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'X O * the History of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty 'X O * THE HISTORY OF THE EASTERN GANGA DYNASTY G3RGA 1038 - 1238 A.D . by Dineshwar Singh Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London 1973 ProQuest Number: 10673246 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673246 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 9 ix * ABSTRACT In the first chapter the works of modern scholars who have attempted to write the history of the Eastern Ganga dynasty has been discussed. The sources which have been drawn upon to write this thesis have also been dealt with. Additionally the use of anka regnal years in the inscriptions of the Eastern Ganga dynasty have been discussed. The second chapter deals with some basic but controversial problems, such as different theories regarding the origin of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, the beginning * of their authority in Kalinga, the relationship between the early and the later Eastern Gangas as well as their relationship with the Western Gangas of Mysore. In the third chapter some of the epithets of Vajrahasta HI and Rajaraja I as well as their relationship with the Colas are examined. The fourth chapter deals with the following: Anantavarman Codagahga's relationship with Permadideva; the two wars between the Colas and the Eastern Ganga armed forces; the annexation of all territory north of the river Godavari from the Vehgi kingdom; Anantavarman Codagahga's victory over the King of Mandara; the victory of the Cedi King Ratnadeva n of Ratnapura over Anantavarman Codagahga and the precise location of Trikalinga. Finally the erection of the Jagannatha temple at Puri by Anantavarman Codaganga has also been discussed in this chapter, In the fifth chapter the lengths of the regnal periods of Kamarnava V II, Raghava, Rajaraja H, Anahgabhima n and Rajaraja IH together with the main events of their reign are discussed. The sixth chapter covers the main events of the reign of Anahgabhima HE and the controversial views of T. V. Mahalingam regarding a possible invasion and occupation of the Cola kingdom by the Eastern Ganga army. The seventh chapter examines various subdivisions of the Eastern Ganga Kingdom and the order of precedence amongst its officials. It also deals with various types of land grants made by the King, his relatives and officials. In the final chapter the legendary origins of two of the gods worshipped by the Eastern Gangas, i. e ,, Madhukesvara of Mukhalingam and Jagannatha of Puri are examined, in addition to the religious practices of the Eastern Ganga Kings and their subjects. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have included a map of Orissa in this thesis, which has been taken from H.C. Ray's book, The Dynastic History of Northern India. hi the preparation of this work I received adequate reading facilities and feel satisfaction in giving thanks to the librarians, superintendents and other members of the libraries of the School of Oriental and African Studies, the London University, the British Museum and the India Office, without whose assistance the work would not have been possible. I specially owe much to M r. N. M. Lowick, assistant Keeper of Coins and Medals in the Coins and Medals Department of the British Museum who greatly helped me in checking the coins of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. My hearty thanks to Dr. Boulton of the India department of the School of Oriental and African Studies, who gave me help and advice regarding several chapters. I am also thankful to Dr. M arr of the India department of the School of Oriental and African Studies and M r. D. Damodar, principal, government junior college, Siripuram, Andhra Pradesh, India, currently in London under the Commonwealth educational studies fellowship for the help they gave me in checking the Telugu inscriptions of this dynasty. I also express my gratitude to Professor A. L. Basham of the Australian National University Canberra whose valuable suggestions greatly helped me in early stages of my work. Above all I express my sincere gratitude and best regards to Dr. J. G. De Casparis, whose fatherly care, ungrudging help, true sympathy, unfailing encouragement and able guidance greatly helped me in completing this w ork. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A b stract 2 Acknowledgements 4 List of abbreviations 7 Chapter I Introduction 8 Chapter IX Origin and general features 2 8 Chapter III Vajrahasta m and Rajaraja I 5 9 Chapter IV Anantavarman Codagahga yg Chapter V KamarnavaVH to Rajaraja HE 9 8 Chapter V I Anahgabhima HE 2 .1 6 Chapter V II Public administration in the Eastern Ganga 137 kingdom between circa 1038-1238 A. D. Chapter VIH Religion in the Eastern Ganga kingdom 1 6 6 between circa 1038-1238 A .D . Bibliography 192 Map 5 Q ^ In d e x 5 o & ABBREVIATIONS A. R .S.I. E, Annual Report on South Indian Epigraphy. As. Researches Asiatic Researches. C.I.I, Corpus Inscriptionum hidicarum. D.H.N.I. Dynastic History of Northern India. Ep. C am . Epigraphic Carnatica. Ep. hid. Epigraphic Indica. Ind. A nt. Indian Antiquary. Ind. Cul, Indian Culture. I.H.Q. Indian Historical Quarterly. J.A.H.R.S. Journal of Andhra Historical Research Society. J.A.S.B. Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal. J. B. O.R.S. Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society, J.B.B.R.A.S. Journal of Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, J.M.S. Journal of Mythic Society. J.N.S.I. Journal of Numismatic Society of India. S. 1.1. South Indian Inscriptions. T.A.S. Travancore Archaeological Series. T.N. Tabaquat-i-Nasiri. 3 C H A PTER I INTRODUCTION AND SOURCES The subject of this thesis is the history of the Eastern Gangas of Kalinga between circa 1038 and 1238 A. D. The history of this dynasty is of great interest because of several reasons. It was one of the longest reigning dynasties of India. The Eastern Ganga kings reigned from the close of the fifth century A. D. to the middle of the fourteenth century A. D. During the period under study they came in conflict with many dynasties, viz, the Colas, the Eastern Calukyas, the Cedis of Ratnapur, the Senas, the Velanadu Chiefs of Vengi, the Kakatiyas as well as the Muslim rulers of Bengal. They had matrimonial links with the Vaidumbas, the Colas and the Haihayas. The Eastern Ganga king Vajrahasta m was the ruler of an area which extended from the river Nagavali to the Mount Mahendra. He had, however, also annexed Trikalinga to his kingdom. Trikalinga has been identified as the area from the upper course of Mahanadi to near the source of Langulia river, i. e, modern Sambalpur district, Kalahandi and Gumsoor Maliah. Dravidian influence was very strong on this dynasty, while the two above mentioned kings were ruling Rajaraja I married Rajasundari, a Cola princess. We learn from an inscription of Anantavarman Codaganga that there was a temple of Rajarajesvara. This seems to be an imitation of the Cola custom to build temples named after a deceased king, implying perhaps some form of apotheosis, (op. cit. Chapter VHI). This dynasty is also responsible for the construction of two of the most famous temples of Eastern India, i. e. Jagannatha temple of Puri and the temple of the Sun God at Konarak. A fusion between the Indo-Aryan culture of the North and the Dravidian culture of the South occurred in the Eastern Ganga empire. This w ill be discussed when we examine the legendary origin of two gods worshipped by the people of the Eastern Ganga kingdom, viz. Madhukesvara of Mukhalingam and Jagannatha of Puri. Another interesting point to note is that Anahgabhima m handed his entire empire to Lord Jagannatha and declared himself to be a ruler of the rauta class or a servant of the God. The first attempt to write the history of the Eastern Ganga dynasty was made by Hatha Somayaji at the beginning of the eighteenth century. He was the court poet of Sri Purushottama Deva of Gudari Kataka line. According to his book, HGanga Vamsanucharitam 1 T, six Devas reigned, followed by six Naras imhas, who were finally followed by six Bhanus. This book is unacceptable as a true record of historical events because the facts mentioned in this book do not agree with the epigraphic evidence, but are based on the Madala Panji. 1 Stirling also attempted to write the history of this dynasty after 1 Asiatic Researches, XV (1825), pp. 163-338. Anantavarman Codaganga’s Conquest of Orissa. In Ms work he has suggested that as statues of various gods and godesses are found in the precincts of the Jagannatha temple, it indicates that the Hindus by worshipping Jagannatha pay homage to all Hindu gods and godesses. He has also thrown light on various religious festivals that are celebrated in that temple. His work also throws light on the arcMtecture of Jagannatha temple at Puri. 1 W. W. Hunter has also attempted to do the same in Ms book. His work is based on the Madala Panji and on Stirling's articles on Orissa.
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