sompeta

Mandals and falls into Bay of Bengal at Baruva. The Bahuda River also rises in the Eastern

Ghats enters into Srikakulam District at Boddapadu Village of Ichapuram Mandal and flows through Ichapuram, Kaviti and Mandasa and enters into Bay of Bengal at Donkuru.

The forest cover in the district is about 68,641 hectares which is ~12% of the total geographical area of the district. The main products of the forest is tamarind, timber, turmeric, hill brooms, gum, cashew, pineapple, custard-apple, adda leaves, beedi leaves, nuxvomica, soap

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram nuts, marking nuts etc. Most of the forest area of the plain terrain has been damaged by intense agriculture. Kotthuru, Hiramandalam, Pathapatnam, Kalingadal reservoir and some other areas are still covered with dense forests.

3.2 Morphology and geology

The landforms in the Eastern Ghats belt are the Charnockitic zone, Kondalite zone and

Migmatite zone. The Migamatite belt is well developed in Srikakulam. These migmatites and migmatised charnockite deposits commercially known as ‘Srikakulam Blue’.The blue colour of granite (for which is internationally famous) comes from bluequartz and bluish grey to light grey

feldspar. It is believed that due to massive monolithic igneous formation (landforms) these rocks

are amenable for producing large size blocks

3.3 Methodology

3.3.1 Chemical characteristics

The Physico-chemical parameters were analysed through the standard procedures following

Carrit and Carpenter (1966), Grashoff (1974), Suzuki and Ishimaru (1990) and Grassoff et al.

(1992). The detailed methodology of the each parameter is given below

3.3.1.1 pH pH of the sea water sample collected in air-tight glass bottle (60ml) was measured using

Metrohm pH analyzer (Titrando 865). Standard buffer solutions (Merck, Germany) were used for calibration of the instrument. Based on the repeated analysis of aliquots of standards and samples, the precision of the analysis for pH is 0.002 units.

3.3.1.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Winkler’s method was adopted for the determination of DO by fixing a measured volume of water sample immediately after collection with the reagents A (manganous chloride) and B

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

(alkaline potassium iodide). Standard titration with sodium thiosulphate is adopted for the analysis purpose. Concentration of DO is expressed in mg/l. The precision of analysis, expresses as standard deviation is ±0.07%

3.3.1.3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Samples for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand were collected in triplicate. The dissolved oxygen concentration was immediately determined using one of the triplicate samples according to Winkler Method. The remaining bottles were left for five days at 20ºC in the BOD incubator. Dissolved oxygen in these samples was determined after fixing the samples on completion of five days incubation. BOD was computed from the initial DO concentrations and expressed in mg/l/day.

3.3.1.4 Ammonium - Nitrogen (NH₄† - N)

Ammonia - Nitrogen in seawater samples was determined with the indophenol blue method using trione. Care should be taken for the analysis of ammonia and the distilled water should be ammonia free and afresh to avoid any contamination as ammonia is highly soluble in water. The absorbance measurements were made at 630 nm in Spectrophotometer against a standard. NH4 -

N is expressed in µmol/l and the precision of analysis, in terms of standard deviation, is ±0.02

µmol/l

3.3.1.5 Nitrite - Nitrogen (NO₂¯- N)

Nitrite was determined by the method of Bend Schneider and Robinson whereby the nitrite in water sample was diazotised with sulphanilamide and coupling with N-1-Naphthyl ethylene diamine dihydrochloride. The absorbance of the resultant azo-dye was measured at 543 nm against a standard solution. NO2¯- N is expressed in µmol/l.

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3.3.1.6 Nitrate - Nitrogen (NO₃¯ - N)

Nitrate in seawater sample was first reduced to nitrite by heterogeneous reduction by passing the buffered samples through an amalgamated cadmium column and the resultant nitrite was determined as above. The measured absorbance was due to initial nitrite in the sample and nitrite obtained after reduction of nitrate. Necessary correction was therefore applied for any nitrite initially present in the sample. NO3¯- N is expressed in µmol/l. The precision of analysis for both nitrite and nitrate, in terms of standard deviation, is ±0.02 µmol/l

3.3.1.7 Phosphate - Phosphorus (PO₄³¯ -P)

Inorganic phosphate was measured by the method of Murphy and Riley in which the samples were made to react with acidified molybdate reagent and then reduced using ascorbic acid. The absorbance of the resultant phosphorous molybdenum blue complex was measured at 880 nm against a standard. PO4³¯- P is expressed in µmol/l. The precision of analysis, in terms of standard deviation, is ±0.01 µmol/l

3.3.1.8 Silicate - Silicon (SiO₄²¯ - Si)

Silicate - silicon was also estimated by reaction with acid - molybdate and ascorbic acid in the presence of oxalic acid. The interference of phosphate is prevented by addition of oxalic acid.

The absorbance of the resultant silico - molybdenum blue complex was measured at 810 nm in

Spectrophotometer against a standard. SiO4²¯- Si is expressed in µmol/l. The precision of analysis, expressed as standard deviation, is ±0.02 µmol/l

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3.3.1.9 Total Phosphorus (TP)

The seawater sample was autoclaved with alkaline potassium persulphate in a closed bottle. The solution was neutralized and then estimated for phosphate as described in 2.2.7. The total phosphorus is expressed in µmol/l.

3.3.1.10 Total Suspended Matter (TSM)

One litre of sample was filtered through preweighed Polycarbonate filter (0.47 µm) millipore and after filtration the filter was weighed again after drying constantly at 60°C and the difference in weight was considered as TSM and is expressed mg/l.

3.3.1.11 Sediment organic carbon (SOC)

Organic carbon in the dry sediment was determined following wet-oxidation method, by oxidizing organic matter in the sample with chromic acid and estimating the excess chromic acid by titrating against ferrous ammonium sulphate using ferroin as an indicator. Estimated error in the analysis can be up to ±5%.

3.3.1.12 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Chemical oxygen demand in the water samples were estimated by dichromate method. Known amount of sea water sample was digested with mercury (II) sulphate, potassium dichromate and silver sulphate – sulphuric acid mixture for 2 hours at 100oc in a water bath using reflux condenser. After cooling to room temperature, the residual chromate in the flask was determined by titrating with standardized iron (II) ammonium sulphate solution using Ferroin indicator. Inherent problem with the determination of COD by this method is the interference of chloride ion in seawater sample. Chloride interference was eliminated by adding solid mercury (II) sulphate equal to 40 times the mass of chloride present the sample.

3.3.2 Biological Characteristics

All analyses were conducted as per the NIO methodology manual for biological parameters, an in-house compilation based on internationally used published methods

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3.3.2.1 Phytoplankton

1-2 litre of the water samples were collected with the help of Niskin sampler from surface and bottom. The collected samples were preserved with lugols iodine (10%) and few drops of 2.5 % buffered formalin. In the laboratory, phytoplankton samples were allowed to settle for 24-48 hrs. in one litre measuring jars. After the gravity settlement, the samples were concentrated into 10ml from which 1ml samples were taken and phytoplankton cells were enumerated using a Sedgwick

Rafter counting chamber following a standard protocol (UNESCO, 1978). Phytoplankton cells were identified into the genus/species levels using the Olympus inverted microscope (model: IX

71) with the aid of standard taxonomic literatures of Diatoms, Dinoflagellates and Blue green algae (Subrahmanyam, 1946).

3.3.2.2 Zooplankton

Zooplankton samples were collected through horizontal hauls of HT net (49.5 cm diameter and

200 µm mesh) attached with the calibrated digital flow meter to measure the amount of water filtered through the net. At each station, the net was operated for 5 minutes (Fig. 1.5) and the collected samples filtered through the 200 µm mesh and the excess waters were removed using the bolting paper and the zooplankton biomass was measured through the displacement method

(Postel et al., 2000). After the biomass measurements, zooplankton samples were preserved in 4-

5% buffered formaldehyde for further analysis. In the laboratory, 25 - 50% subsamples were taken using the Folsom’s plankton splitter the subsamples were analyzed in detailed for quantitative analysis. Zooplankton samples were sorted into group levels using the standard literatures of the Conway et al., 2000 and their abundances were represented in m³.

3.3.2.3 Benthos

Samples for benthos i.e., bottom living organisms, were collected using a Van Veen grab, covering an area of 0.04m2 and penetration depth of 10 cm. Sediment samples were collected from different stations located in the depth range varied between 10m and 32m. Operation of

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Van Veen grab and collection of sediment sample were shown in figures 1.6 to 1.9. Biota

(organisms) contained in the sediment were separated by sieving.

3.3.2.3.1 Meio-fauna: Sub-samples for meiofauna were collected from the Van Veen grab using a hand core (3 cm diameter) and preserved in formalin-Rose Bengal solution. Samples were passed through a set of two sieves; 0.5 mm and bottom a 0.045 mm mesh sieve. The material retained on the finer mesh was used for analysis of meiofauna. All organisms were sorted and counted under binocular stereoscope microscope in the laboratory. Average of three replicate was taken for the population count and expressed as number per 10 cm2.

3.3.2.3.2 Macro fauna: The sediment samples for macro fauna were washed through a 0.5 mm mesh size sieve and the retained samples were preserved in 10% seawater formalin containing

Rose-Bengal stain. In the laboratory, the macro faunal samples were again washed through 0.5 mm mesh sieve in running water to clear adhering sediments. All stained animals were picked and preserved in 5% formaldehyde. Later organisms were sorted and counted group wise under a stereoscope zoom binocular microscope. Wet weight of major macro faunal taxa was recorded on a single pan balance. Fauna was identified as far as possible.

3.3.3 Microbiological parameters

About 100 ml of sample was sub-sampled into a pre-sterilized bottle for bacterial analysis. All samples were collected with precautions required for microbiological analysis, and analyzed in the laboratory.

3.3.3.1 Total Viable Count (TVC):

Sample serially diluted to 3 times of 10-1 to 10-3 with sterile salt water. Heterotrophic bacterial counts were determined using R2A agar. Around 100 µl of each serially diluted water samples are plated on R2A agar plates and spread with sterile glass rod and incubated at 37oC for 48-72

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram hours. The colonies formed on the plates are counted using colony counter and represented as number of colony forming unit per ml of water sample.

3.3.3.2 Total Coliform (TC):

Sample serially diluted to 3 times of 10-1 to 10-3 with sterile salt water. Total coliform bacterial counts were determined using MacConkey agar. Around 100 µl of each serially diluted water samples are plated on MacConkey agar plates and spread with sterile glass rod and incubated at

37oC for 48-72 hours. The colonies formed on the plates are counted using colony counter and represented as number of colony forming unit per ml of water sample.

3.3.3.3 Escherichia coli like organisms (ECLO)

Sample serially diluted to 3 times of 10-1 to 10-3 with sterile salt water. Escherichia coli like organisms were determined using MacConkey agar. Around 100 µl of each serially diluted water samples are plated on McConkey agar plates and spread with sterile glass rod and incubated at

37oC for 48-72 hours. The colonies of pink-red colour and with bile precipitate are counted using colony counter and represented as number of colony forming unit per ml of water sample. The bacteriological examinations were done following Ramaiah et al. (2004) and Prasad et al. (2015) for the enumeration of heterotrophic, indicator and few pathogenic bacteria.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Chapter 4

PROJECT ENVIRONMENT DOMAIN

4.1 Water quality and Sediment quality

Physical parameters such as salinity and temperature in the surface and bottom waters of the station locations were provided in Table 4.1. The results of laboratory analysis of the chemical parameters such as pH and chlorophyll-a were provided in Table 4.2. Data for the other chemical parameters such as dissolved inorganic nutrients were provided in Table 4.3.

Table 4.1: Temperature (oC) and salinity in the surface (SUR) and bottom (BOT) waters at the sampling stations were given

TEMPERATURE SALINITY STATION DEPTH SUR BOT SUR BOT

PBM1 11.3 29.8 28.6 34.0 34.3 PBM2 11.9 29.8 28.1 34.0 34.0 PBM3 12.2 29.7 28.2 34.0 34.1 PBM4 13.3 29.4 27.8 34.1 34.1 PBM5 13.4 29.5 28.4 34.0 34.2 PBM6 14.8 29.7 28.1 34.0 34.3 PBM7 12.4 29.4 28.6 34.0 34.1 PBM8 12.1 29.4 28.4 34.1 33.9 PBM9 12.3 29.2 28.0 34.2 34.1 PBM10 10.7 29.8 28.4 34.0 33.8 PBM11 10.0 29.8 28.2 34.0 34.1 APL-MOP 11.7 29.8 28.4 34.0 34.0

Temperature ranged from 29.2 to 29.8oC in the surface and from 27.8 to 28.6oC in the bottom of the study region during the sampling period. Salinity in the region varied from 34.0 to

34.2 and from 33.8 to 34.3 in the surface and bottom waters respectively during the study period.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Table 4.2: pH and Chlorophyll-a in the surface (SUR) and bottom (BOT) waters at the sampling stations were given.

pH Chl-a (mg m-3)

TATION DEPTH SUR BOT SUR BOT

PBM1 11.3 8.2 8.0 1.0 8.1

PBM 2 11.9 8.2 8.1 1.5 7.2

PBM 3 12.2 8.1 8.0 3.2 7.8

PBM4 13.3 8.3 8.1 1.6 9.0

PBM5 13.4 - 8.1 1.9 5.3

PBM6 14.8 8.2 8.0 1.1 5.5

PBM7 12.4 8.2 8.1 2.3 4.4

PBM8 12.1 8.2 8.1 2.4 4.6

PBM9 12.3 8.2 8.1 3.0 1.8

PBM10 10.7 8.2 8.0 0.8 1.3

PBM11 10.0 8.2 7.9 2.1 7.8

APL-MOP 11.7 8.2 7.5 2.0 1.7

pH of the study region (Fig. 1.2) ranged from 8.1 to 8.3 in the surface and from 7.5 to 8.1 in the bottom and these values are consistent with range of pH values observed in the coastal Bay of

Bengal. Phytoplankton biomass in terms of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) ranged from 0.8 to 3.2 mg m-3 in the surface and from 1.3 to 9.0 mg m-3 in the bottom waters. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations varied between 3.4 and 5.5 mg l-1 in the surface and between 2.0 and 4.0 mg l-1 in the bottom waters during the sampling period in the study region.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Table 4.3: Dissolved oxygen (DO) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) in the surface (SUR) and bottom (BOT) waters at the sampling stations were given.

DO (mg l-1) BOD (mg l-1 d-1)

STATION SUR BOT SUR BOT

PBM1 3.9 2.9 0.53 0.32

PBM2 3.8 2.0 - 0.36

PBM3 3.4 3.2 - 0.55

PBM4 4.0 2.8 0.41 0.34

PBM5 4.0 3.1 0.33 0.33

PBM6 4.2 2.6 0.43 0.31

PBM7 5.5 4.0 0.67 0.40

PBM8 4.9 3.1 0.61 0.27

PBM9 4.4 2.6 0.24 0.34

PBM10 4.1 2.7 0.23 0.38

PBM11 4.1 2.3 0.33 0.31

APL-MOP 4.2 2.6 0.35 0.37

Biological oxygen demand (BOD) ranged from 0.23 to 0.67 mg l-1 d-1 in the surface and from 0.27 to 0.55 mg -1 d-1 in the bottom waters of the study region. Concentrations of dissolved inorganic nutrients such as phosphate, silicate, nitrite, nitrate and ammonium in the surface and bottom waters of the study region were given in Table 4.4. Phosphate concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 2.3 µM in the surface and from 0.9 to 3.0 µM in the bottom waters. Silicate concentrations in the region ranged from 2.8 to 6.9 µM and from 2.0 to 5.1 µM in the bottom

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram waters during the study period. Nitrite varied between 0.08 and 0.18 µM in surface and 0.11 and

0.35 µM in bottom waters. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 1.9 µM and from 1.3 and

4.9 µM in the surface and bottom waters respectively.

Table 4.4: Dissolved inorganic phosphate (µM), silicate (µM), nitrite (µM), nitrate (µM), and ammonium (µM) in the surface (SUR) and bottom (BOT) waters at the sampling stations were given.

Station Phosphate Silicate Nitrite Nitrate Ammonium

SUR BOT SUR BOT SUR BOT SUR BOT SUR BOT

PBM1 2.27 1.34 4.27 3.57 0.17 0.35 1.90 2.73 0.03 0.03

PBM2 1.55 1.59 6.05 3.51 0.10 0.14 1.09 2.80 0.06 0.06

PBM3 2.32 2.87 6.93 3.36 0.08 0.11 1.65 2.57 0.14 0.14

PBM4 1.12 2.96 4.51 1.99 0.17 0.24 1.49 2.24 0.02 0.02

PBM5 1.29 1.68 3.36 3.28 0.09 0.26 1.27 3.55 0.03 0.03

PBM6 1.72 1.59 3.99 3.2 0.14 0.19 1.46 3.70 0.11 0.11

PBM7 1.43 1.98 2.88 5.08 0.10 0.24 1.57 4.86 0.08 0.08

PBM8 1.42 1.55 2.77 3.81 0.09 0.28 1.36 4.78 0.08 0.08

PBM9 1.68 1.34 3.35 4.06 0.08 0.26 1.68 4.19 0.02 0.02

PBM10 1.71 1.19 2.77 3.15 0.17 0.19 1.15 1.92 0.01 0.01

PBM11 1.98 - 3.04 4.84 0.18 0.26 1.50 2.07 0.01 0.01

APL-MOP 0.92 0.87 3.19 4.91 0.15 0.18 1.7 1.3

Ammonium concentrations varied from 0.01 to 0.14 µM in the surface and from 0.01 to 0.14 µM in the bottom waters. Total suspended matter (TSM) concentrations ranged from 13.8 to 42. 5 mg l-1 in the surface waters of the study region. Bottom waters recorded TSM concentrations

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram between 14.5 and 27.9 mg l-1 during the study period. Relatively higher concentrations of

Phenols were found in the surface (11.9 – 17.2 µg l-1) compared to the bottom (8.6 – 15.7 µg l-1) except PBM 10 and 11 stations. Total phosphate concentrations ranged from 4.1 to 6.3 µM and from 3.8 to 6.7 µM in bottom waters of the study region. Concentrations of chemical parameters are within the normal range of values in the coastal Bay of Bengal.

Table 4.5: Total suspended matter (mg l-1), Phenols (µg l-1) and total phosphate (µM) concentrations in the surface (SUR) and bottom (BOT) waters at the sampling stations were given.

Station TSM(mg/l) Phenols Total Phosphate

SUR BOT SUR BOT SUR BOT

PBM1 27.5 25.2 15.65 11.54 5.37 5.03

PBM2 22.6 20.7 17.19 10.81 5.69 5.94

PBM3 42.5 21.6 13.84 10.79 4.12 3.77

PBM4 26 22 15.41 12.90 4.68 4.3

PBM5 22.5 18.1 13.41 13.11 5.56 6.19

PBM6 26 14.5 16.63 -- 5.84 6.25

PBM7 17.3 16.6 11.92 8.60 6.32 6.66

PBM8 14.1 14.9 12.94 9.25 5.94 6.25

PBM9 24.2 15.5 15.70 10.81 5.88 5.56

PBM10 13.8 25.5 13.13 15.62 5.12 4.52

PBM11 22.2 27.1 13.41 15.68 4.78 5.25

APL-MOP 20.9 27.9 14.67 13.35 5.56 6.00

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

4.2 Biological Characteristics

4.2.1 Chlorophyll a: Chlorophyll a pigment in surface water was ranged between 0.8 and 3.2 mg.m-3. In bottom water

Chlorophyll a was ranged from 1.3to 9.0 mg.m-3. In surface Chl.a concentration was found minimum in APL10 and maximum in APL 3 station. In the bottom, Chl.a concentration was found minimum at APL10 and maximum at APL4 locations. The overall mean Chl.a concentration in surface layer was 1.92 ± 0.75 mg.m-3 and bottom layer was 5.36 ± 2.71 mg.m-3.

Chlorophyll a was relatively high in the bottom waters compared to the surface layers.

4.2.2. Phytoplankton

The detailed results about the phytoplankton cell count in surface and bottom waters of the study region are given in (Table 4.6 and 4.7 respectively). The taxa is mainly comprised of diatoms and dinoflagellates. The cell count at surface was in the ranged from 4040 to 18020 No. L-1. In bottom phytoplankton cell count ranged between 5370 and 27180 No.L-1. A total of 27 phytoplankton genus recorded in surface and 35 genus recorded in bottom waters. Diatoms are most dominant in the total abundance the present study. The most dominant and consistently occurring species were Rhizosolenia sp., Nitzschia sp., Skeletonema sp., Chaetoceros sp.,

Biddulphia sp., Navicula sp., Thalasiothrix sp. Phytoplankton abundance was relatively high in bottom waters compared to surface layers, consistent with Chl-a distribution. Overall, mean phytoplankton cell abundance was 7132±4104 No. L-1 in surface and 14635±7422 No. L-1 in the bottom.

4.2.3. Zooplankton The secondary production is the standing stock of zooplankton which feeds on phytoplankton. The secondary production appears to be highest off the northern part of the Bay of Bengal which could be attributed to the distribution of upwelling. The seasonal average of zooplankton biomass for the Bay of Bengal is 0.43 ml/m3 in pre-monsoon, 0.24 ml/m3 in

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

monsoon and 0.99 ml/m3 in post-monsoon season (Desai & Bhargava, 1998). According to

Goswami (1999) the standing stock biomass (ml/m3) of zooplankton in the Bay of Bengal shows

wide variation in space and time in the shelf as well as in the oceanic ecosystems. The values

reported in the Bay of Bengal were given below.

SEASON BAY OF BENGAL Shelf Oceanic Premonsoon < 0.01-1(0.3) 0.01-0.8(0.3) Monsoon 0.1-3.3(0.4) 0.1-0.5(0.2) Post monsoon <0.1-3.6(0.5) 0.1-5.3(0.8)

Meso-zooplankton biomass ranged between 0.10 and 0.34 ml/m3. Zooplankton abundance ranged from 1637 to 3910 No.m-3 (Table 4.8). Maximum biomass and abundance was recorded at

Station PBM 7, while the minimum biomass and abundance was observed at MOP location.

Altogether 15 faunal groups were found in the study site. The overall mean zooplankton abundance was 2384 No.m-3 and the copepods abundance was 1627 No.m-3. Copepods contribute

58 to 81% in the total zooplankton abundance (Tabl 4.9). Cladocerans are the second dominant groups; it contributes 3 to 17% of the total zooplankton abundance. Chaetognatha contributes 5 to

14.% of the total abundance. Lucifers, Appedicularans are the other dominant groups. The other groups were reported during the present study area were Hydromedusae, Siphonophore,

Ostracods, Polychaete larvae, Decapods larvae Fish eggs and Fish larvae. However, their contribution to the total abundance was very low (<2% of the total abundance).

4.2.4. Benthos Benthos, the seafloor biota, contributes substantially to the secondary production as also

to the potential and sustainability of demersal or near bottom living fishable resources. The

distribution of biomass production of benthos in the seas surrounding India is reported by

Parulekar et al (1982). A number of comparative studies on benthos of various ecosystems of the

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram seas around India are available and a resume of published results on the standing crop and production of benthos from Bay of Bengal are reproduced below as

REGION BAY OF BENGAL Biomass(g/m2) Shelf <0.1-98.8 (4.9)

Slope 0.1-60.2 (4.6)

Deep 0.1-5.2. (2.3)

Productivity(gC/m2/y) Shelf 0.6-3.1 (1.2) Slope 0.1-2.4 (0.8) Deep 0.4-1.0 (0.8)

Table: Earlier literatures about the standing crop and production of benthos in Bay of Bengal

4.2.4.1. Macro and meiofauna:

Benthic macro fauna basically comprised of sedentary and sessile organisms, dominated by polychaete worms and Arthropods. The macro faunal density of the study area was ranged of

1800 to 4600 ind/m2 (Table 4.10). The fauna was dominated by families of polychaeta and their contribution was found 53% to 79% to that of the total abundance. In particular Nephteidae,

Orbinidae, Opheliidae, Nereidae and Spionidaefamilies are common in all stations. The second largest group was Arthropoda and it was dominated by Amphipoda, Isopodaand larval forms of different species. Nematoda was present at most of the stations. The wet weight biomass was in the range of 4.05 to 11.27 g/m2. The meiofauna represent the intermediate size group among the benthos. 7 taxa were identified in the study area. The meiofauna abundance was varied between

50 -300 (No/10cm2) was dominated by nematode, harpacticoid copepod, polychaeta, turbellaria, foraminifera, ostracoda and nauplii of crustacean group.

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Table 4.6: Phytoplankton abundances (No.L-1) in the study region SI.NO Species PBM1 PBM2 PBM3 PBM4 PBM5 PBM6 PBM7 PBM8 PBM9 PBM10 PBM11 APL-MOP 1 Coscinodisussp. 0 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 10 2 Lauderiasp. 0 0 0 0 20 0 40 0 0 60 20 40 3 Ditylumsp. 40 60 300 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 10 4 Triceratiumsp. 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Bacteriastrumsp. 0 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Cheatocerossp. 200 100 0 140 160 0 220 280 220 0 300 150 7 Biddulphiasp. 520 840 0 0 80 80 0 0 60 0 40 20 8 Odentellasp. 0 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Rhizosoleniasp. 3420 10020 1200 1560 4180 1120 1940 560 1180 1160 1940 1050 10 Leptocylindrussp. 0 0 0 40 0 80 160 20 125 0 0 0 11 Acanthessp. 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Amphora sp. 380 160 480 120 220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 Pleurosigmasp. 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 Naviculasp. 600 240 1320 0 240 100 20 0 80 0 0 0 15 Nitzschiasp. 1140 1120 1350 1260 2180 1480 1400 1340 1320 1400 1620 1410 16 Skeletonemasp. 640 2180 2880 0 1880 740 1540 1280 1120 1160 1260 1130 17 Thalassiothrixsp. 360 240 120 200 120 160 180 180 0 120 120 170 18 Ceratualinasp. 0 460 300 160 100 180 140 0 0 0 80 140 19 Paraliasp. 1760 2020 120 210 340 0 0 360 0 0 0 0 20 Stephanophysissp. 240 100 120 0 420 0 40 0 0 0 40 20 21 Amphiprorasp. 40 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 60 0 24 22 Diploneissp. 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dinoflagellates 23 Ceratiumsp. 0 40 540 40 80 60 60 280 80 40 0 20 24 Dinophysissp. 0 140 120 40 40 20 20 20 40 20 40 30 25 Protoperidiniumsp. 0 0 60 0 0 20 0 0 20 40 0 20 26 Prorocentrumsp. 0 0 120 0 20 0 0 20 20 0 0 0 27 Peridiniumsp. 0 20 0 0 0 0 20 20 20 20 0 10 Total 9500 18020 9030 3830 10260 4040 5780 4360 4285 4100 5480 4254 53

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Table 4.7: Phytoplankton abundance (No. L-1) in bottom waters of the study region

SI.NO Species PBM1 PBM2 PBM3 PBM4 PBM5 PBM6 PBM7 PBM8 PBM9 PBM10 PBM11 APL-MOP 1 Cynobacteria 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 2 Coscinodisussp. 20 100 60 40 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 3 Lauderiasp. 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 60 40 0 60 0 4 Thalassiosirasp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 5 Ditylumsp. 0 0 0 80 0 80 20 60 0 0 20 20 6 Triceratiumsp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Bacteriastrumsp. 20 0 40 120 0 100 0 40 0 0 40 20 8 Cheatocerossp. 80 460 1160 160 20 860 200 240 320 300 160 60 9 Biddulphiasp. 1040 120 1520 1440 120 1440 660 220 0 0 300 160 10 Odentellasp. 20 0 0 0 0 120 120 0 0 0 40 0 11 Dactyliosoleniasp. 0 0 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Guinaridasp. 0 0 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 0 0 40 13 Rhizosoleniasp. 4540 1380 9840 4260 2340 7320 7040 5460 620 1480 7680 7820 14 Leptocylindrussp. 0 40 0 20 0 0 120 60 0 0 20 80 15 Acanthessp. 0 0 0 0 0 20 120 0 0 0 20 0 16 Amphora sp. 20 0 100 60 60 220 140 160 40 0 40 60 17 Pleurosigmasp. 20 0 0 20 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 18 Naviculasp. 140 20 360 320 240 200 140 180 0 0 280 80 19 Nitzschiasp. 880 800 3260 3380 1160 1580 2920 2440 340 880 2140 2360 20 Thalassionemasp. 0 0 160 160 40 180 0 0 0 0 100 0 21 Skeletonemasp. 2520 4650 9720 2160 1300 7360 2520 2060 3510 4850 11040 5920 22 Thalassiothrixsp. 0 180 420 280 140 620 0 140 40 140 1460 200 23 Ceratualinasp. 0 0 0 0 0 320 0 0 80 0 0 0 24 Stauronesissp. 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 Paraliasp. 640 0 460 3420 160 1740 1940 1520 240 0 160 120 26 Synedrasp. 0 0 20 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 54

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Table 4.7: Phytoplankton abundance (No. L-1) in bottom waters of the study region, contd.

SI.NO Species PBM1 PBM2 PBM3 PBM4 PBM5 PBM6 PBM7 PBM8 PBM9 PBM10 PBM11 APL-MOP 27 Stephanophysissp. 120 120 0 360 80 280 280 280 0 0 140 100 28 Amphiprorasp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 60 0 0 0 0 29 Diploneissp. 0 0 0 40 40 0 80 120 0 0 0 0 30 Pinnulariasp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 Dinoflagellates 31 Ceratiumsp. 40 40 0 60 20 140 80 40 40 100 40 20 32 Dinophysissp. 40 80 0 60 20 60 120 20 60 20 60 0 33 Protoperidiniumsp. 0 0 0 0 20 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 34 Prorocentrumsp. 0 20 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 20 0 35 Peridiniumsp. 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 20 0 0 Total abundance (No.L-1) 10140 8130 27180 16440 5760 22960 17720 13200 5370 7790 23820 17120

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Table 4.8: Total zooplankton abundance (No.m-3) in the study region

SI.No Groups PBM1 PBM2 PBM3 PBM4 PBM5 PBM6 PBM7 PBM8 PBM9 PBM10 PBM11 APL-MOP 1 Hydromedusae 0 0 1 0 1.7 0 0 1 1.1 0 0 0 2 Siphonophore 0 0 2 0 0.7 0 0 2 3.2 0 0 0 3 Thaliacea 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 3.1 1.4 0 0 0 4 Chaetognatha 116.7 155 170.7 224.7 284.7 138.4 548.2 176.2 166 131.5 110 96.5 5 Copepods 1263 1418 1722 1557 1316 2083 2750 1373 1217 1915 1616 1294 6 Cladocerans 274 308 311 429 225 72 221 109 248 165 130 64 7 Ostracods 0 5 0 0 3.4 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 8 Lucifers 50 45 55 108.7 150 71.5 62.7 115 99.3 88.4 80 70.7 9 Appendicularians 49 38.7 103.3 90 55 55 44.1 80 131.4 65 36.2 46.4 10 Polychaete larvae 16.7 11.7 7 0 0 0 0 21.2 13.3 10 0 4 11 Zoea and Mysis 141.7 216.7 121.7 80 215 137.3 278 316.2 148.2 231.7 131.6 57.3 12 Bivalve larvae 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0.4 13 Gastropod larvae 0 21.7 0 0 0 0 0 6.8 0 0 0 0.6 14 Fish Eggs 22 35 31.7 22.7 6.2 8.2 4 5.2 4.7 3.3 4.7 3 15 Fish larvae 0 4.7 2.7 1.3 8 4 2 5.7 6 0 1.4 0.6 Total 1933.4 2264.5 2528.8 2513.4 2267.3 2569.6 3910.5 2218.9 2047.5 2610.5 2110.6 1637

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Table 4.9: Percentages of the zooplankton groups contribution to the total abundance of zooplankton.

SI.NO PBM1 PBM2 PBM3 PBM4 PBM5 PBM6 PBM7 PBM8 PBM9 PBM10 PBM11 APL-MOP

1 Hydromedusae 0 0 0.03 0 0.08 0 0 0.05 0.05 0 0 0 2 Siphonophore 0 0 0.08 0 0.03 0 0 0.09 0.16 0 0 0 3 Thaliacea 0 0 0.4 0 0.04 0 0 0.14 0.07 0 0 0 4 Chaetognatha 6.04 6.84 6.75 8.95 12.56 5.39 14.02 7.94 8.11 5.04 5.21 5.89 5 Copepods 65.32 62.65 67.8 61.96 58.07 81.11 70.33 61.9 59.46 73.35 76.59 79.06 6 Cladocerans 14.19 13.61 12.28 17.06 9.92 2.76 5.66 4.92 12.13 6.34 6.16 3.88 7 Ostracods 0 0.21 0 0 0.15 0 0 0 0.34 0 0 0 8 Lucifers 2.59 1.99 2.14 4.32 6.62 2.78 1.6 5.18 4.85 3.39 3.79 4.32 9 Appendicularians 2.53 1.71 4.08 3.58 2.43 2.14 1.13 3.61 6.42 2.49 1.72 2.83 10 Polychaete larvae 0.86 0.52 0.28 0 0 0 0 0.96 0.65 0.38 0 0.24 11 zoea and Mysis 7.33 9.57 4.81 3.18 9.48 5.34 7.11 14.23 7.24 8.88 6.24 3.5 12 Bivalve larvae 0 0.18 0 0 0 0 0 0.18 0 0 0 0.02 13 Gastropod larvae 0 0.96 0 0 0 0 0 0.31 0 0 0 0.04 14 Fish Eggs 1.14 1.55 1.25 0.9 0.27 0.32 0.1 0.23 0.23 0.13 0.22 0.18 15 Fish larvae 0 0.21 0.1 0.05 0.35 0.16 0.05 0.26 0.29 0 0.07 0.04

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Table 4.10: Percentages of the zooplankton groups contribution to the total abundance of zooplankton.

S.No Taxa PBM1 PBM3 PBM5 PBM7 PBM9 PBM11 APL MOP Polycheata 1 Nephtyidae 200 300 200 300 450 100 100 2 Orbinidae 100 100 200 100 150 100 100 3 Spionidae 300 300 500 400 600 300 100 4 Opheliidae 100 0 0 150 100 200 100 5 Glyceridae 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 6 Nereidae 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 7 Aphroditidae 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 8 Cossuridae 0 50 600 200 850 450 50 9 Cirratulidae 0 0 200 100 50 0 0 10 Sabellidae 0 0 0 0 50 100 150 11 Terebellidae 0 100 50 0 0 0 0 12 Syllidae 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 13 Amphinomidae 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 14 Megelonidae 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 15 Maldanidae 0 50 0 100 0 50 0 16 Capitellidae 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 17 Paraonidae 0 0 50 0 50 0 0

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Table 4.10: Percentages of the zooplankton groups contribution to the total abundance of zooplankton, contd.

S.No Taxa PBM1 PBM3 PBM5 PBM7 PBM9 PBM11 APL MOP 18 Eunicidae 200 200 100 100 150 100 200 19 Sternaspidae 300 100 150 50 100 50 50 20 Flabelliigeridae 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 21 Unidentified polycheates 400 150 100 300 350 100 200 Arthropoda 22 Amphipodasp. 400 550 650 300 450 200 200 23 Isopoda sp. 0 0 50 50 150 50 50 24 Crustacean post larva 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 Minor phyllum 25 Sipancula 300 850 50 50 100 100 200 26 Nematoda 0 0 500 100 900 200 300 Total 2400 2950 3650 2350 4600 2100 1800

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4.3 Microbiological parameters

Both surface and bottom water samples collected from the study area were analyzed for the following microbiological parameters:

1. Total viable count (TVC) – R2A Agar seawater medium,

2. Total Coliform (TC) – Mac Conkey’s Agar,

3. Escherichia coli like organisms (ECLO) – Mac Conkey’s Agar,

Certain aquatic microbes serve as excellent indicator of pollution. Microbes, in particular bacteria react quickly to changes in the environmental conditions. An assessment of the microbial activity is possible by the determination of the microbial biomass (total viable count).

Therefore the total viable counts implies an indirect measure of in situ activity in contrast to number of specific indicator microbes, and this has been used as one of the principal criteria of pollution in natural water. Besides the pollution indicator bacteria such as total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli like organisms (ECLO) occurring the coastal waters have also been included. These indicator bacteria will presumably shows that sewage discharge with human faecal matter is present which also indicates that possible presence of pathogenic bacteria in the water samples. The counts of different groups of bacteria recorded in the water column are presented in Table 4.11.

During May 2018 the bacterial counts of the water samples off Pydibhimavaram coast for the study period are given in Table 4.11. The values of TVC in the surface water were in the range of 2.4 to 24.9 CFUx102/ml. The values for the bottom water were 1.8 to 25.9 CFUx102/ml.

Total Coliform count was 9 to 198 CFU in surface water and 7 to 211 CFU in bottom water.

Similarly the Escherichia coli like organism count was 0 to 11 CFU in surface water and 0 to 15

CFU in bottom water.

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Table 4.11. Bacterial abundance (CFU/ml) in the study region

TVC (CFU x 102/ml) TCC (CFU/ml) ECLO (CFU/ml) Stations Sur Bot Sur Bot Sur Bot PBM1 5.9 6.1 15 91 5 8 PBM2 4.8 6.7 27 102 4 6 PBM3 8.5 6 89 51 9 4 PBM4 2.4 1.8 9 7 0 0 PBM5 4.5 2.6 29 11 6 0 PBM6 5.1 6.8 46 86 3 3 PBM7 5.1 6.2 51 95 0 3 PBM8 5.8 1.9 73 21 8 0 PBM9 6.7 5.7 81 69 9 0 PBM10 9.4 14.1 98 109 8 8 PBM11 17.1 25.9 151 211 11 15

APL-MOP 24.9 5.1 198 63 9 0

4.4 Mangroves

Mangroves are salt tolerant forest ecosystem of tropical and subtropical intertidal regions of the world. Where conditions are sheltered and suitable, the mangroves may form extensive and productive forests, which are the reservoirs of a large number of species of plants and animals. The role of mangrove forests in stabilizing the shoreline or the coastal zone by preventing soil erosion and arresting encroachment on land by sea is well recognised thereby minimising water logging and formation of saline banks. The region is free from mangrove cover.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Chapter 5

NUMERICAL MODELLING

5.0 NUMERICAL MODELLING

M/s Aurobindo Pharma has been releasing its treated effluents to the tune of 0.778 MLD at a location as shown in Figure 5.1. After expansion of the plant, it envisages the total quantity of the effluent would be 3.5 MLD. The company would like to release the effluent at the same location as option I maintaining the velocity in the pipeline. In option II, it would release the combined effluent to the tune of 5.0 MLD generated by both Aurobindo Pharma Ltd. and

Hyacinths Pharma Pvt. Ltd. at another location as shown in Figure 5.1. Hence model was run for two options. In option I, the existing outfall is considered for a quantity of 3.5 MLD, while in option II another location is proposed for a quantity of 5.0 MLD. In both the cases, BOD and

COD are taken as pollutants. The ambient BOD considered is 0.05mg/l.

The effluent release location should be so selected that the contaminants attain adequate dilution on entering the receiving water so, that the baseline levels are attained within a reasonable distance from the outfall. However, due to difference in densities of the seawater and the effluent, there is a time lag between its release and mixing. This results in a water mass containing high concentration of the effluent in the vicinity of release, which decreases with increase in distance from the outfall. Hence, an important design consideration for an aquatic effluent disposal scheme is to achieve maximum possible plume dilution by effectively making use of initial inertia and gravity forces associated with discharge velocity, and difference in densities of the effluent and the receiving water. This is otherwise known as near-field dilution.

Another important consideration in deciding release of the effluent is the rate at which the effluent is advected away due to prevailing currents from the release position so that

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram contaminants do not accumulate in the vicinity to objectionable levels. The dilution achieved in the process is known as far-field dilution.

Figure 5.1: General layout of the study domain with outfalls (OF)

5.1 Near-field dilution

As stated earlier, it is important to design an effluent disposal scheme in a manner to achieve maximum possible initial dilution at release location. For effluents of densities less than or comparable to that of the receiving water, it is advantageous to effect the release just above the bed level. For higher density effluents the release should be made at a certain height from the bed so that the plume would get more trajectories for initial dilutions as in the present case.

Hence, for buoyant effluents, the water column above the release location is an important criterion. Since dilution increases with decreasing discharge, it is generally advantageous to

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram release the effluent through several submarine ports. When releases are in shallow waters as in the present case, the velocity at the orifice of release should be such that the plume does not emerge above the water column while preventing clogging of the orifice by high ambient SS, particularly during monsoon. Adequate velocities are also required to be maintained in the effluent pipeline to prevent settlement of SS associated with the effluent and resulting scaling that might reduce the life of the pipeline.

The plume would surface more rapidly when it is released vertically as compared to the horizontal release as trajectory taken during vertical release is smaller than the horizontal discharge. Hence plume would undergo more dilutions while it is released in horizontal direction. However, if the port is kept horizontal, the chances of choking of pipe are expected. In

o order to avoid the situation, a jet angle of 15 to the horizontal plane is considered to be practical.

To increase the initial dilution, release through a multiport diffuser with the ports separated by a distance, so as to avoid cascading, each port should have such diameter so that the total area of cross section of the ports becomes less than the main pipeline.

Buoyant jets are generally derived from sources of both momentum and buoyancy. The initial flow is often driven by the momentum of the fluid exiting from orifice. After some distance from the orifice, momentum forces are weakened and buoyancy forces act on the mixing process. The initial mixing region is divided into two zones 1) the zone of flow establishment and 2) the zone of established flow. In the zone of flow establishment, the mixing is caused due to momentum force and flow is assumed uniform. Length of the zone is roughly 6 times the port diameter. From this zone, the zone of established flow will start. In this, mixing is caused due to buoyancy related entrainment of ambient seawater. More dilutions are available in this zone as compared to the zone of flow establishment.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Once forces of momentum and buoyancy cease in the plume, its behavior is governed solely by the prevailing currents and turbulence mixing with the receiving water and thus increasing dilutions and reducing its concentration.

Near-field dilution was assessed based on the Buoyant Jet Model for which the governing equations are as follows:

du 2g2  2u ⎯ ⎯ = ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ sin  - ⎯ ⎯ ds u o b

db 2  bg2  ⎯ ⎯ = ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ - ⎯ sin  2 ds u o

d 2g2  ⎯ = ⎯ ⎯ - ⎯ cos  ds u2 o

 1 + 2 d 2 d ⎯ ⎯ = ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ sin  ⎯ - ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ds 2 dy 

dx dy ⎯ = cos ; ⎯ = sin  ds ds

Where g = acceleration due to gravity  = density of effluent o = density of seawater  = constant  = entrainment coefficient x = horizontal distance from Jet orifice y = vertical jet coordinate u = jet velocity

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 = angle of jet orifice with horizontal plane ds = step increment also, couobo = c u b

where c = concentration at given time

b = width of jet/plume at given time

couobo represent concentration/mass density, jet velocity and jet width at time t = 0.0

The model also takes the ambient velocity into account while calculating initial dilution

Dilution due to ambient currents = dilution in static medium [exp 0.938* {log (Ua/U) + 1.107}]

Where Ua = ambient current speed and

U = Jet velocity

The above equations were solved explicitly by Range Kutta integration scheme by taking the model inputs:

The model was run for 2 options

Option I

Effluent density(kg/m3) 1005

Seawater density (kg/m3) 1023

Water depth (m) 10-12 m

Current velocity (av) (m/s) 0.2

Effluent discharge rate(m3 /d) 3500

Angle of release (deg) 15

Step increment (m) 0.001

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

From the computations it is found that effluent would dilute 335 times during high tide and 270 times during low tide when it is released from the bottom using 6 port diffuser.

Diameter of the each port should be 0.065 m. Hence BOD concentration of 100 mg/l in the effluent would be diluted and with the above dilutions, the concentration of BOD at the outfall would vary from 0.3 mg/l to 0.37 mg/l above ambient. COD concentration at the release location would vary from 0.75 mg/l to 0.90 mg/l above ambient. Hence the effluent with quantity of 3.5 MLD can be released at present location, 18°04’23.00’’N 83°40’51.00’’ E.

Option II

The following inputs are considered for Option II

Effluent density(kg/m3) 1005

Seawater density (kg/m3) 1023

Water depth (m) 9-11 m

Current velocity (av) (m/s) 0.2

Effluent discharge rate(m3 /d) 5000

Angle of release (deg) 15

Step increment (m) 0.001

The near-field dilution model results indicate that the dilutions of 190 – 240 can be achieved if the 5 MLD treated effluent is released from the bottom at the location

18°04’51.21’’ N and 83°41’04.00’’ E where depth of 9.1 m below CD. With the above dilutions, the BOD concentration at release site would vary from 0.41 mg/l to 0.53 mg/l and

COD would vary from 1.0 mg/l to 1.3 mg/l above ambient. Since the effluent has no salinity, the

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram maximum drop in salinity would be 0.18 ppt. Near ambient conditions would prevail within 50 m distance. Hence, the release should be made at the above location with a minimum initial jet velocity of 2.0 m/s through 7 ports each having 0.072 m dia. The ports should be separated by 4 m in order to avoid overlapping of the plumes. The diffuser should be kept at height of 0.5 m above bed level. The ports should align perpendicular to the coast line. The angle of 15o of the port making with horizontal plane is required to allow the fluid to pass through relatively longer trajectory in order to get more initial dilution.

5.2 Far-field dilution

Far-field dilutions will be arrived at by running a 2D numerical model. In this case, a model developed by Environ Software Pvt Limited, Bangalore was applied for dispersion of the effluents in the Pydibhimavaram coast. The model consists of 2 modules, viz, hydrodynamics and water quality.

5.3 Hydrodynamic model

5.3.1 Basic governing equations:

The basic governing equations of flow are solved numerically for simulation of tides and currents in the coastal environments. These equations are formulated based on incompressible flow and vertically integrated hydrostatic distribution since the vertical acceleration of the flow is much smaller than the pressure gradient. After applying these assumptions, the basic governing equations of flow momentum can be written in the conservation form as follows:

5.3.2 Continuity equation:

 uH vH + + = 0 t x y

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

5.3.3 Momentum equations:

The two depth-averaged momentum equations can be written as

uH u 2 H uvH    u    u  + + = fvH − gH + H  K x  + H  K y  + wx − bx t x y x x  x  y  y  vH vuH v 2 H    v    v  + + = − fuH − gH + H  K x  + H  K y  + wy − by t x y y x  x  y  y 

Where, t = time; x, y are Cartesian co-ordinates; u and v are depth averaged velocity components in the x and y directions, respectively; f = Coriolis parameter; g = acceleration due to gravity; Kx, Ky diffusion coefficients in the x and y directions, respectively; η = water elevation with respect to mean sea level, H = total water depth at any instant.

5.4 Model description

Dedicated software Hydrodyn-FLOSOFT & POLSOFT for prediction of tides, currents and water quality processes in the seas and estuaries developed by Environ Software (P) Ltd,

Bangalore, based on solving the hydrodynamic equations numerically through coupled way using the present state-of-art of technology has been used.

Model setup and calibration

Model studies were carried out for the domain incorporating the proposed outfall facilities at Pydibhimavaram. In this study, existing outfalls situated around the area are also considered. The domain with the proposed outfall locations is shown in Figure 5.2.1.

This domain was selected between the UTM coordinates of 199500N - 2005500 N and

780000E - 790500E as shown in Figure 5.1. The computational FEM grid generated for the

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram domain is shown in Figure 5.2. The bathymetry is selected from the Naval hydrographic chart.

The interpolated bathymetric depth contours of the model domain are shown in Figure 5.3. From the figures, it can be observed that the maximum depth is around 26 m in the model domain.

Figure 5.2: Computational FEM grid for the study domain

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.3: Interpolated depth contours for the study domain

Bed roughness:

The bottom roughness in the domain varies according to bed sediment grain sizes. The bed consists of various sizes of clay, sand and silt. Depending upon bed configuration and sediment sizes, the d50 size contours vary from 0.012 m to 0.0435 m. In the present study constant Manning’s roughness coefficient is considered variable. The computational runs have been carried out with different sets of the manning roughness coefficients to get the predicted output of tides and currents in the domain. From the series of computational runs, the Manning coefficient which gives the predicted values of currents and tides matching with the measured values at a specific point (calibration point) is taken (in this model study a manning coefficient of

0.0345 is taken) to be the constant manning coefficient value which is to be used for predicting flow regime in the domain.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Initial and boundary conditions

The initial conditions for the model are selected based on still water conditions. The vertical density gradients due to salinity variation have been neglected since the water column is well mixed. Tides are imposed at the open boundaries. The tides were taken from the global domain. Wind speed and direction were taken from National Centre for Environmental

Prediction (NCEP) data.

Model calibration:

The sensitivity analysis has been carried out with various sets of variable bed roughness coefficients as explained above, which are the combined effect of d50 sediment size and bed configuration in order to calibrate the model with respect to the tide data of 1st to 23rd August

2018 at 18°03’ 10.76” N 83°42’08.51” E.

A comparison has been made between the observed and predicted values of tides and is shown in Figure 5.2.4. From the figures, it can be noticed that simulated tide is in agreement with the observed one. Thus, it is considered the model is calibrated and validated. Using the same constant roughness coefficient, model simulation runs have been carried out.

Figure 5.4: Comparison of observed and simulated tide

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The model runs have been carried out for a period of 15 days (27th May 2018 to 06thJune

2018) covering spring and neap tide conditions to obtain an insight into the basic hydrodynamic behaviour of the study domain.

In order to find out the temporal variations of current velocity and concentrations of BOD and COD around the proposed outfall locations, some observation locations are fixed and are shown in the Figure 5.5 (a, b, c, d). First two figures (a) and (b) refers to the option I and (c) and

(d) related to option II. Currents and concentrations at these locations were stored at an interval of 30 min. Now tides and currents were simulated using the boundary tide (Figure 5.6) for both northeast monsoon (Figure 5.6a) and southwest monsoon (Figure 5.6b).

Figure 5.5 (a): Observation points at and around OF-3 for NE-Monsoon

Figure 5.5 (b): Observation points at and around OF-3 for SW-Monsoon

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Figure 5.5 (c): Observation points at and around OF-4 for NE-Monsoon

Figure 5.5 (d): Observation points at and around OF-4 for SW-Monsoon

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.6 (a): Boundary Tide for NE- Monsoon

Figure 5.6 (b): Boundary Tide for SW- Monsoon

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Modeling of Hydrodynamics

The model produces the tidal variation at various locations all along the study domain.

The prediction of velocities for northeast monsoon season and southwest monsoon season are shown in Figures 5.7 and 5.8 respectively. The results indicate that the maximum currents at the outfall would be 0.06 m/s during northeast monsoon while it would be 0.08 m/s during southwest monsoon. The currents would run parallel to the coast. The maximum currents in the model domain are 0.097 m/s and 0.12 m/s during northeast monsoon and southwest monsoon respectively.

Figure 5.7: Currents during NE-Monsoon

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Figure 5.8: Currents during SW-Monsoon

5.5 Model study for effluent dispersion:

The Water Quality (WQ) parameters considered for the present study are BOD and COD.

Numerical modelling for the dispersion of the treated effluent has been carried out to predict the extent of excess BOD and COD that would spread near the outfall location. The study has also been made to predict the dilution that would happen around the location of discharge.

As stated in the near-field dilution section, the model was run for 2 scenarios. In the option I, the effluent releases by Andhra Organics (0.5 MLD), Lantech Ltd (0.5 MLD) and

Aurobindo Pharma Limited (0.778 MLD) were considered. At present all three are operational off Pydibhimavaram coast. In the present study, enhanced quantity of 3.5 MLD was considered for Aurobindo Pharma. In the option II, another location, as shown in Figure 5.1, is proposed to

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram release combined effluent to the tune of 5 MLD generated by Aurobindo Pharma Ltd and

Hyacinths Pharma Pvt. Ltd. It is also considered that pollutants in the effluent are BOD and

COD with maximum concentrations of 100 mg/l and 250 mg/l respectively.

The basic governing equation of a pollutant transport in a well–mixed region can be written as

     S    S  (HS )+ (UHS)+ (VHS) =  Dx H  +  Dy H  + (Sso-Ssi) t x y x  x  y  y 

Where, S is pollutant concentration in mg/l, Dx and Dy are the dispersion coefficients which are the function of local currents and water depth, H is the total water depth, U is the velocity component in x direction and V is the velocity component in y direction. Sso and SSi are source and sink terms, respectively.

As the dispersion model is linked with the hydrodynamic model, the instantaneous values of current speed, current direction, and depth at each mesh nodes at intervals of very small specified time steps are available for solving the basic governing equations of pollutant transport.

The initial and boundary conditions are imposed on the model. As stated above 3 source points (effluent release) at the locations of interest was applied with effluent quantity and pollutant concentration and the model was run for 15 days. The instantaneous local currents and directions were used to compute dispersion for each case of effluent release. The results are discussed in the following sections.

5.6 Modeling of water quality

Option I

The effluent to the tune of 3500 m3/day would be discharged into the offshore waters of

Pydibhimavaram at the location OF3. The effluent contains the BOD and COD with maximum concentrations of 100 mg/l and 250 mg/l respectivelhy. The quality of effluent to be discharged into open waters was considered in modeling as a worst-case scenario.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

The simulated BOD concentrations during northeast monsoon are presented in figure 5.9.

The figure shows that maximum excess BOD concentration at source location would be 0.88 mg/l. It can be found from the figure that BOD spread would be towards northeast direction and disperses due to increase in the resultant velocity. It is also evident from the figure that the plume would not meet the other two plumes in the vicinity. Temporal variations of BOD during northeast monsoon indicate that the concentration would range from 0.9 to 1.0 mg/l at release site (Figure 5.10). Near ambient conditions would prevail at a distance of 50 m. Figure 5.11 shows the BOD dispersion during southwest monsoon. The plume would move towards the southwest direction and maximum concentrations of 1.05 mg/l would be found at the outfall. The temporal variations of BOD during southwest monsoon (Figure 5.12) indicate that the concentration of BOD would range between 0.9 and 1.2 mg/l and near ambient conditions would attain at 50 m distance.

Figure 5.9: Dispersion of Excess BOD after 15 days during NE-Monsoon for Option-1

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.10: Temporal Variation of Excess BOD at different Location (OF3) for NE- Monsoon

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.11: Dispersion of Excess BOD after 15 days during SW-Monsoon for Option-1

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.12: Temporal Variation of Excess BOD at different Location (OF3) for SW- Monsoon

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.13 shows the dispersion of COD during southwest monsoon. Maximum concentration at the outfall would be around 2.6 mg/l above ambient and plume would be directed towards northeast which is parallel to the coastline. The temporal variations (Figure

5.14) show that the COD concentrations at outfall would vary between 2.4 and 3.0 mg/l. Near ambient conditions would be attained at a distance of 60 m. Under the influence of northeast monsoonal winds and tide the plume would move towards the southwest direction (Figure 5.15).

Maximum concentration of COD found at the outfall would be 2.25 mg/l. Figure 5.16 shows the temporal variations in COD during northeast monsoon. Concentrations would range between 2.4 and 2.8 mg/l at outfall location. Near ambient conditions would prevail at 60 m distance.

Figure 5.13: Dispersion of Excess COD after 15 days during SW-Monsoon for Option-1

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.14: Temporal Variation of Excess COD at different Location (OF3) for SW- Monsoon

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.15: Dispersion of Excess COD after 15 days during NE-Monsoon for Option-1

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.16: Temporal Variation of Excess COD at different Location (OF3) for NE- Monsoon

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Option II

The simulated BOD concentrations during northeast monsoon are presented in Figure

5.17. The figure shows that maximum excess BOD concentration at source location would be 1.2 mg/l. It can be found from the figure that BOD spread would be towards southwest direction and disperses due to increase in the resultant velocity. It is also evident from the figure that the plume would not meet the other two plumes in the vicinity. Temporal variations (Figure 5.18) of BOD during northeast monsoon indicate that the concentration would range from 1.2 to 1.4 mg/l at outfall location. Figure 5.19 shows the BOD dispersion during southwest monsoon. The plume would move towards the northeast direction and maximum concentrations of 1.5 mg/l would be found at the outfall. The temporal variations of BOD during southwest monsoon (Figure 5.20) indicate that the concentration of BOD would range between 1.2 and 1.4 mg/l and near ambient conditions would attain at 50 m distance.

Figure 5.17: Dispersion of Excess BOD after 15 days during NE-Monsoon for Option-2

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.18: Temporal Variation of Excess BOD at different Location (OF4) for NE- Monsoon

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.19: Dispersion of Excess BOD after 15 days during SW-Monsoon for Option-2

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.20: Temporal Variation of Excess BOD at different Location (OF4) for SW- Monsoon

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.21 shows the dispersion of COD during southwest monsoon. Maximum concentration at the outfall would be around 3.85 mg/l and plume would be directed towards northeast which is parallel to the coastline. The temporal variations (Figure 5.22) show that the

COD concentrations at outfall would be from about 3.4 to 3.8 mg/l above the ambient outfall location. Near ambient conditions would be attained at a distance of 70 m. Under the influence of northeast monsoonal winds and tide the plume would move towards the southwest direction

(Figure 5.23). Maximum concentration of COD found at the outfall would be 3.8 mg/l. Figure

5.24 shows the temporal variations in COD during northeast monsoon. Concentrations would range between 3.3 and 3.7 mg/l above ambient at outfall location. Near ambient conditions would prevail at 70 m distance.

Figure 5.21: Dispersion of Excess COD after 15 days during SW-Monsoon for Option-2

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.22: Temporal Variation of Excess COD at different Location (OF4) for SW- Monsoon

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.23: Dispersion of Excess COD after 15 days during NE-Monsoon for Option-2

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Figure 5.24: Temporal Variation of Excess COD at different Location (OF4) for NE- Monsoon

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Summary

From the above results it is found that BOD would vary between 0.8 mg/l and 1.8mg/l at release site in Option 1. Near ambient conditions would prevail at a distance of 50 m. In case of COD, the concentrations would range from 2.4 mg/l to 3.0 mg/l and near ambient conditions would reach at a distance of 70 m. Chances of reaching the plume to the other nearest outfall are remote. In option II, BOD (COD) would vary between 1.2 mg/l and 1.5 mg/l (3.0 mg/l and 3.8 mg/l). Near ambient conditions would prevail at 70 m distance. Hence Aurobindo can release their treated effluents to the tune of 3.5 MLD at present location. In case of malfunctioning of pipeline or present diffuser, the combine effluent of Aurobindo and Hyacinth with quantity of 5

MLD may be released at another location,18°04’51.21’’ N 83°41’04.00’’ E.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Chapter 6

MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Major potential negative marine environmental impacts due to the proposed activities would be largely associated with (a) laying a pipeline, (b) installation of the diffuser, and (c) pollutants entering the marine area through the effluent. Evidently, potential negative impacts on marine ecology can arise during the construction as well as the operational phases of the effluent release scheme as described below.

6.1 Construction phase

Adverse impacts of the proposed project on the marine environment during the construction phase could be due to modifications in the hydrodynamic characteristics of the area, degradation in water and sediment qualities and consequent impact on biota depending on the construction methodology selected and duration.

6.1.1 Hydrodynamic characteristics

The effluent pipeline would be buried up to scour level in the intertidal region. A corridor of 5 m width and 1060 m for outfall would be affected during construction. Impact of construction on hydrodynamics would be negligibly small and original contours would be attained once the construction is completed.

6.1.2 Water quality

Suspension of the bed sediment in the water has the potential to increase SS in the water. The bed sediment disturbed would generate SS which may remain in suspension for some period in the vicinity of the pile area while the rest of the coastal area would be largely free from additional SS. The impact would be localized, temporary and confined only to the construction phase of the piles.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

In areas where the sediment is polluted there is a fear of release of pollutants entrapped in sediment to the water column when the bed is disturbed thereby mixing interstitial water rich in contaminants with the overlying water. However, as the sediment of the region is unpolluted, there would not be deterioration in water quality on this account.

6.1.3 Sediment quality

Since the pipeline corridor is narrow, the excavated sediment volume is unlikely to cause change in the sediment texture on a wider area of the seabed excepting in the close vicinity of the pile site. Such impact would be negligible.

Misuse of the intertidal area by the work force employed during the construction phase can locally degrade the sediment quality by increasing BOD and populations of pathogens. The impact, however, would be minor and temporary and recovery would occur when the source of this contamination is eliminated at the end of the construction phase.

6.1.4 Flora and fauna

Hectic construction activities in the intertidal and subtidal areas would influence the local biotic communities, particularly the seaweeds and macrobenthos along the trestle corridor selected for laying the pipeline and the diffuser. As the sediment is not enriched in Corg its suspension in the water column is unlikely to deplete DO in this dynamic marine area and DO availability would not constrain the biotic processes. The danger of biota getting exposed to pollutants released from the sediment porewater when the bed is disturbed is low since the sediment is free from anthropogenic contaminants.

The intertidal zone of corridor is devoid of mangrove vegetation. Hence, no loss of mangrove flora is envisaged. An increase in turbidity due to enhanced levels of SS can negatively influence the photosynthesis and hence the primary productivity. However, the impact, if any, would be local and temporary with the phytoplankton community structure remaining more or less unaltered in this dynamic marine environment.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

A temporary and insignificant reduction in phytoplankton standing stock, if at all, and increase in turbidity around the pile sites is unlikely to produce any negative impact on zooplankton though a localised and marginal change in the community structure and population alternations may occur confined to the project area. Such changes are localized, temporary and irrelevant to the overall secondary productivity of the area.

The laying of effluent pipeline and establishment of diffuser would have negative impact on benthic habitats which would be destroyed around the pile structures of the trestle. Considering total length of 1060 m would be affected, an area of about 0.53 ha is likely to be disturbed assuming a corridor width of 5 m. Based on the results presented in the section 4.3.4 and the area likely to be disturbed, the probable loss of standing stock of macrobenthos and affected faunal groups during the construction phase are estimated as given below.

Region Area affected Biomass Population (m2) (kg) (no×107)

Subtidal 5300 39.75 1.7

It is evident from above results that the estimated loss of macrobenthic standing stock

(biomass and population) would be relatively low. Considering the benthic potential of the study area, such losses are unlikely to be reflected on the overall biopotential of the coastal marine system off Pydibhimavaram coast. Moreover, this loss would be temporary and the benthos would re-colonise in due course after the laying is completed and construction activities are terminated.

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

6.1.5 Miscellaneous

The aesthetics of the coastal zone of Pydibhimavaram would deteriorate due to the presence of construction machinery and materials, make-shift huts of labour force, cabins etc.

Left-over solid waste and that generated during construction would be a source of nuisance if not cleared from the site.

The extent of impact on marine ecology would also depend on the duration of the construction phase. If the construction is prolonged due to time-overruns or improper planning, the adverse influence would increase accordingly.

The birds using the intertidal area around the project site would be disturbed particularly if the construction activity is scheduled during their migratory months. However, this would be limited to only construction phase. Marine reptiles and mammals would not be affected due to the construction activities since they keep away from such sites. Since there were no major commercial fishing operations close to the shore, the impact on fisheries would be minor.

6.2 Operational phase

Marine environmental implications during the operational phase of the project would be essentially confined to the adverse influence of release of the effluent on water quality, sediment quality, and flora and fauna of the region.

6.2.1 Water quality

Probable impact of release of the treated effluent at the designated site (DP) through a suitably designed diffuser on water quality is predicted based on probable dilution that the effluent would attain and assuming conservative behaviour of constituents in the receiving water.

It should, however, be acknowledged that several pollutants undergo decay and/or physical transformations on entering water leading to reduction in their concentration, faster than predicted on the basis of conservative mixing. Hence, the concentrations of pollutants such as

Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

BOD in the receiving medium would be lower than predicted on the basis of conservative mixing.

The predicted behaviour of parameters namely BOD (100 mg/l) and salinity (5 ppt) in the treated final effluent on release at DP through a multiport diffuser has been studied in detail using a numerical model in Chapter 5.

Maximum salinity recorded off Pydibhimavaram was 34.0 ppt. Based on the model results, it may decrease by about 0.1 ppt in a limited area around the diffuser subsequent to the effluent release. An incremental decrease of this order, that too in a small area, is unlikely to negatively influence the biota even in the vicinity of the diffuser.

The maximum concentration of BOD off Pydibhimavaram was 0.04 mg/l (section 4.2.2).

The model predicts an increase of about 1.8 mg/l in option I and increase of 1.5 mg /l in option

II. The field of influence of increase in salinity and BOD would vary between 20 m and 70 m length along the adverted plume. The impact would not be evident beyond 70 m (max) distance from the outfall location. The recirculation of water between different outfalls is not expected as the plume would be diluted within 70 m distance along the coast.

6.2.2 Sediment quality

Over the course of time, however, the rise in bed levels would be stabilised as the bed gets re-established itself to the new hydraulic regime. This SS is inorganic in nature and largely composed of constituents commonly occurring in the marine environment.

6.2.3 Flora and fauna

The negative impacts on the coastal environment during the operational phase of the project can result because of industrial treated effluents.

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Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Chapter 7

MITIGATION MEASURES

The intertidal corridor through which the pipeline would pass does not have corals or seaweeds.

Adequate precautions are required to prevent deterioration in marine environmental quality beyond the pipeline corridor and the area where the treated effluent is released.

7.1 Construction phase

The impact on marine ecology during the construction phase would be largely confined to the duration over which the activities are spread. Hence, the key factor in minimising the adverse impacts would be reduction in the construction period at the site and avoidance of spillage of activities beyond the specified geographical area which should be kept to a minimum.

A corridor of 15 m width is adequate for such operations. Sometimes different contractors are engaged for jobs such as supply and fabrication of marine structure, pipeline, diffuser, installation etc. Lack of proper understanding among contractors often leads to time-overruns.

This should be avoided by taking up the scheme as a single integrated project with proper coordination among contractors as well as the SIL personnel.

There is a distinct advantage of reduction in time of marine construction operations by prefabricating the components wherever possible and transporting them to the site. However, the fabrication yard should be located sufficiently away from the shore and transport of pipes, machinery etc to the site should be through a predecided corridor.

Work force employed during construction often misuses the intertidal and supratidal areas. This should be avoided by establishing the temporary colonies of workers sufficiently away from the HTL on the landward side and proper sanitation should be provided to them to prevent abuse of the intertidal region.

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Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

The noise level during transport and construction of marine facilities should be kept to a minimum.

The intertidal and nearshore subtidal areas should be restored to their original contours once the construction activities are completed. General clean-up along the corridor areas, and intertidal segment etc should be undertaken and discarded materials including excavated soil should be removed from the site and the aesthetic quality of surroundings should be restored on completion of the construction phase.

7.2 Operational phase

Predictions of impacts of release of the effluent on the marine ecology are made based on the assumption that the effluent meets the GPCB/ MoEF & CC norms for textile Industry.

Hence, it should be ensured that the effluent released to the sea meets the prescribed norms at all times.

It is predicted that the effluent would attain 50 times initial dilution when released through a multiport diffuser. Such calculations are based on average environmental conditions and some assumptions which cannot be easily verified. Hence, the actual dilution attained should be measured through tracer studies after the outfall becomes operational. The effluent release scheme can then be adequately modified to ascertain necessary dilution, if required.

The efficiency of diffuser might decrease over a period due to the settlement of biofoulers at the port openings, entry of sediment in the diffuser etc. Hence, the efficiency of the diffuser must be checked periodically (once in 2 yrs or so) and if necessary it should be cleaned to revert back to the dilution ascertained through initial tracer studies.

As a navigational safeguard, the effluent release locations should be adequately protected and identified with a marker buoy.

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Rapid Marine Environmental Impact Assessment (RMEIA) studies off Pydibhimavaram

Chapter 8

MANAGEMENT OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT

The guiding principle of marine environment management is to ensure that the perturbations due to the proposed coastal activities are within the assimilative capacity of the marine zone. This is best done by integrating into the project itself, a plan of actions for mitigating predicted adverse effects as discussed in Chapter 7.

It is necessary to verify the predicted environmental changes from the pre-project baseline apart from ascertaining and periodically checking the efficiency of the diffuser.

8.1 Baseline quality

In the sections 4.1 and 4.2, baseline settings of relevant environmental components with respect to the marine environment of Pydibhimavaram are discussed pertaining to short-term measurements conducted during the field studies. Like all natural ecosystems, the marine environment also undergoes seasonal variations. To understand these variations, it is necessary to conduct periodic investigations, ideally monthly, but atleast seasonally at carefully selected monitoring locations. These should include subtidal as well as intertidal segments. In the present case, the stations 1 to 11 should be adequate to represent the subtidal environment. Till a proper baseline is established, the data presented in this report can be considered for comparing the results of future monitoring studies. The monitoring however should be confined to the months in which the data are collected.

Many coastal areas which are under profound tidal influence reveal diurnal changes particularly when anthropogenic contaminants are introduced in excess of their assimilative capacity. Hence, selected stations should be sampled diurnally during monitoring programmes.

The parameters to be monitored are listed below.

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8.1.1.1 Water quality:

Water samples obtained from 2 levels in the vertical when the depths exceed 3 m, should be studied for temperature, pH, salinity, DO, BOD, (or total organic carbon), dissolved phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and phenols.

8.1.1.2 Sediment quality:

Sediment from subtidal and intertidal regions should be analysed for texture, Corg, phosphorus, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury and PHC.

8.1.1.3 Flora and fauna:

Biological characteristics should be assessed based on primary productivity, phytopigments, phytoplankton populations and their generic diversity; biomass, population and group diversity of zooplankton; biomass, population and group diversity of benthos; fish quality.

8.2 Post project monitoring

A comprehensive marine quality monitoring programme with periodic investigations at predetermined locations (these should preferably coincide with those used for baseline quality) by a specialised agency is a practical solution to ensure quality data acquisition. This can be a continuation of the study designed for baseline quality and some parameters listed above should be included in the post-project monitoring programme.

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The post-project monitoring can be as follows: a) Just prior to the commencement of effluent release. b) After 6 months of commencement of operations. c) Once in 2 years from the commencement of operation.

The results of each monitoring should be carefully evaluated to identify changes if any, beyond the natural variability identified through baseline studies. Gross deviation from the baseline may require a thorough review of the effluent disposal scheme to identify the causative factors leading to these deviations and accordingly, corrective measures to reverse the trend would be necessary.

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Chapter 9

PROJECT BENEFITS

• The proposed expansion contributes to the local economy due to consumption of building

construction materials from the surrounding areas and usage of construction labour from

surrounding villages.

• It contribute the overall development of surrounding villages and to support such schemes in

the following areas; Health, Sanitation, Drinking water and Eco Development.

• The proposed expansion will provide direct employment to 600 people.

• The proposed project will also generate indirect employment to the locals during construction

phase in the order of 120 people for a period of 18-24 months.

• The proposed project increases taxes through GST on various equipment, services and from

employee’s income to Government.

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Chapter 10

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The guiding principal of environmental management is to ensure that the perturbations due to the proposed coastal activities are within the assimilative capacity of the coastal zone.

This is best done by integrating into the project itself, a plan of actions for mitigating predicted adverse effects through an appropriate synthesized EMP. The EMP should deal with control and disposal of waste from various point and point sources as well as inspection of structures and machinery to ensure reliable operations.

The Chapter 6 has examined the extent to which the negative impacts on the environment are likely to occur and can be controlled through adoption of mitigation measures. The EMP describes both standard and site-specific pollution control measures so as to mitigate potential impacts associated with the proposed pipe laying. The following EMP is suggested during construction and operation phase.

10.1 Construction phase

As discussed under section 6.1 the proposed activity can potentially impact the aquatic as well as the terrestrial environment during the construction phase and implementation on measures to minimize these impacts are listed in the following section

10.2 Aquatic area management

Based on section 6.1, the negative impact of major concern would be the stress the coral patch could face if proper dredging is not planned and implemented during pipe laying. The other probable impacts could be due to deterioration in water quality.

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Impacts will be mitigated as follows:

• Prior to commencement of pipe laying, the coral patch will be physically surveyed both

subtidal and intertidal and actions will be taken based on legal provisions for associated

fauna.

• Turbidity, DO and salinity will be monitored once every week at 3 locations: near the DP and

surrounding and records of monitoring will be maintained. If DO depletion below 2.5 ml/l is

observed, then its cause will be investigated and corrective actions will be taken.

10.3 Operation Phase

As separate environmental cell is to be established before operation of the release with at least 3 technically qualified members, viz, 1 Environmental Engineer and 2 lab assistants. They should be provided a lab facility where they can analyze the samples collected from the field.

The Cell should responsible for the following actions.

• Monitoring the effluent quality in the vicinity of release on seasonal basis.

• Monitoring the effluent quality and quantity at Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) on daily basis.

• Periodic checking of the diffuser.

• It should be maintained. Any deviations found in the quality of the ambient water at outfall

location, the matter should be brought to the notice of management and record.

• Preparing emergency contingency plan in case of pipeline rupture or leakage.

• Preparing plan to protect nearby mangroves in the project site.

• Preparing disaster management plan in case of earthquakes or floods etc.

• The staff should assist the members of pollution control board who visit the site for

collecting the samples.

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Chapter 11

DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ENGAGED

CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, a constituent laboratory of the Council of Scientific &

Industrial Research under Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, is a premier oceanographic research institute of the country. Institute has the necessary expertise supported by equipment and infrastructural facilities to carry out the marine survey and EIA studies. EIA consultants are the regular staff of CSIR-NIO and are listed below.

Name of consultant Specialization

Mr. G. P. S. Murty Scientist-In-Charge

Dr. M. S. Krishna Project Leader, Senior Scientist – Marine Chemistry

Dr. V.V.S.S. Sarma Senior Principal Scientist – Marine Chemistry

Dr. T.N.R. Srinivas Scientist – Marine Microbiology

Dr. L. Jagadeesan Scientist – Marine Biology

Mr. R. Gangadhra Raju Technical Assistant

Mr. N. Surendra Babu Project Assistant II – Marine Biology

Mr. D. Narasimha Rao Project Assistant II – Marine Chemistry

Mr. S. Kuswant Kumar Project Assistant II – Marine Instrumentation

Mr. G. Sampath Kumar Project Assistant II – Marine Biology

Ms. Sri Laskhmi Project Assistant II – Marine Chemistry

Ms. M. M. R. Priya Project Assistant II – Marine Chemistry

Mr. Naidu Project Assistant I – Marine Chemistry

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Chapter 12 RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the baseline monitoring studies available for site and modelling studies (near- field and far-field), it is recommended that the effluents can be released with two options.

12.1. Option 1

The effluent to the tune of 3.5 MLD can be released at present location 18°04’23.00’’N

83°40’51.00’’ E.

12.2. Option 2

The combined effluent to the tune of 5.0 MLD can be released at another location, 18°04’51.21’’

N 83°41’04.00’’ E, where depth of 9.1 m below CD is available, with following diffuser specifications.

Port Dia = 0.072 m

Minimum jet velocity = 2.0 m/s

Angle of port = 15o

Elevation from bed = 0.5 m

Distance between ports = 4 m

Number of ports = 8

The depth at the outfall is 9.1 m below CD. The diffuser should be aligned perpendicular to the current direction. The diffuser location can be shifted to 50 m radius in case of difficulty at the above location.

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