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Textural and Concentration Pattern of Heavy Minerals in Beach and Dune Sands of Cyclone Prone Area Along Northern Parts of Andhra Pradesh Coast, India

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Textural and Concentration Pattern of Heavy Minerals in Beach and Dune Sands of Cyclone Prone Area Along Northern Parts of Andhra Pradesh Coast, India J o u r n a l o f Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, 47 A (1) (2011) 51 - 73 M i n i n g a n d M e t a l l u r g y TEXTURAL AND CONCENTRATION PATTERN OF HEAVY MINERALS IN BEACH AND DUNE SANDS OF CYCLONE PRONE AREA ALONG NORTHERN PARTS OF ANDHRA PRADESH COAST, INDIA S. Routray, T. Laxmi, R. Mohapatra and R. Bhima Rao# Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) Bhubaneswar 751 013, India (Received 31 January 2011; Accepted 4 April 2011) Abstract In this paper, an attempt is made to study the textural and grain size distribution, heavy mineral distribution pattern and chemical characteristics of representative samples collected from different village areas such as Kalingapatnam, Bandaruvani peta, Komaravani peta, Mogadal padu, Vatsavalasa, Chinna vastavalasa and Yerraguddi in a coastal stretch of 20 kms from NE side of Kalingapatnam town to SE side of Srikurmam in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The results of these studies indicate that the percentage of magnetic heavy minerals is significantly more compare to non-magnetic heavy minerals in all beach sand samples collected from Kalingapatnam to Yerraguddi. It is also observed that distribution pattern (concentration) of ilmenite in beach sand decreases from Kalingapatnam (4.9%) to Yerraguddi (1.8%), whereas percentage of garnet increases from Kalingapatnam (10.6%) to Yerraguddi (15.6%). Zircon concentration is almost constant in beach and dune sand samples from Kalingapatnam coast to Yerraguddi. Thus these deposits contain economic minerals such as garnet, ilmenite, sillimanite, rutile and zircon in order of abundance. The results of rougher spirals using sea water for recovery of the total heavy minerals (THM) indicate that a concentrate contains 98% THM by weight with 22.7% yield and 89% recovery from a composite sample containing 25% THM. Key words: Beach sand, Dune sand, Heavy minerals, Ilmenite, Garnet and Zircon. 1. Introduction Kalingapatnam town, which is a situated along the south east coast in cyclone prone area (18° 20' 0" North, 84° Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, 7' 0" East) and Srikurmam, a tourist place India [1] (Fig. 1). (18° 16' 0" North, 84° 1' 0" East) are # Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected] 52 S. Routray et al. / JMM 47 A (1) (2011) 51 - 73 Figure 1. Sample location map of Kaligaptaman-Yerraguddi coastal area in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, India There are two beneficiation plants are minerals (quartz and feldspar). The sandy being operated by private owners one lies coastal beach plain extends from the at Chinna Vastavalasa by M/s Trimax Ocean edge to the river Vamsadhara. Industries Private limited to recover River Vamsadhara (also called ilmenite, garnet, sillimanite, rutile and Bansadhara in Orissa) is an important east zircon minerals [2]. The other one lies at flowing river between Mahanadi and Srikurmam by Trans World Garnet (India) Godavari, in Southern Orissa and North Private Limited, to recover garnet Eastern Andhra Pradesh states in India. minerals only [3]. Both these plants are The river originates near Lanjigarh village lying in between Kalingapatnam - in Kalahandi district of Orissa and runs Srikurmam coast of the present study area. for a distance of about 254 kilometers and The area can be morphologically sub joins the Bay of Bengal at Kalingapatnam, divided in to dunes, beach (back shore and Andhra Pradesh. Name of this river fore shore), near shore and off shores. originates from words bansa (bamboo) Typical beach and dune morphological and dhara (water flow). This river photos are shown in Fig. 2. This coast is originates from forests with bamboo trees. essentially consists of placer alluvial and So, it was named as Bansadhara in Oriya unsorted fine to medium grained, rounded and transliterated as Vamsadhara in to sub-rounded sand mixed in varying Telugu. The area between Kalingaptnam degrees with heavy minerals (ilmenite and Srikurmam is characterised by a garnet, sillimanite, rutile, zircon) and light number of well-developed sand dunes. S. Routray et al. / JMM 47 A (1) (2011) 51 - 73 53 Figure 2. Typical beach and dune morphological area These sand dunes occupy considerable of heavy minerals like garnet, ilmenite, area along the coastal plain and are more sillimanite, rutile and zircon in order of or less parallel to the sea coast. These abundance. beach and dune sands have variable range 54 S. Routray et al. / JMM 47 A (1) (2011) 51 - 73 Many authors have studied the heavy areas such as Kalingapatnam, Bandaru- minerals of this coast as well as on vani peta, Komaravani peta, Mogadal beneficiation studies to recover individual padu, Vatsavalasa, Chinna vastavalasa and heavy minerals [4-9] Most of the work Yerraguddi in a coastal stretch of 20 Kms related to exploration on heavy minerals from NE side of Kalingapatnam town to but not published the correlation between SE side of Srikurmam in Srikakulam the particle size distribution of total heavy District, Andhra Pradesh, India. About 25 minerals, magnetic and non magnetic kilograms of the sand samples were heavy minerals, very heavy and light collected from each location. All the heavy minerals and the geo chemical samples were washed with fresh water behavior with TiO2, ZrO2, SiO2, Fe2O3 before characterization studies as the etc. sample contains around 0.1% of salt. Since this area is situated between two Physical properties such as bulk density, perennial rivers such as Nagavali and true density and angle of repose along Bamsadhara and agriculturally, it is a with size analyses of all the samples were fertile land and hence the area is always carried out using standard sieves. The d80 known for rice producing land in the percent passing size of each grab sample district. This area has good habitation with has been calculated from the size analysis well connected roads and infrastructure data. Each close size range of the grab facilities like schooling and medical aid. samples were subjected to sink-float Both technical and non technical people studies. Heavy liquid separation studies are available for employment in the were carried out using bromoform activities of sand mining in and around the (specific gravity 2.89) for determining the adjoining areas. Hence any attempt to total heavy minerals present in the feed study the heavy mineral concentration samples. Magnetic separation studies were pattern and its potentiality for industriali- carried out using dry high intensity zation is an important task. In this paper magnetic separator using Permroll mag- an attempt has been made to study on the netic separator, developed by ELB- textural and concentration pattern of YANTV and supplied by Ore Sorters heavy minerals in beach and dune sands (Australia) Pty., Ltd. Mineralogical of cyclone prone area along northern parts studies were carried out by X-ray of Andhra Pradesh coast, India and its Diffraction (PANalytical, X-Pert X-ray possibility to preconcentrate the heavy powder diffractometer with Mo-Kα minerals using sea water spirals. radiation). Elemental analyses of the samples were carried out by XRF 2. Materials and methods (PANalytical; PW2440 (MagiX PRO). In order to study the response to The representative thirty bore hole recovery of total heavy minerals by using samples (fifteen beach and fifteen dune sea water spirals, an attempt was made to samples), containing heavy minerals, were prepare bulk (composite) feed sample collected by the grab sampling method up from all the samples collected at different to the water table from different village locations. Initially an attempt was made to S. Routray et al. / JMM 47 A (1) (2011) 51 - 73 55 reject lean tailings by using cleaner However, the maximum size frequency spirals. Subsequently, the tailings were mode in dune sand is at 75 µm, as subjected to scavenging spirals and observed earlier for beach sand. recovered the final total heavy minerals. The observation for beach sand sample collected from Komaravani peta (Fig. 3c) 3. Results and discussion indicate that the highest size frequency mode is at 300 µm and for heavy minerals a) Textural and grain size distribution 100 µm is the highest frequency mode. The dune sand sample (Fig. 3d) shows the The heavy mineral concentrates are highest frequency mode is at 210 µm and found as discrete dark patches (Fig. 2a) for heavy minerals the highest frequency within beach sands consisting dominantly mode observed is 75 µm size range. of quartz and ilmenite. In the cross section The beach sand sample collected from of the grab sampling points the discrete Yerraguddi at distance of 20 Km from dark heavy mineral layers occur with first sample location (Kalingapatnam) alternate dark black and brownish white point, indicates bimodal frequency modes bands (Fig. 2b) whose thickness varies at 300 µm and 100 µm (Fig. 3e). The from 1 to 5 cm. Typical grain size heavy mineral size distribution mode distribution for beach sand and dune sand indicates that the frequency mode is at samples and heavy minerals present in 300 µm (where coarse garnets are beach and dune sand samples are concentrated) followed by 100 µm and 75 presented in Fig. 3 for Kalingapatnam, µm. The highest size frequency mode Komaravani peta and Yerraguddi coastal (150 µm) is observed for both dune sand areas. sample and for heavy minerals present in It is seen from Kalingapatnam beach dune sand (Fig. 3f). sand sample (Fig. 3a) that the size Size frequency modes of all samples frequency mode gradually increases from collected from beach and dune sand 300 µm to 150 µm (maximum) and samples and the heavy minerals present in gradually decreases to 75 µm size range. these samples are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. The heavy mineral size frequency mode in It observed from the Figs.
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