USAID SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEMS ADVANCED (USAID SEA) PROJECT

TECHNICAL REPORT: FISHERY SCOPING TRIP , August 31 to September 7, 2016

Prepared by: Irna Sari, Sustainable Fishery Advisor.

DISCLAIMER This activity report is made possible by the generous support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) with the close collaboration of the Government of Indonesia (GOI). The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of Tetra Tech and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID Technical Report: Fisheries Scoping Trip, Maluku. August 31-September 7, 2016 Page | 1 or the United States Government.

Table of Contents 2. METHODOLOGY AND ACTIVITIES ...... 4

3. SOCIO-ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF MALUKU CAPTURE FISHERIES ...... 5

4. DISTRICT FISHERY PROFILE ...... 6

4.1 Fishing Village Profile ...... 9

4.2 Supply Chains and Cold Chain Infrastructure ...... 15

5. FISHERY MANAGEMENT CAPACITY ...... 15

5.1 Fishery Programs ...... 15

5.2 Conservation Programs ...... 16

5.3 Fishery Extension Service ...... 17

5.4 Vessel Registration /Licencing System ...... 17

5.5 Data Collection, Logbook and Monitoring System ...... 19

5.6 Traditional Values in Resource Management ...... 20

5.7 Fisher Cards (Kartu Nelayan) ...... 21

5.8 Woman Roles in Fishery ...... 22

6. Capacity Building Needs and Intervention Opportunities ...... 23

References ...... 26

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ACRONYMS AND ABRREVIATIONS

Bakorluh Badan Koordinasi Penyuluhan Pertanian Perikanan dan Kehutanan Coordinating Agency for Extension of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry BKSDA Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Conservation of Natural Resources BKP Badan Ketahanan Pangan Food Security Agency CTC Coral Triangle Center DKP Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Local Fisheries Services FAD Fish Aggregating Device FGD Focus Group Discussion KKP Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) MPA Marine Protected Areas MSP Marine Spatial Planning NGO Non Government Organization POKMASWAS Kelompok Masyarakat Pengawas Community Based Surveillance PTSP Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu One Door Integrated Services SEA Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced SIMKADA Sistem Informasi Kapal Izin Daerah Information System for Fishing Boats Licensed/Registered by Provincial/District Government UPTD Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah Local Technical Implementation Unit

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1. INTRODUCTION

USAID has supported a five-year project of Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced (USAID SEA). The primary objectives of USAID SEA Project are to: • Support enhanced conservation and sustainable use of marine resources by reforming fisheries management and promoting marine protected areas to enhance fisheries productivity, food security, and sustainable livelihoods within the target areas; and • Support strengthening of the leadership role and capacity of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) and local governments to promote conservation and sustainable fishing.

In order to develop an integrated and appropriate intervention plans at all levels; national, provincial, and community levels, consultation and insight on the current status of fishery and coastal managements are critical. Several consultations at national and provincial levels had been conducted.

An FGD conducted in May 2016 suggested three (3) districts as potential USAID SEA Project areas: West Seram, Central Maluku and East Seram Districts, and Ambon. Work plans had also developed based on the consultation conducted. This report presents a fieldwork of a scoping assessment at community level to fill the gaps of understanding and insights captured in national and provincial level consultations. The objectives of this fieldwork include: 1. To coordinate and consult workplan developed and potential project sites of USAID SEA Project 2. To assess and identify the current status and capabilities of the stakeholders in fishery and marine resources management. 3. To identify villages potential for USAID SEA Project intervention and how the interventions of different activities can be integrated to ensure an effective implementation and maximum outcome. 4. To identify possible partners (stakeholders) that can actively engage in fishery and coastal resources managements.

2. METHODOLOGY AND ACTIVITIES

USAID SEA Project team had conducted a fieldtrip to Maluku Province from August 28 to September 7, 2016. The USAID SEA team was accompanied by a staff from Ambon fishing port. Initially staff of WWF and CTC planned to participate in the trip, but cancelled. The trip included visits to the three targeted districts of USAID SEA Project potential areas: West Seram, Central Maluku and East Seram Districts.

This scoping trip deployed qualitative approach using consultative and in-depth interviews covering different levels of stakeholders. This includes government officers from related agencies including district level fishery agencies, extension service, fishing ports, and sub- district offices. In addition, the SEA Core team interviewed head of communities; fish traders and processors, and fishing families at the village level. Around 12 fishing villages were visited during the fieldwork.

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3. SOCIO-ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF MALUKU CAPTURE FISHERIES

Fishery statistics reported 15 primary commodities (Table 1) and skipjack is the biggest volume of species caught with a 10.55% of the total harvest. The report also suggested that small-pelagic fisheries is also an important fishery covering various species. For demersal fishery, red-snapper was included within the 15 primary commodities landed in Maluku Province.

Table 1: Total production of capture fishery and the 15 primary commodities 2015 for Maluku Province

No. Commodities Volume Share in (Ton) Volume (%)

Total production of capture fishery 504 532.1 100 1 Cakalang (skipjack) 53218.5 10.548 2 Tongkol 42674.2 8.458 3 Layang 30600.7 6.065 4 Banyar 21186.8 4.199 5 Kuwe 12477.6 2.473 6 Selar 12213.4 2.421 7 Julung-julung 11640.4 2.307 8 Tembang 11161.8 2.212 9 Teri 9794.6 1.941 10 Kakap merah /Bambangan 9351.4 1.853 11 Cucut lanyam 8164.3 1.618 12 Madidihang 7908.2 1.567 13 Lencam 7447.2 1.476 15 Tuna mata besar 6146.9 1.218 Source: DKP Maluku 2016

Employment

Fishery sector has a significant role in social and economics for Maluku Province. The 2016 Statistics of Maluku Province reported that fisheries sector together with agricultural and forestry sector contributes 23.79% of the total Maluku Province Gross Domestic Regional Product, the biggest contributor compared to other sectors. This socio-economics role is also reflected by large number of people involved in fishing activities (Table 3.1.1). Using the number of fishers and the latest population census conduced for Maluku Province, this study calculated that 16% of the population engage in fishing activities; both as full-time and part- time fishers. This figure reflects the important role of fishery for local livelihoods. If the benefits include spill-over activities along the capture fishery supply chains (collecting- processing-trading), the number of people benefits from the capture fishery sector may be significantly higher than the reported data. Also, the sector provides income opportunities for women.

West Seram, East Seram, and part of Central Seram Districts fall under 715 FMA in the Maluku Province. In total, these districts are home of 95,551 fishers involved as full-timers and part-timers (Table 3.1.1). Vast majority of them are fishers with < 10GT fishing vessels (Table 3.1.2)

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Table 2: Number of fishers in Maluku Province 2015

Districts/ Kota Total Full-time Part-time1 Part-time2 (fishers) Total 264,072 137,8686 38,907 87,297 Maluku Tenggara Barat 16,861 9,475 2,277 5,109 Maluku Tenggara 14,657 9,171 1,691 3,795 Central Maluku 71,024 37,830 10,233 22,961 Buru 1,917 1,156 235 526 Aru Island 74,904 34,376 12,494 28,034 West Seram 10,748 6,243.6 1,389 3,116 East Seram 13,779 9,355 1,364 3,060 Ambon 7,423 5,126 708 1,589 Tual 10,700 6,487 1,299 2,914 Maluku Barat Daya 39,680 17,107 6,959 15,614 South Buru 2,378 1,541 258 579 Source: DKP Maluku 2016

Table 3: Number of fishery households, fishing boats and capture fisheries production in Maluku Province 2015

Districts/Kota Total Do not Without Out-built In-built motor engine (GT) own boats engine engine < 5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-50 Total 52,382 5,161 5,161 11,748 3,568 1,197 520 312 118 Maluku Tenggara Barat 4,472 522 522 208 160 - - 3 - Maluku Tenggara 5 455 245 245 1,045 80 44 5 4 - Central Maluku 15 345 1,377 1,377 5,185 994 95 34 29 15 Buru 641 65 65 136 6 3 2 1 - Aru Island 6,923 33 33 2,344 1,999 982 422 262 103 West Seram 3,193 194 194 989 60 32 9 3 - East Seram 6,359 837 837 307 64 25 1 1 - Ambon 3,570 1,445 1445 563 - - 31 7 - Tual 3,633 147 147 611 51 14 11 - - Maluku Barat Daya 1,817 192 192 189 146 - 3 1 - South Buru 974 104 104 171 8 2 2 1 - Source: DKP Maluku 2016

4. DISTRICT FISHERY PROFILE

Small-scale fisheries dominate the proportion of the capture fisheries sector in West Seram, Central Maluku, and East Seram Districts. DKP officers mentioned that vast majority of fishers operate using <5GT fishing vessels catching demersal /coral and pelagic fish. Number of boats, and fishery households at sub-district level for each district are presented in Table 4. The data suggest significant fishery sub-districts that can be targeted for USAID SEA Project areas.

According to the head of the Capture Fisheries Unit of East Seram DKP, the capture fisheries are centralized in three sub-districts and one kota (town) including Wakate, East Seram, Gorong Island Sub-Districts, and Bula. The logistic connectivity between the sub- districts is insufficient to closely manage these fishing sub-districts. For West Seram, the

1 Fishing as a primary livelihood. 2 Fishing as a secondary livelihood

Technical Report: Fisheries Scoping Trip, Maluku. August 31-September 7, 2016 Page | 6 district has 10 coastal sub-district where only five (5) of them were suggested as significant fisheries sub-districts. For Central Maluku District, the important fishery areas are located in Seram Utara Barat and Seram Utara sub-districts; with a larger extent in Seram Utara sub- district.

Table 4: Number of marine capture fisheries households, fishing boats and capture fisheries production in West Seram District 2015

Subdistrict Humber of Number of Fishing Boats Production of fishery Non- Outboard Inboard marine capture households powered Motorboat Motorboat fishery Boat (ton)

1 383 130 97 - 2,030.6

2 Kairatu Barat 206 101 58 - 1,064.8

3 Amalatu 167 98 23 - 5,13.7

4 Inamasol - - - -

5 Elpaputih 93 32 8 - 374.2

6 West Seram 2,881 539 311 32 4,771.9

7 Huamual 2,695 448 228 8 6,295.3

8 Huamual Belakang 3,197 567 303 7 6,735.6

9 Kep. 370 280 119 - 1,464.9

10 306 75 46 - 1,136.4

11 Taniwel timur 169 75 22 - 428.9

Total 10,467 2,345 1,215 47 Source: DKP West Seram 2016

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Table 5: Number of marine capture fisheries households, fishing boats, and capture fisheries production in sub-districts of East Seram 2015

Subdistrict Humber of fishery Number of Production of households Fishing Boats marine capture (2015) fishery (ton)

1 Seram Timur 719 1,550 9,054

2 Pulau Gorom 1,304 802 2,103

3 Werinama 451 248 1,334

4 Bula 675 341 1,134

5 Tutuk Tolu 249 283 1,102

6 Wakate 590 607 3,270

7 Kilmury 342 460 909

8 Siwalalat 125 129 474

9 Bula Barat 202 180 656

10 Teor 206 239 1,123

11 Pulau Panjang 534 388 1,563

12 Gorom Timur 365 218 740

13 Kian Darat 125 177 N/A

14 Lian Vitu 108 154 N/A 15 Teluk Waru 206 134 N/A

16 Total 6201 5910 23,462 Source: DKP East Seram 2016

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Table 6: Number of marine capture fisheries households, fishing boats and capture fisheries production in sub-districts of Central Maluku District, 2015

Subdistrict Number of fishery Number Production of marine households of fishing capture fishery boats (ton) 16.127,5 1 Banda 1579 1,993 10.231,10 2 881 1,336

3 Telutih 802 1,075 6.117,46

4 Amahai 1142 1,376 13.682,30

5 Kota 318 385 10.835,45

6 Teluk Elpaputih 420 427 4.114,30

7 Teon Nila Serua 85 137 182,20

8 1649 1,689 13.784,26

9 Nusa laut 644 690 5.447,42

10 Pulau Haruku 1755 1622 7.516,90

11 Salahuta 912 1615 17.218,00

12 Leihitu 2.829 2490 12.148,70

13 Leihitu Barat 162 944 6.199,30

14 Seram Utara 860 1271 4.295,80

15 Seram Utara Barat 901 1291 3.238,50

16 Sut Kobi 252 327 399,90

17 Sut Seti 138 160 267,30 Total 15,330 18,828 131.806,39 Source: DKP Central Maluku 2016

4.1 Fishing Village Profile The fieldtrip visited around 12 fishing communities recommended by officers of district fisheries agencies and staff from Ambon fishing port. The visits identified village demographics through interviews, type of fisheries, data collection, supply chains, and local wisdom related to resources management. Based on the interviews, the general attributes of the fishing villages – including some significant fishing villages that were not visited – in West Seram, Central Seram, and East Seram are presented in Table 7. The respondents were not able to provide all questions asked; thus there are gaps of information related to the profile of the fishing villages.

Table 7 presents the fishery profile of the fishing communities visited. Hand–line and beach net are the dominant fishing gears used. Lift-net is used for anchovies. FADs are used for pelagic fish. Often, FADs are owned by fishers from outside, and the local fisher took an advantage of the FAD presence in the area by fishing around the FADs targeting yellow-fin tuna using handlines. In some fishing villages; Kawa; Parigi and Sesar; yellow-fin are sold as loins and purchased by processing companies to be sent to Ambon.

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Fishers can have 5-6 fishing trips in a week. Based on the interviews with fishers, pelagic fishers are usually specialized; some fishers target yellow-fin tuna for loins and others target baby yellow-fin tuna. It was said that the catches of yellow-fin for loins (>20kg) is in decline in the last 5-10 years; often fishers came back without any catches. Fishers targeting baby yellow fin tuna (<5kg) and other pelagic fish said that they have more certainty to catch baby yellowfin compared to the yellow-fin for loins as they have assurance that they have harvest for every trip.

Fishers’ income varies and are determined by the type of fishery/commodities. For demersal and small-pelagic fishers, the income in average was Rp 100,000-200,000/fishing trip. For tuna loin fishers, their income in average is Rp 1,000,000/fishing trip; in some cases, it can exceed Rp 3,000,000/fishing trip. However, the respondent said that the income fluctuates seasonally, and uncertainty to obtain good harvest is relatively higher compared to that of small-pelagic.

Majority of fishers mentioned that they have other livelihood activities. Although they are full-time fishers, they are also involved in agricultural activities. Main commodities include cloves, coconut, cacao, and cassava. Fishing activities are mainly conducted by migrants from Buton (Sulawesi). For local villagers, they predominately involve in the agricultural activities as the primary source of income.

Table 7: Summary of attributes of the fishing villages in West Seram; Central Seram; and East Seram Districts. Type of Gear Number of Number Fishing General description fishery households of grounds fishers West Seram District West Seram Sub-district Desa No Tuna; Nets and 600 HH; 60% 714 and Piru small-pelagic bagans fishers 715 (Dusun Puri, Momar (liftnets) Telaga) (ikan Lema), woku, wake Dusun Demersal; and Nets, 254 95% Around Aims for tourism and Osi (Eti) seasonal small Handline, fishers the island seaweed farming; but pelagic Spear-gun very under developed. including (diving) Located around sardine and with and Valentine (Buano). anchovies. without Mangrove is still well- Used to have hookah. managed that can be big shark integrated to tourism fishery. activities. Currently, there is no Sasi practiced in OSI; it had been removed since 1990s. However, the respondents said they consider to bring Sasi back because fishers from outsiders – neighbour villages/communities- have increased their fishing activities around OSI island

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Desa Tunas (yellow- Handline Not Estimated Over Center for tuna. Negeri fin and Captured in around hundreds There are five buyers Kawa skipjack); and the 300hh km to collecting tuna fillets small-pelagic fieldwork reach sold to the tuna loin Obi companies. Island Is located around Buano island. They provided financial capital to fishers including boat. Petrol and ice are supplied by traders. Huamual Belakang Sub-district Desa Demersal and Post purchasing point by Sole pelagic cold storage companies. Buano Demersal and Post purchasing point by Village pelagic cold storage companies. Pulau Demersal and tuna; Kasuari Outer island of West . Is around Valentine Strait. Teluk The government has Kotania targeted this area for Minapolitan – aquaculture sector – with focus on seaweed and grouper farming. This area was not visited. Capture fishers was not significant. Desa Small pelagic Not visited. Pelita Kec. Small pelagic Not visited Hamual. Kec. Small pelagic 714 and Not visited Humaul and demersal 715 Belakang Tanibel Coastal fishing is not sub- significant; communities district focus on cloves and coconuts. Not visited. Central Maluku District Dusun Tuna and small Handline. Estimated by 90% of Up to Harvest was mentioned Parigi, pelagic Engine: 5.5 Head of the Misool; at average 100kg/day. Wahai  Komo; to 15Hp. dusun villagers within Located in Seram Utara village skipjack Vessels are around are FADs or sub-district.  Baby tuna, below 300hhs fishers. outside There are four tuna loin  Yellowfin 1GT. It was FADs exporters opened loin, said that following buying points in Parigi  Marlin. one dolphin village. They buy loins  Deho fisher can schools. and other big pelagic have fish. MDPI has started more working here. than one Villagers also produce fishing salted fish if fresh fish unit. price (except big yellowfin) is considered to be low.

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There are four buyers of tuna loins run by companies based in Ambon. The minimum catch of baby yellowfin tuna is at least 20kg per fishing trip; at size around 1kg /individual fish. Baby tuna is the dominant catch from Parigi. Baby tuna is sold for domestic markets. Fishers have GPS. It was also said that they harvest lots of baby skipjack. There is no “Sasi” in the village. The minimum fishers’ income is Rp. 100,000 per trip, and tuna loin fisher can reach beyond Rp. 1,000,000 per fishing trip during high season. Maloku Demersal and Long boats 500hh 50 fishers Northern The head of village Village pelagic. and coastal of requested support for Snapper; tunas ketingting- Seram fishers using the village and skipjack; with engine Island. funds (Dana Desa) mainly baby 5. 5 to 15 (715) under the government’s tunas. HP. program. Markets: Bula and Masohi. Loin tuna is sold to the loin buyers in Parigi. There is no formal census/identification of fishers. Pohon The village’s location is Lemon close to Parigi and village Malako villages. The fishery structure was comparable; and even less significant compared with Malako village. The number of fishers is smaller are scattered. Thus, this village is not a significant fishing village. Not visited Dusun Small-pelagic, Gears: 150-200 f 715; up There is a big port Wahai, demersal.  Nets to Misool located in Wahai; and an Wahai Mubara, mesh (3 hours airport. village Momar, komo. size : 2.5 Some fishing companies Kalisi, red- inches from Bitung, Jakarta and snapper;  handline. Surabaya (owned carrier Catch and fishing vessels using fluctuates Vessel: purse-seiner) have longboat; developed partnership

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based on Engine: 9- with communities season. 15HP (owned FADs); they come and harvest fish during small-pelagic season for six months (skipjack and komo; laying and Deho; occurs during the East season. The companies harvest and buy fish in the FADs owned by the communities. In addition, the yield is also marketed to Ambon and domestic markets though local collectors using mini truck at cost Rp 1,700,000 per trip. The minimum volume for one shipment is 600kg. The collector trader interviewed said the they do not have exclusive relation with the fishers. He purchased fish only during high season. Ice is mainly supplied from Ambon, and home production. Fishers do not use GPS Some local villagers (who are seasonally fishers) still use “cyanide fishing” collaborate with outsiders (was highlighted as Chinese ethnicity)”; the practice is done seasonally. One night fishing; started at 3 am and landed at 11am. The trader interviewed said that the average catch per fishing trip was around 10-15Kg; the yield has declined in the last five years. The average income per fishing trip was said to be Rp 50,000 to 100,000; and often below Rp 50,000 due to the declining catches Opin This village was said to be a fishing village but we did not visit the village.

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East Seram Kasuwi, Tuna and small Not Visited kec. pelagic Wakate (Island) Geser; Demersal and Not visited. Seram small pelagic This was said to be an Timur important fishing (Island). community in East Seram, but we did not visit the village. It was also said that The fishery is well developed compared to other adjacent islands (sub- districts). However, transport to the main island is a big constraint that depends on water transport and public service is very limited. Access to the island is also constrained by seasons. During the season with high waves; accessing the island is very risky. Gorong Tuna and small Not visited. pelagic Pantai Small-pelagic Size of Fishers is quite Pos Demersal vessel scattered compared Village; <3GT; with Sesar Bula average 1,5 Engine 15 HP; up to 40HP Sesar Tunas and Handline Around Misol and There are 3 loin buyers. village small pelagic. and 100HH Raja During the tuna season, Yellow-fin is Net. Ampat many fishers from other the main districts come and stay target during temporarily. the season. Aki Small pelagic Aki Bubu is located in Bubu Seram island but still quite a distance from Bula. Not visited.

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4.2 Supply Chains and Cold Chain Infrastructure This scoping survey had looked into the capture fisheries supply chain and cold-chain infrastructure to identify opportunities/investments for supply chain improvement for efficiency, capacity building, fish quality improvement and value addition. Need to note that the findings are still quite general and superficial. Therefore, more in-depth assessment is required in designing a specific investment/ improvement activity.

The supply chains of small-scale fisheries in Seram Island can be categories into fresh-fish and processed fish. The fresh fish are sold to domestic and export markets. Some processing/exporting companies have established their buying points; through partnership or direct establishment; in several villages. Domestic markets are very critical; both for local consumptions by villagers and for supplying urban communities. Ambon is one of the main target markets. Some of fresh-fish is also marketed to Java including Jakarta through a lengthy supply chain.

The loin buyers from Ambon have developed locals’ capacity for post-harvest handling and on-board loaning for yellow-fin tuna. The interview results suggested that yellow-fin tuna fishers who fish for loins have a good understanding on fish handling and quality control of the product. This suggested that buyer can play an important role in fishers’ practice. However, a buyer interview for verifications on this role cannot be carried out.

Consumption of processed fish (mainly pelagic fish such as skipjack and small-pelagic) is very large. Interviews of the processed-fish supply chain suggested that this product is an important for inland-communities, for low-value small pelagic such as sardine. Fish processing effort mostly conducted by women. In Osi and Kawa villages for example, buyers fetch the product to be marketed to the inland villages.

Cold-supply chains of fresh fish was found to be insufficient. There is no ice plant in the visited villages; and ice supply depends on home-production where electricity is also limited. Fish collectors may buy ice from Ambon but often, fishers fish without ice. Although yellow- fin loin fishers said that they are constrained by ice availability. Observation during the fish landing suggested that limited ice supply can hinder fisher to meet the highest fish quality grade.

5. FISHERY MANAGEMENT CAPACITY

This section describes districts level capacity related to fisheries and coastal resource management covering fisheries and conservation programs, availability of capacity of extension service staff, catch data, vessel registration, and traditional value in marine resource management (Sasi). This information will reveal the current status and capacity gaps for to identify supports needed on capacity building.

5.1 Fishery Programs Generally, district level fishery program focuses on developing capture fisheries sector. The district DKPs have provided supports to fishers including providing boats, engine, and fishing gears. The support also cover the improvement of home-based fish processing through provision of production facilities. Interview with the Head of the Capture Fisheries unit of West Seram suggested that the government would like to increase fishing effort by local communities. According to this conversation the fish resources (predominately tunas) in Northern Seram benefits fishers from outside including fishers from North Sulawesi. He

Technical Report: Fisheries Scoping Trip, Maluku. August 31-September 7, 2016 P a g e |15 added that the local communities rely more on agriculture (forestry) products such as cloves; nutmeg; cacao than on fisheries. Local fisheries are also dominated by migrants from Button. Thus, the DKP program aim to increase local communities’ fishing efforts. Equipment and physical facilities supports have been promoted to local communities to attract their interest in capture fisheries and have been distributed though fisher groups.

For East Seram, DKP aims to develop a hub of capture fisheries in Bula (Seser) and Wakeke. This program provides cold storages to eliminate “jibu-jibu” (intermediate marketing actors) to shorten supply chain. In Wakate (the location is close to Papua); DKP will develop a business partnership with private sector called PT. Solamina Teluti that will purchase all type of commodities including demersal and small and big pelagics.

Despite the strong focus on fishery development, district level DKPs to some extent has been promoting sustainable fishing practice. The intervention, however, is mainly on mesh size limitation. The efforts for monitoring and control to manage the fishery stock is still lacking. There are Sasi at several communities, but the coverage is still limited within the affected communities. Destructive fishing was mentioned as an issue and DKPs have attempted to monitor this issue. The effort, however, has not been maximum because resources limitation related to number of workforce and operational facilities. DKPs have also established POKMASWAS (community surveillance system) with limited effort and results.

Interviews suggested that the fishery government programs have not yet address the threats faced by local fishers. For example, fishers in Kawa villages said that tuna fishers have to fish in more distance waters since FADs have been built by (purse-seine) fishers from Bitung within their fishing grounds closer to coastline. They added that Bitung fishers with vessel > 10GT have been become more intensive in their fishing practice. Previously, the FADs were very “traditional.” No light used, not guarded, and only use robes and anchors, and floats. In the last few years, they have deployed lights together with the FADs, guarded, and have increase harvesting frequency, from once a month to every three night. They have tried to inform to the local government. However, no action has been taken.

Furthermore, the policies related to sustainable fishery has not yet reached the small-scale fishers. For example, blast-fishing is still practiced, and the monitoring effort is still limited because of the insufficient budget allowed by the government (national and provincial and district levels) for monitoring and enforcement. For East Seram DKP, the government only allocated Rp 50,000,000, per year. This budget not sufficient to cover logistical cost for such districts with many islands.

5.2 Conservation Programs This rapid assessment was only able to capture general information on conservations programs at district level. Further study is needed if insight needed to support the implementation of USAID SEA Project. Central Maluku district five (5) conservation areas managed by different levels of government agencies.  Banda, is managed by National government (KKP) with a size of 2500ha.  In 2009; Provincial DKP has initiated 3000ha in Seram Utara sub-district (Teluk Sawai; Ora) to become a conservation areas.  2015; CTC and DKP have initiated another 48,000Ha in Aira Island (Banda) to become a conservation areas.

Technical Report: Fisheries Scoping Trip, Maluku. August 31-September 7, 2016 P a g e |16  2015; province has also considered Lease Island, including Haraku, Saparoa and Ambom to become conservation areas.  Pombo Island (1000ha) is still managed by BKSDA (Ministry of Forestry and Environment).

For East Seram, WWF has initiated the development of conservation areas around Koon- Neiden Island. Extension service interviewed has expressed a concern on mangrove ecosystem. It was said that mangroves are being used for livestock feeds and fuel, in particular in those island districts. Thus, there is need to evaluate the extent of this use, and to identify an opportunities of alternative livestock feeds and household fuel that can be conducted in partnership with related government agencies and or NGOs.

5.3 Fishery Extension Service This scoping survey also evaluated the availability of extension service officers at community level to identify gaps and opportunity for involving them into the USAID SEA Project activities as part of the capacity building and exist strategies. This strategy can be one of the pathways to ensure sustainability of intervention beyond USAID SEA project.

Each district has extension service officers to support the community on technical aspect related to fisheries. However, there are issues associated with the extension service officers that hinder the assistance/capacity building support process for local communities. These issues include limited number of the officers, the technical expertise of the officers is very general (not specialized), and they are managed by different agencies. Because of the limited resources and the distance, DKP has a very limited capacity to monitor fishing practice.

For East Seram District, there are seven (7) extension officers serving fisheries and agricultural sectors under the management Badan Ketahanan Pangan (Food Security Agency), administered under Ministry of Agriculture. Additionally, there are contracted 7 extension service officers under East Seram’s DKP who are administered under MMAF including 3 for aquaculture and 4 for capture fisheries. The four capture fisheries extension service officers serve the area of Sesar (1 person); Banggoi (1 person focuses on Julung-julung smoked fish business), Aki bobo (1 person), and Bula (1 person). For island subdistricts (Wakake, Seram Timu, and Kepulauan Gorong), the extension service officers are managed under Badan Ketahananan Pangan. The extension service tasks are not specialized of a certain commodity and the technical supports are limited for fish processing (salted and smoked fish). One staff covers more than one sub-district; thus the technical assistance is not optimal.

West Seram DKP has the extension service. Under the new policy, the extension service is to be managed under Badan Koordinasi Penyuluh (Bakorluh), a coordinating agency for extension service officers. There are 17 extension service officers in West Seram. Three officers focused on capture fisheries but the operational cost for the technical assistance is lacking. Central Maluku has only one extension service based on Kobi, and the number of staff at sub-district levels is very limited. Extension service officers will be managed by Bakorluh. The operation cost for travelling is also very limited and is not sufficient to cover such an extensive area.

5.4 Vessel Registration /Licencing System There are two government agencies involved in the process of vessel registration at the provincial level. Under the decentralized authority, the certificate of fishing license is issued by the PTSP- a unit that manages all business licenses at the provincial level. The license fee

Technical Report: Fisheries Scoping Trip, Maluku. August 31-September 7, 2016 P a g e |17 contributes to the provincial incomes. The provincial fisheries agency is only responsible to provide a recommendation of a fishing license on the technical matters of fishing practices such as type fishing gear and recommendation on fishing grounds. In sum, although the PTSP manages the administration and the issuance of the fishing license, the Fishery Agency (DKP) has a significant role in controlling the fishing practice. However, the coordination system between these two agencies is ineffective; lacking an integrated system that can automatically verify the practice of fishing vessels for monitoring. During the visit to PTSP, there was no fishery staff present in the office.

Despite its large number, the agency does not monitor the <5GT fishing vessels. Regular vessel registration is found to be lacking and insufficient in West Seram, Central Maluku, and East Seram Districts. Table 8 presents the summary of capacities related with vessel registration for provincial and district levels. For Central Maluku District, the vessel registration certificate is only issued after a request for “catch certificate” submitted by fish traders. This certificate is requested for the purpose of export to developed countries. However, as mentioned, the catch verification is only done based on volume. Thus, there is no “standardized vessel registration” for the <5GT fishing vessel. For West Seram District, the vessel registration process is not managed by the Capture Fisheries unit of DKP, instead, it is the responsibility of the Aquaculture Unit of DKP. The coordination between the Capture Fishery and Aquaculture units seems to be lacking. The officer of Capture Fishery cannot recommend the number of fishers and procedure for vessel registration, and he admitted that the coordination between units is absent.

Also, there is no integration of vessel registration systems between agencies at the provincial level (PTSP and DKP), and between district and provincial levels (district level DKP and province level DKP). Given the status of vessel registration explained above, there is a strong need for agency integration to enable integrated information and data to enable controlling and monitoring of fishing practices through licensing/registration system.

The national government has developed an electronic-basis vessel registration and licensing system for local level (SIMKADA). This system aims to solve issue related to duplications of permits and licences issuance and that it can be integrated into the national database of Indonesian fishing fleets. The provincial level PTSP had been trained by MMAF, however, to accelerate the adoption of the system, technical support from MMAF is still required. Interviews with the DKP officers found that they are aware of the system but no district has adopted the system as the internet connection required to run the system as well as resource to identify and verify fishers registered are limited.

Table 8: Summary of vessel registration. Provincial West Seram Central Maluku East Seram  DKP only provides  The number of fishers  Vessel  Fishers with vessel recommendation was estimated based on registration is <5GT have not yet  Final approval proposals submitted by only issued after fully registered. issued by PTSP. fisher groups that reach a request for  The registration of  Manual registration around 3000 fishers. “catch fishers is managed system and not This number was said certificate” by Capture Fishery integrated with to include “non- submitted by fish Unit, logbook data. fishers,” and the traders.  They have just number seems to be  There is no started the higher than the actual “standardized identification number of fishers. vessel

Technical Report: Fisheries Scoping Trip, Maluku. August 31-September 7, 2016 P a g e |18 The physical support registration’ for /verification of has attracted ‘non- <5GT fishing fishers in relation fishers’ to submit vessels. with the MMAF proposal.  Fisher Kartu Nelayan  Fisher/vessel and identification has scheme. fisheries registration started but is still  To date, 500 are managed by constrained by fishers have been Aquaculture Unit that limited availability identified for also issues catch and capacity of Seram Timur certificate. human and District, which  SIMKADA is not yet financial include fishers applied. resources. with boat and  Internet access is very  SIMKADA is not without (crews). limited yet applied.  SIMKADA is not  Internet access is yet applied. the best  Internet is better compared with than SBB. the other two districts Source: Interview

5.5 Data Collection, Logbook and Monitoring System Based on the interviews conducted, there two types of catch data collection activities in Maluku Province as presented in Tables 9 and 10. These are (1) logbook that is managed by Ambon Fishing Port and (2) fishery statistic data collection that is administered by Provincial and District level fishery agencies. The logbook data system covers catch data of fishing vessels landed at fishing ports and it is a compulsory for all fishing vessels that require fishing permits. According the Fishing Port Master, the logbook data are stored in an electronic database system. The fisheries statistics data includes catch data (production) in the district and village/community levels for input to the annual provincial fishery statistic.

Table 9: Finding highlights at province level Fishery statistic data (Catch data) Logbook;  Depends on district level DKP  Is administrated by Fishing Ports,  District level DKP submit fisheries data every  Still limited to the fish landed at fishing ports. three months  Data are not used for monitoring of fishing  Provincial level DKP compiled data from all practices. districts into an excel format database.  Compliance is compulsory, but data are not  No catch monitoring system in place. reliable, in particular for data on volume and  Methodology of data collection only focus on fishing grounds. Fishers (fishing companies) the production, market price, trip, consumed are hesitant to disclose such information. fish (the format is developed by MMAF). Source: Interviews

Table 10: Fishery data collection system in West Seram, Central Maluku and East Seram Districts West Seram Central Maluku East Seram Data are collected at sample Data are collected at sample Data are collected at sample village, where extension village, so data are not village. service or DKP officers collected based on actual collect the data from fishers. landings. Data are collected by UPTDs of DKP located in sub-districts of Seram Timur (2 staff); Gorong (2

Technical Report: Fisheries Scoping Trip, Maluku. August 31-September 7, 2016 P a g e |19 Data are received every three DKP officer admitted that staff); Bula (3 staff); and Wainama months from extension DKP still lacks of reliable (2 staff). service officers and submitted data. to the statistic unit of Not like for aquaculture data UPTDs tasks also include provincial DKP. that are managed using an e- collecting retribution portal; capture fishery data Data is submitted every three are managed manually. UPTDs lack of working facilities months by extension service such as computers. staff. Source: interviews

The findings showed that the fishery data statistic data are captured based on village sampling, not on actual landings (Table 10). The village sample is one village for each sub-district. The village was selected based on the level of fishery significance in the fishing villages. Based on the visit however, one sub-district may have several fishing villages. Thus, there is a possibility that data collected from the village sample may not represent the total harvest of fish caught. According to the fishery officer, the number of staff and extension service at sub-district level is limited, hence the relatively small number of village sample for fishery data statistics. In addition, often the sub-district level officers do not have resources and stay too far from the sample village. To collect the statistical data, they have appointed head of communities to support in fishery data collection and submit the statistical data to the extension service officers.

Interviews showed that the data collected (logbook and fishery statistics data) are mainly used as input to the District (Kabupaten) and provincial fishery data production. For provincial level, the data has not been used for fishery management purpose. Data for logbook, on the other hand, are submitted by fishing vessels, so there is an opportunity to utilize the data to monitor the catch effort of the fishing vessels. Fishery static data at village/community levels can also be utilized to monitor fishing effort at that level. Thus, there is opportunity to strengthen the data collection systems for fisheries management.

Ambon’s Fishing Port Master suggested that compliance of logbook is improving. However, the data submitted by the fishing vessels at times are not reliable. Fishing companies/fishers are secretive about the location of fishing grounds due to the resources competition among them. Also, it was said that fishing companies tend to under-report the volume of catch, as there is a tax implication related to the catch volume. Given the important role of the fish logbook for the fishery management, it is important to find an incentive for the fishing companies/fishers to improve the reliability of the data reported.

Ambon Fishing Port in partnership with district level DKPs, has been promoting the log-book adoption at the district levels for medium- and small-scale fishing vessels, even though the adoption of the system remains low. The low adoption level is related to the logbook format, which is considered complex and difficult to fill out for medium- and small – scale fishers. To support this, there is a need of logbook format improvement, including a friendlier format for fishers with limited capacities.

5.6 Traditional Values in Resource Management Sasi are found to be strong in few village visited (Table 11). Sasi controls the harvest of some commodities, primarily coconut and cacao. In some communities, the Sasi governs fish harvest. King (Raja/head of traditional community group) decides what commodities need to be controlled and determines the harvesting time, including open and closed seasons.

A percentage of revenue, which varies between villages is shared to the “king.” For the Christian dominated areas, the share is given to Churches. For the Muslim dominated communities, the shares

Technical Report: Fisheries Scoping Trip, Maluku. August 31-September 7, 2016 P a g e |20 are provided to the King. The revenue provided to the Church/king is used for the collective community needs, such as social community gathering.

Table 11: Summary of Sasi in West Seram, Central Maluku and East Seram West Seram Central Maluku East Seram Sasi is practiced in Kawa In Central Maluku, Sasi is Sasi is present in East Seram Negeri of West Seram. For the prominent for land for shrimp and a small- fisheries, the Sasi controls commodities. For marine pelagic, but there is no fishing grounds and type of resource, Sasi is present in information on detail on gears allowed. The Sasi Haruku (Lease) known as “Sasi location and species. restricts fishers to fish using Lompa” for sardine fishery and The practices have started nets within 100m along the in Saparo for sea cucumber. to decline and needs to be coastline within the village Sasi is managed by “Negeri”, and strengthened. areas. The Sasi has succeeded DKP only facilitates the initiation to improve the fishing practice of a Sasi requested by Kepala as fishers stopped using nets Negeri (Head of Negeri). within the Sasi area. DKP has also promoted “Sasi” In Osi island, according to the into their monitoring strategy villagers, Sasi was operated in (POKMASWAS), involving the village but was stopped in “Kewang,” but the 1990s. The fishers stated that implementation is still limited. the Sasi to control access to Although Sasi has could control the village’s fishing ground fishing practice for its members, because many fishers from it does not have controls over other villages fish around Osi members of other communities. island. However, this depends on the head of Eti village and requires agreement from other communities (dusun). Source: Interviews

5.7 Fisher Cards (Kartu Nelayan) The Indonesian government has established a fishers’ identity card called ‘Kartu Nelayan’ mainly targeting small-scale fishers. The Kartu Nelayan is associated with the government’s program for improving fishers’ welfare. The card serves as a proof of identification and criteria for eligibility to access government’s supports including fuel subsidy, application for physical supports (fishing facilities), and health insurance.

The implementation of program and utilization of the Kartu Nelayan varied by fishers in West Seram, Central Maluku and East Seram. In West Seram, the socialization and the incentive of subsidised fuel have not been optimal. The Kartu Nelayan system has not reached the unofficial fuel retailers (not SPDN of PT Pertamina) at the island and fishing villages. Fishers buy fuel from these unofficial retailers and the SPDN retailers are not present in those remote villages. The unofficial fuel retailers usually take advantage of the limited fuel supply and the daily price fluctuation. Central Maluku has similar progress in Kartu Nelayan implementation. The Central Maluku DKP has started the fisher identification and verification including type of vessel and gears, but they do not have sufficient funds to cover all fishers in Central Maluku villages.

Despite the socio-economic benefits of Kartu Nelayan, the fishers’ response to the program is still very low. The limited staff located at sub-district level, disallowing higher direct intervention with fishers was one of the reasons. Many fishers are not aware about the

Technical Report: Fisheries Scoping Trip, Maluku. August 31-September 7, 2016 P a g e |21 Kartu Nelayan program. Some of fishers said that they do not the benefits from it. The remote village location and the disintegration of the village with public services may be the reason. Thus, there is a need to conduct a more detail analysis on the function and ways to involve fishers, and the social-economic benefits associated with the scheme, for USAID SEA Project’s involvement in strengthening the Kartu Nelayan program as a tool for fisheries management.

5.8 Woman Roles in Fishery Women participation in fisheries was also rapidly evaluated during the Maluku visit. It was found that women play significant roles in fish marketing and processing. They act as fish collectors and traders, in domestic markets marketing chains. The visit reveals that fishers’ wives have important roles in the value adding and preserving fish catches. They produce smoked fish, especially lower economic value of commodities (Figure 1). The processing has extended the life-time of the fish products before the quality deteriorated and has enabled a wider distribution of fish to highland villages where supplies of marine fish are more limited.

In addition, women have an important role in selecting markets of the fish harvest. The study observed that fishers’ wives handled the catch and deal with the buyers (papalele/julu- julu – female fish collectors). They chose market options between domestic and export market. For small-pelagic, they decide whether the catch is sold as fresh-fish or smoked-fish based on the price at the day. They manage the incomes, operational cost, and household expenses. The participation of women provides an opportunity for USAID SEA project to strengthen and enhance the gender balance in fishery sector which will be further explored in the first year work plan of USAID SEA project.

Figure 1 (a; b; c; d): Activities of women in fisheries

Technical Report: Fisheries Scoping Trip, Maluku. August 31-September 7, 2016 P a g e |22 The rapid assessment of the women participation in fisheries needs to be explored further to identify a suitable intervention strategy to enhance the participation of women. The interventions should not limited to livelihood activities, but also a broader role in fishery and marine resources management. A tentative strategy has been identified as shown in Table 12; which will be refined and verified in the first year of USAID SEA project. The immediate agenda to accelerate gender integration is to identify the enabling and constraining factors including cultural and policies for better gender integration that will be followed by a strategic action plan.

Table 12: Tentative work plan of gender Integration YI Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Activities

Scoping and analysis on opportunity and contains of women participation in fishery management and livelihoods at village level. Strategy for gender intervention

Capacity building, awareness, networking development, and support to production assets Advocate any need for policy changes to enable wider women participation

6. Capacity Building Needs and Intervention Opportunities

The findings of the visit will be utilized in the development of implementation strategy of the identified work plan activities and in the refinement the USAID SEA Project potential village selection. Based on the findings discussed above, there are needs for comprehensive and integrated interventions to strengthen and establish fishery management capacities to support USAID SEA’s objectives all levels (Table 13 and 14). Capacity development for the government agencies needs to include awareness building on sustainable fisheries as oppose to the orientation only on fishery development (i.e. primary focus on intensifying fishing effort). In parallel, interventions need to strengthen and support integration of fishery management instruments including improving data management which include catch log- book and vessel registration and licensing, to enable an effective management. Support to identify alternative mechanism (including financial) to support monitoring and control such as for destructive fishing practice is also needed to address the resource limitation explained above.

Intervention needs to emphasize on building and strengthening the communities’ capacities to achieve the goal of established fishery management. This is to ensure community participation for better stewardship of fishery management measures. The opportunities for strengthening communities’ capacities include landing data collection through engagement of village level buyers (supply chain actors) and heads of communities. Traditional value such as Sasi can also be utilized and integrated into fishery access control measures. Support for better access to the benefits of Kartu Nelayan can also be integrated to provide socio- economic incentives to communities.

Technical Report: Fisheries Scoping Trip, Maluku. August 31-September 7, 2016 P a g e |23 Furthermore, intervention needs also to address issues related to value chain improvement better competitive advantages (i.e. better value and market options) of catches to enable maximum economic benefits. The significant roles of women explained above can be enhanced as strategic focal point in conveying better practices of fishery harvesting, and value adding.

Table 13 Intervention opportunities at community level Capacity building Opportunities of interventions Opportunity for incentive for need fishing families  There is a need for  Processing companies and loin  Incentive through Kartu strong awareness collectors for tuna. Nelayan (fisher card); but still and capacity building  Participation of women traders not optimal on data collection (fisher’s wives) commodities for  Fisher card is not well through its supply domestic markets; can be socialised to the unofficial fuel chain. integrated into financial cash flow retailers, at the island and management training at fishing villages. The retailers household level (gender). take advantage for the limited supplies, price fluctuates daily.  Need to look for other benefits as incentive; to be integrated into health insurance

USAID SEA Project has identified potential project areas for MPA including (1) Valentine; West Seram District; (2) Ora, Central Maluku District and Koon, East Seram District. Based on the visits conducted in fishing villages, there is an opportunity to integrate USAID SEA interventions for MPA and community level sustainable fishery. This includes data collection, livelihoods and supply chain improvement, and fishery co-management including piloting integration between community and government agencies. The summary of potential opportunities is presented in Table 14. The potential project areas are geographically scattered with limited public infrastructures and are very diverse in culture and practices. Without properly integrated and consolidated plans to ensure effective and efficient mechanisms, this attribute can pose a challenge in implementing and monitoring the project activities. Further detail assessment for site verification and refinement is needed.

Table 14: Opportunities for integrating interventions province; district and community levels West Seram Central Maluku East Seram  Grand design: Integrated  Grand design: Integrated MPA  Grand design: Integrated MPA MPA (Velentine) + Fishery (ORA) + fisheries in North (Koon) + fishery around the (OSI and Islands around Seram and Seram Utara Barat Islands (but connectivity is Buano)+ tourism in OSI and Districts; but the distance from hard). Spatial planning. DKP (MASOHI) and the fishing  District level: MSP for district  District level: to integrate villages is quite far; an issue for development planning; Extension Service; integration. SIMKADA for DKP.  Improve integration between  Data collection to support  Community level: Bula (tuna; DKP units on fisher stock assessment can be can be piloted for SIMAKDA; registration. included located in city; has DKP  Community level activity: extension service). catch data collection in  Data collection those villages for stock  Awareness assessment

Technical Report: Fisheries Scoping Trip, Maluku. August 31-September 7, 2016 P a g e |24  KAWA: no NGOS; loin  Livelihoods improvement processing company exist in /supply chain through PP for this village; good opportunity those isolated islands. to integrate incentive and management measures though the market power.  Livelihood activities.  Disadvantage: low reliability of internet connection

Technical Report: Fisheries Scoping Trip, Maluku. August 31-September 7, 2016 P a g e |25 References DKP Maluku 2016, Statistik Perikanan Tangkap Provinsi Maluku, unpublished [data were provided in a excel sheet format]. DKP Central Maluku 2016, Laporan Tahunan Statistik Perikanan Tahun 2015, Masohi. DKP West Seram 2016, Statistik Perikanan Tangkap Kabupaten West Seram, unpublished [data were provided in a excel sheet format]. DKP East Seram 2016, Statistik Perikanan Tangkap Kabupaten East Seram, unpublished [data were provided in a excel sheet format]. Statistics of Maluku Province 2016, Maluku Province in Figures 2016, Ambon.

Technical Report: Fisheries Scoping Trip, Maluku. August 31-September 7, 2016 P a g e |26