Trade and Traders: an Exploration Into Trading Communities and Their Activities in Early Medieval Odisha

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Trade and Traders: an Exploration Into Trading Communities and Their Activities in Early Medieval Odisha Trade and traders: An exploration into trading communities and their activities in early medieval Odisha Bhairabi Prasad Sahu The article makes an effort to locate the emergence of merchant groups in the context of agrarian growth, availability of a marketable surplus, the rise of different types of exchange centres and political enterprises, which must have created their own requirements and facilitated the movement of goods and commodities. It also tries to factor in the transport and communication routes because coastal Odisha had a large hinterland moving up to the Chhattisgarh plains, as also access to southern Bengal and Jharkhand and beyond through the eastern littoral, especially Dandabhukti, among other routes. The rise of transregional states under the Somavaṁśīs and Later Eastern Gangas must have widened the orbit of activity for the regional mercantile groups. Practices and customs followed by the trading communities and their social competence are also investigated. The idea is to situate the developments in the region in the larger context of the issues and debates in the field of ancient and early medieval India. This essay is largely based on inscriptional sources and charts developments up to the fifteenth century. Keywords: Andhra, Bengal, Kling, markets, merchants, maritime commerce, Odisha, trade The Early Historical Setting A large number of ports such as Pithunda, Kalingapatnam, Dantapura/ Dantavarapukota, Palur and Manikapatna are said to have contributed to the prosperity of Kalinga, and by extension early Odisha. The first three sites are in modern Andhra Pradesh situated north of the river Godavari and the remaining two are in Odisha. With the exception of Palur, the others have produced early historical material. However, in the present state of our knowledge, any attempt at precise dating of the port sites would be hazardous. The connotation of the term Kalinga varied through time and usually extended from the Cuttack–Puri area up to Srikakulam and adjoining parts of Visakhapatnam district in Andhra Pradesh. The remains of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW), rouletted ware, knobbed ware, stamped ware, amphorae, glass and semi-precious beads, and seals and sealings at different sites in coastal Odisha such as Radhanagara, Manikapatna, Sisupalgarh and Jaugada, in central Odisha such as Asurgarh, Budhigarh, Nehena and Manmunda, and some sites (Malhar and Tarighat) in Chhattisgarh, which was a part of Daksina Kosala, has led archaeologists and historians to envisage flourishing trade and exchange networks in early Odisha. The find of clay bullae and caltrop from settlements such as Sisupalgarh and punch-marked and Studies in People’s History, 6, 2 (2019): 134–145 SAGE Los Angeles/London/New Delhi/Singapore/Washington DC/Melbourne DOI: 10.1177/2348448919875282 Trade and traders: An exploration into trading communities / 135 Puri–Kushana (Kushana imitation) coins collected from several locations in the region have reinforced the perceived image of brisk commerce.1 Most of these artifacts have a wide distribution zone ranging from northern India and the Deccan to all over the east coast. It is possible that semi-precious stone beads reported from the coastal sites may have been sourced from hinterland Odisha because the coast is bereft of gem deposits, and the settlements in and around central Odisha have yielded evidence for the manufacture of beads in the early historical contexts. Transport over the river Mahanadi may be supposed to have largely sustained the inferred linkages between the hinterland and the coast. In Odisha, we do not come across terms such as vaṇik, śreṣṭhi, goṣṭhi, nigama or sreṇi, denoting traders and guilds. The few inscriptions of the period contain no allusions to the presence of these commercial groups. Any comparison with Bengal too makes the paucity of evidence in the region obvious. Motifs of ships/ boats on coins, seals or potsherds, as are found on the Andhra or Bengal coast, are missing in Odisha. The only portrayal of a boat is found on a punch-marked coin, which is now preserved in the British Museum, London.2 The art of neighbouring Bengal for the same early historical period presents an entirely different picture.3 Compared to coastal Odisha, the Godavari–Krishna deltaic zone and adjacent areas have yielded richer material for trading activities, including the ship type of coins in the lower Krishna valley and epigraphic references to nāvika (sailors) and mahānāvika (master/great mariner) from Guntupalli and Ghantasala among others.4 What emerges therefore is that though there must then have been trade in ancient Odisha, goods and commodities we know very little about are the organisational aspects of such trade, namely craft organisation, ports, boats/ships, networks of trade and, more importantly, the traders themselves. On the provenance of archaeological finds, including coins, broadly, two early transport and communication routes have been envisaged. One was from the Singhbhum area of Jharkhand to coastal Odisha and Andhra through the northern 1 For more studies contributions, see Balaram Tripathy, ‘Coastal Archaeology of Odisha: Problems and Prospects’, in Karunasmriti: Recent Researches in History, Culture and Archaeology of Odisha, ed. B. Tripathy and A.C. Sahoo (Delhi, 2015), 65–73; Baba Misra and Ranvir Singh, ‘Trade in Early Historical Tel River Valley, Odisha: A Preliminary Study’, in Karunasmriti: Recent Researches in History, Culture and Archaeology of Odisha, ed. B. Tripathy and A.C. Sahoo (Delhi, 2015), 132–46 and Benudhar Patra, ‘Ports, Port Towns and Hinterlands: A Study in Ancient Orissan Perspective’, in Karunasmriti: Recent Researches in History, Culture and Archaeology of Odisha, ed. B. Tripathy and A.C. Sahoo (Delhi, 2015), 243–67. 2 See J.K. Patnaik and B.K. Tripathy, ‘Ships and Shipping in Orissan Art’, Puratattva no. 23 (1993): 61–63. 3 See R.K. Chattopadhyay, The Archaeology of Coastal Bengal (New Delhi, 2018), especially 219–70. For a comparative perspective of the material on the eastern coast, see Sila Tripati, ‘Seafaring Archaeology of the East Coast of India and Southeast Asia during the Early Historical Period’, Ancient Asia 8 no. 7 (2017): 1–22, accessed 5 September 2019, doi:htps://doi.org/10.5334/aa.118. 4 B. Rajendra Prasad, ‘Early Historic Andhra Desa—A Perspective’, Proceedings of the Andhra Pradesh History Congress 18 (1994): 10. Studies in People’s History, 6, 2 (2019): 134–145 136 / BHAIRABI PRASAD SAHU districts of Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj, while the other connected western Odisha with areas of Raipur and Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh. While the former route was linked to the middle and lower Gangetic plains, the latter extended to the Bastar and coastal region along the Mahanadi valley. The Mahanadi was used for inland navigation, which though difficult could have functional during a good part (three quarters) of the year. From the Chhattisgarh plains to coastal Odisha, this was impor- tant for means of passage and transport in precolonial times.5 While the northern uplands in the region are an extension of the Chota Nagpur plateau, Dandabhukti acted as a bridge between Odisha and Bengal (Radha/Rarh). The eastern coast stretching from Bengal to Odisha, Andhra and beyond fostered the movement of people, goods and ideas all through that region, while northern coastal Odisha, largely owing to its geographical proximity, would have had access to Tamralipti or Tamluk in its heyday. The presence of objects such as rouletted ware and knobbed ware, and semi- precious stone beads at different sites in the region usually would be seen as mark- ers of long-distance trade. However, it needs to be recognised that perceptions on articles of trade such as rouletted ware, wine amphorae, bullae and even glassware, which were earlier perceived to be unmistakable evidence for Roman contacts, are now changing, and their local manufacture through imitation is being increasingly seen as a greater possibility.6 The available evidence reinforces the impression that the Odishan littoral attained a discernible sociopolitical profile mostly during the opening centu- ries AD, though admittedly, the earlier Mauryan presence and the rise of the Chedis might have stimulated a process of internal transformation across locali- ties.7 The post-Mauryan period was characterised by a major expansion in the Indian maritime commerce, backed by symmetrical developments in the related domains. The fact that the Chedi Mahāmeghavāhanas were the first dynasty to rule Kalinga as a large territorial unit in the latter half of the first century BC is instruc- tive; in that, it points to growing economic and cultural relations between Odisha and the surrounding region. But specific evidence of the extent of commercial development attained is entirely lacking. The Mahāmeghavāhanas do not seem even to have left any coins behind. 5 J. Deloche, Transport and Communications in India Prior to Steam Locomotion, vol. II: Water Transport (New Delhi, 1994), 32–33. 6 H. Kulke and B.P. Sahu, History of Precolonial India: Issues and Debates (New Delhi, 2018), 258–78. 7 See Romila Thapar, The Mauryas Revisited (Calcutta, 1987), 1–30; B.D. Chattopadhyaya, ‘Transition to the Early Historical Phase in the Deccan—A Note’, in Archaeology and History, vol. II, ed. B.M. Pande and B.D. Chattopadhyaya (Delhi, 1988), 727–32; and B.P. Sahu, ‘Towards Complex Society: Trajectory of Socio-political Transformations in Early Odisha’, in The Making of Regions in Indian History: Society, State and Identity in Pre-modern Odisha ed. B.M. Pande and B.D. Chattopadhyaya (forthcoming). Studies in People’s History, 6, 2 (2019): 134–145 Trade and traders: An exploration into trading communities / 137 The curious phenomenon of Odisha lagging behind some other parts of the country in the level of sophistication of its commercial origination is also borne upon us when we read the account of Yuan Chwang (Xuan Zhuang), the famous Chinese pilgrim who journeyed through Odisha in c.
Recommended publications
  • Srikakulam-DDMP-Volume I Genral Plan and HVCA Report
    District Disaster Management Plan Srikakulam Volume I – General Plan and Hazard Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis Prepared by: District Administration, Srikakulam Supported by: UNDP, Andhra Pradesh Contents 1. The Introduction: ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.1. The Objectives of the Plan: ..................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Approach: ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.3. Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.4. HOW TO USE THIS PLAN ......................................................................................................... 9 1.5. Scope and Ownership of District Disaster Management Plan: ............................................. 10 1.6. Monitoring, evaluation and update of the Plan ................................................................... 11 1.6.1.1. Review and update ................................................................................................... 12 1.6.1.2. Evaluation of the Plan ............................................................................................... 13 2. The Implementation of the District Disaster Management Plan ........................................ 16 2.1. Disaster Management Authorities ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • LHA Recuritment Visakhapatnam Centre Screening Test Adhrapradesh Candidates at Mudasarlova Park Main Gate,Visakhapatnam.Contact No
    LHA Recuritment Visakhapatnam centre Screening test Adhrapradesh Candidates at Mudasarlova Park main gate,Visakhapatnam.Contact No. 0891-2733140 Date No. Of Candidates S. Nos. 12/22/2014 1300 0001-1300 12/23/2014 1300 1301-2600 12/24/2014 1299 2601-3899 12/26/2014 1300 3900-5199 12/27/2014 1200 5200-6399 12/28/2014 1200 6400-7599 12/29/2014 1200 7600-8799 12/30/2014 1177 8800-9977 Total 9977 FROM CANDIDATES / EMPLOYMENT OFFICES GUNTUR REGISTRATION NO. CASTE GENDER CANDIDATE NAME FATHER/ S. No. Roll Nos ADDRESS D.O.B HUSBAND NAME PRIORITY & P.H V.VENKATA MUNEESWARA SUREPALLI P.O MALE RAO 1 1 S/O ERESWARA RAO BHATTIPROLU BC-B MANDALAM, GUNTUR 14.01.1985 SHAIK BAHSA D.NO.1-8-48 MALE 2 2 S/O HUSSIAN SANTHA BAZAR BC-B CHILAKURI PETA ,GUNTUR 8/18/1985 K.NAGARAJU D.NO.7-2-12/1 MALE 3 3 S/O VENKATESWARULU GANGANAMMAPETA BC-A TENALI. 4/21/1985 SHAIK AKBAR BASHA D.NO.15-5-1/5 MALE 4 4 S/O MAHABOOB SUBHANI PANASATHOTA BC-E NARASARAO PETA 8/30/1984 S.VENUGOPAL H.NO.2-34 MALE 5 5 S/O S.UMAMAHESWARA RAO PETERU P.O BC-B REPALLI MANDALAM 7/20/1984 B.N.SAIDULU PULIPADU MALE 6 6 S/O PUNNAIAH GURAJALA MANDLAM ,GUNTUR BC-A 6/11/1985 G.RAMESH BABU BHOGASWARA PET MALE 7 7 S/O SIVANJANEYULU BATTIPROLU MANDLAM, GUNTUR BC-A 8/15/1984 K.NAGARAJENDRA KUMAR PAMIDIMARRU POST MALE 8 8 S/O.
    [Show full text]
  • Hand Book of Statistics-2015 Srikakulam District
    HAND BOOK OF STATISTICS-2015 SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT COMPILED & PUBLISHED BY CHIEF PLANNING OFFICER SRIKAKULAM DR.P.Laxminarasimham, I.A.S., Collector & District Magistrate, Srikakulam. PREFACE The “HAND BOOK OF STATISTICS” for the year 2015 is 32nd in its series. It contains valuable Statistical Data relating to different Sectors and Departments in Srikakulam District. Basic data is a prime requisite in building up strategic plans with time bound targets. I hope this publication will be very useful to all General Public, Planners, Research Scholars, Administrators, Bankers and Other Organizations. I am very much thankful to all the District Officers for extending their co-operation in supplying the data relating to their sectors to bring out this publication as a ready reckoner. I appreciate the efforts made by Sri M.Sivarama Naicker, Chief Planning Officer, Srikakulam and his staff members for the strenuous efforts in compiling and bringing out the “HAND BOOK OF STATISTICS” for the year 2015. Any constructive suggestion for improvement of this publication and coverage of Statistical Data would be appreciated. Date: -11-2016, Place: Srikakulam. District Collector, Srikakulam. OFFICERS AND STAFF ASSOCIATED WITH THE PUBLICATION 1.SRI. M.SIVARAMA NAICKER CHIEF PLANNING OFFICER 2.SRI. CH.VASUDEAVRAO DEPUTY DIRECTOR 3.SMT. VSSL PRASANNA ASSISTANT DIRECTOR 4.SRI. V.MALLESWARA RAO STATISTICAL OFFICER 5.SRI. J.LAKSHMANA RAO STATISTICAL OFFCIER DATA COMPILATION: 1. SRI. D.VENKATARAMANA DY. STATISTICAL OFFICER 2. SRI. D.SASIBHUSHANA RAO DY. STATISTICAL OFFICER DATA PROCESSING & COMPUTERISATION: 1. SRI. D.VENKATARAMANA DY. STATISTICAL OFFICER 2. SRI. D.SASIBHUSHANA RAO DY. STATISTICAL OFFICER 3. SRI. P.YOGESWARA RAO COMPUTER OPERATOR CONTENTS TABLE CONTENTS PAGE NO NO.
    [Show full text]
  • Fairs and Festivals, (17 Karimnagar)
    PRG. 179.17 (N) 750 KARIMNAGAR CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 VOLUME II ANDHRA PRADESH PART VII - B (17) F AIRS AND FESTIV (17. Karimnagar District) A. CHANDRA SEKHAR OF THE INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE Superintendent of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh Price: Rs. 5.25 P. or 12 Sh. 3 d. or $ 1.89 c. 1961 CENSUS PUBLICATIONS, ANDHRA PRADESH (All the Census Publications of this State bear Vol. No. II) PART I-A (i) General Report (Chapters I to V) PART I-A (ii) General Report (Chapters VI to IX) PART I-A (iii) Gen'eral Report (Chapters eX to Xll) PART I-B Report on Vital Statistics PART I-C Subsidiary Tables PART II-A General Population Tables PART II-B (i) Economic Tables (B-1 to B-IV) PART II-B eii) Economic Tables (B-V to B-IX] PART II-C Cultural and Migration Tables PART III Household Economic Tables PART IV-A Report on Housing and Establishments (with Subsidiary Tables) PART IV-B Housing and Establishment Tables PART V-A Special Tables for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes PART V-B Ethnographic Notes on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes PART VI Villag~ Survey Monographs (46) PART VII-A (1) l PART VlI-A (2) ~ ... Handicrafts Survey Reports (Selected Crafts) I PART VII-A (3) J PART VII-B (1 to 20) ... Fairs and Festivals (Separate Book for each District) PART VIII-A Administration Report-Enumeration l }- (Not for sale) PART VIII-B Administration Report-Tabulation J PART IX State Atlas PART X Special Report on Hyderabad City District Census Handbooks (Separate Volume for each District) I 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishing Villages and Landing Centres • There Are 555 Marine Fishing Villages Wherein Fishermen Reside
    TM Cadalmin Varna MARINE FISHFOLK HOUSEHOLDS AND POPULATION Marine Ornamental Fish Feed FISHINGCRAFTIN180,000THEFISHERY MARINEFISHFOLKHOUSEHOLDSANDPOPULATION 160,000 Fishermen families 9000 NonͲmotorized 140,000 180,000 population Motorized 8000 160,000 Fishermenfamilies 120,000 Mechanized ‘Varna’ is a scientifically evaluated, slow sinking 7000 100,000 140,000 population marine ornamental fish feed. 6000 80,000 120,000 5000 100,000 Constituents: 38% protein, 9% fat, 39% carbohydrates, 60,000 4000 40,000 80,000 7% ash (minerals) and less than 2% fiber. Contents 60,000 3000 20,000 are marine protein, soy protein, wheat flour, oil 40,000 2000 0 vitamins, minerals, colour imparting nutrients like 20,000 1000 0 Guntur Nellore carotenoids from natural sources, immune promoters, Krishna Godavari 0 Godavari Prakasam probionts and antioxidants. Srikakulam East Guntur Nellore Krishna West Vijayanagaram Visakhapatnam Godavari Godavari Prakasam Guntur Nellore Krishna Srikakulam Godavari Godavari Availability in particle size: Prakasam East Srikakulam DISTRICTS West Vijayanagaram Visakhapatnam 0.25mm, 0.75 mm and 1 mm. East West Vijayanagaram Visakhapatnam Recommended usage: Feed 2-3 % of the fish body DISTRICTS DISTRICTS weight once in a day. DISTRIBUTIONOFFISHINGALLIEDACTIVITIES DISTRIBUTIONOFOCCUPIEDFISHERFOLK Otherthanfishing Others 2% For further information please contact: The Director, 2% Marketingoffish 28% Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Labourer Ernakulam North PO, Cochin-682018 25% Activefishermen E-mail: [email protected],
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Explorations of Kalingapatnam, Dantapur and Salihundam on the East Coast of India
    Author Version of : Man and Environment, vol.44(2); 2019; 49–57 Archaeological Explorations of Kalingapatnam, Dantapur and Salihundam on the East coast of India Sila Tripati, R. Mani Murali, Rudra Prasad Behera* CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India Email: [email protected] *Dept. of Archaeology, Govt. of Odisha, Bhubaneswar 751 004 Abstract There are several coastal sites along the east and west coast of India right from the Harappan period onwards which served as port and trade centres.Among ancient ports along the east coast of India,Kalingapatnam,Dantapur, Dahranikota, Masulipatnam, Motupalli and Kottapatnamof Andhra Pradesh coast played a considerable role in spreading Indian culture to overseas countries.Explorationswere carried out at Kalingapatnam, Dantapur and Salihundamalong the River Vamsadhara.The results are discussed in this article. The ceramics found include Knobbed ware sherds, Red Polished ware, dish on stand, incense burner, hopscotch, legged saddle quern,pestle. Keywords: Knobbed ware, Ports, Buddhism, Maritime contacts, Andhra Pradesh 1 Introduction Andhra Pradesh, the coastal province on the eastern littoral has anearly974 km long coastline,and the northern Andhra coast had many ports and harbours which played a leading role in the maritime history of India rightfrom the Buddhist period onwards. The major rivers of Andhra Pradesh were navigable and hadsuitable landing facilities. Therefore, several ports and trade centres have been reportedalong the banks,and those provided the opportunity
    [Show full text]
  • SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT > & Duajvlentatlom .1^' I''.Fricute of Educat' ^ : Iid Administratio- I
    DISTRICT PRIMARY tDUCATION PROGRAMME ( D P E P - Phdse-II ) DISTRICT EDUCATIONAL PLAN SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT > & DuaJVlENTATlOM .1^' I''.friCute of Educat' ^ : iid Administratio- i, . .urobindo M ar| , ? [ clhi-11001^ VISION STATEMENT The vision of district Primary Education Programme in Srikakulam district is provision access to aii school age childeren with equal opportunity, 100% of enrolment and retention and attainment of minimum levels of learning will be achieved by 2003 AD. In the program emphasis v/ill be laid on the focussed groups like girls, S.C, S.T, B.C, Minarites, child labour ,migratory children and physically handicapped to ensure equiity in achieving the goal of universalistion of primary education. hQ.QM S$: 264 new primary schools will be opened in school-less habitations as against 4 50 school-less habitations. Alternatives schooliing facility to the children who are never enrolled and dropouts of school age in the group of 6-11 and 12-14 by opening 186 new N.F.E. centres. The objective of Eduction For All will be achieved by opening five lED schools for Physically disabled children and 2 schools for child labour and migratory children. For the religions (Urdu people) minorities, 5 new primary schools will be opened. 26 schools vill be opened for oriya(linguistic minorities) in bilingual mandals of the district. 500 ECE centres will bes opened for preparing the children of age group 3-5 for primary schooling uncovered by ICDS department. The vision will be realised through convergences of the service of health, women and child and other related departments, community will be made the mainstake holder in education planning and management for effective delivery of educational service.
    [Show full text]
  • Government of India Ministry of Culture Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No
    1 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF CULTURE LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 97 TO BE ANSWERED ON 25.4.2016 VAISAKHA 5, 1938 (SAKA) NATIONAL HERITAGE STATUS 97. SHRI B.V.NAIK; SHRI ARJUN LAL MEENA; SHRI P. KUMAR: Will the Minister of CULTURE be pleased to state: (a) whether the Government has finalized its proposal for sending its entry for world heritage status long with the criteria to select entry for world heritage site status; (b) if so, the details thereof along with the names of temples, churches, mosques and monuments 2Iected and declared as national heritage in various States of the country, State-wise; (c) whether the Government has ignored Delhi as its official entry to UNESCO and if so, the details thereof and the reasons therefor; (d) whether, some sites selected for UNESCO entry are under repair and renovation; (e) if so, the details thereof and the funds sanctioned by the Government in this regard so far, ate-wise; and (f) the action plan of the Government to attract more tourists to these sites. ANSWER MINISTER OF STATE, CULTURE AND TOURISM (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) AND MINISTER OF STATE, CIVIL AVIATION (DR. MAHESH SHARMA) (a) Yes madam. Government has finalized and submitted the proposal for “Historic City of Ahmedabad” as the entry in the cultural category of the World Heritage List for calendar year 2016-17. The proposal was submitted under cultural category under criteria II, V and VI (list of criteria in Annexure I) (b) For the proposal submitted related to Historic City of Ahmedabad submitted this year, list of nationally important monuments and those listed by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation are given in Annexure II.
    [Show full text]
  • Textural and Concentration Pattern of Heavy Minerals in Beach and Dune Sands of Cyclone Prone Area Along Northern Parts of Andhra Pradesh Coast, India
    J o u r n a l o f Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, 47 A (1) (2011) 51 - 73 M i n i n g a n d M e t a l l u r g y TEXTURAL AND CONCENTRATION PATTERN OF HEAVY MINERALS IN BEACH AND DUNE SANDS OF CYCLONE PRONE AREA ALONG NORTHERN PARTS OF ANDHRA PRADESH COAST, INDIA S. Routray, T. Laxmi, R. Mohapatra and R. Bhima Rao# Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) Bhubaneswar 751 013, India (Received 31 January 2011; Accepted 4 April 2011) Abstract In this paper, an attempt is made to study the textural and grain size distribution, heavy mineral distribution pattern and chemical characteristics of representative samples collected from different village areas such as Kalingapatnam, Bandaruvani peta, Komaravani peta, Mogadal padu, Vatsavalasa, Chinna vastavalasa and Yerraguddi in a coastal stretch of 20 kms from NE side of Kalingapatnam town to SE side of Srikurmam in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The results of these studies indicate that the percentage of magnetic heavy minerals is significantly more compare to non-magnetic heavy minerals in all beach sand samples collected from Kalingapatnam to Yerraguddi. It is also observed that distribution pattern (concentration) of ilmenite in beach sand decreases from Kalingapatnam (4.9%) to Yerraguddi (1.8%), whereas percentage of garnet increases from Kalingapatnam (10.6%) to Yerraguddi (15.6%). Zircon concentration is almost constant in beach and dune sand samples from Kalingapatnam coast to Yerraguddi. Thus these deposits contain economic minerals such as garnet, ilmenite, sillimanite, rutile and zircon in order of abundance.
    [Show full text]
  • Inbound Tourism - Unlocking the Opportunity
    Knowledge Partner ndia InboundI Touris m Unlocking the Opportunity April 2019 TITLE India Inbound Tourism - Unlocking the Opportunity YEAR April, 2019 AUTHORS Strategic Government Advisory (SGA), YES BANK No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form by photo, photoprint, microfilm or any COPYRIGHT other means without the written permission of YES BANK Ltd. & FICCI. This report is the publication of YES BANK Limited (“YES BANK”) & FICCI and so YES BANK & FICCI have editorial control over the content, including opinions, advice, Statements, services, offers etc. that is represented in this report. However, YES BANK & FICCI will not be liable for any loss or damage caused by the reader’s reliance on information obtained through this report. This report may contain third party contents and third-party resources. YES BANK & FICCI take no responsibility for third party content, advertisements or third party applications that are printed on or through this report, nor does it take any responsibility for the goods or services provided by its advertisers or for any error, omission, deletion, defect, theft or destruction or unauthorized access to, or alteration of, any user communication. Further, YES BANK & FICCI do not assume any responsibility or liability for any loss or damage, including personal injury or death, resulting from use of this report or from any content for communications or materials available on this report. The contents are provided for your reference only. The reader/ buyer understands that except for the information, products and services clearly identified as being supplied by YES BANK & FICCI, it does not operate, control or endorse any information, products, or services appearing in the report in any way.
    [Show full text]
  • IJMSS Vol.03 Issue-12 (December, 2015) ISSN: 2321-1784 International Journal in Management and Social Science (Impact Factor- 4.358)
    IJMSS Vol.03 Issue-12 (December, 2015) ISSN: 2321-1784 International Journal in Management and Social Science (Impact Factor- 4.358) Amaravati in Early Medieval and Medieval periods: A study Dr,G.Mannepalli ,. Faculty member Dept of history and Archaeology Acharya Nagarjuna University.A.P. India Pamidi Jyothi, final year (M.A.) Dept of history and Archaeology Acharya Nagarjuna University.A.P. India Abstract : Thus through the history of Coastal Andhradesa Dharanikota became a place of much attraction forTtraders, Religious Acharyas, Political invaders and the Armies on the defense. Although it remained to be the seat of a feudatory family for several centuries it could retain Urban character till as late as the nineteenth centuries. When it was made the seat of the Zamindar of Chintapalli named Vasireddi Venkatadrinayudu, who founded the modern town of Amaravati. Key words : Dhanakata, Pallava, Dhanyakataka, Amareswara, Golakimatha. Introduction : Amaravati is one such place of Palnadu in Andhra Pradesh. With its own individuality in matters of civilization and culture. However, the fact that no part of the country is so much individual as to flourish absolutely independent of others, and no region could remain a loof from others to the extent of without influencing, or getting influenced by others, is never to be ignored. Hence, the present study is not strictly limited to the region of Amaravati as a water-tight compartment and adequate importance has been accorded to the corresponding developments in the regions around, of the same time, and developments in other regions to have come over here and blossomed, without which the study remains not only incomplete but also unintelligible.
    [Show full text]
  • Irrigation Profile of Srikakulam District
    10/31/2018 District Irrigation Profiles IRRIGATION PROFILE OF SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT *Click here for Ayacut Map INTRODUCTION Srikakulam District is the extreme Northeastern District of Andhra Pradesh situated within the geographic Co-ordinates of 18° -20' and 19° -10' of Northern latitude and 83° -50' and 84° -50' of Eastern longitude. The District is skirted to a distance by Kandivalasagedda, Vamsadhara and Bahuda at certain stretches of their courses while a line of heights of the great Eastern Ghasts run from North East. Vizianagaram District flanks in the south and west while Orissa bounds it on the north and Bay of Bengal on the East. The total area of the District is 5,837 Sq. Kms. It has a population of 27,03,114 persons according to the 2011 census. The District derived its name from Srikakulam its headquarters town. Srikakulam District was carved out in 1950 by bifurcating it from Visakhapatnam District, it remained unaffected in its territorial jurisdiction for quite some time. But in November, 1969 the District lost 63 villages from Saluru Taluk and 44 villages from Bobbili Taluk on account of their transfer to the then newly constituted Gajapathinagaram Taluk of Visakhapatnam District. Again in May, 1979, the District had undergone major territorial changes on account of the formation of new District with head quarters at Vizianagaram which involved transfer of Salur, Bobbili, Parvathipuram and Cheepurupalli Taluks to the new District. The Nagavali, Vamsadhara, Survarnamukhi, Vegavathi, Mahendratanaya Gomukhi, Champavathi, Bahuda and Kumbikota gedda are the important rivers of the District. The Vamsadhara river rises in the Eastern Ghats of Orissa State and enters Srikakulam District in Bhamini Mandal and finally falls in to the Bay of Bengal near Calingapatnam.
    [Show full text]