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Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures ( J WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES VOLUME 6 - MALUKU ,. PATTIMURA UNIVERSITY and THE SUMMER INSTITUTE OP LINGUISTICS in cooperation with THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES VOLUME 6 - MALUKU Nyn D. Laidig, Edi tor PAT'I'IMORA tJlflVERSITY and THE SUMMER IRSTlTUTK OP LIRGOISTICS in cooperation with 'l'BB DBPAR".l'MElI'1' 01' BDUCATIOII ARD CULTURE Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and cultures Volume 6 Maluku Wyn D. Laidig, Editor Printed 1989 Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia Copies of this publication may be obtained from Summer Institute of Linguistics Kotak Pos 51 Ambon, Maluku 97001 Indonesia Microfiche copies of this and other publications of the Summer Institute of Linguistics may be obtained from Academic Book Center Summer Institute of Linguistics 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road l Dallas, TX 75236 U.S.A. ii PRAKATA Dengan mengucap syukur kepada Tuhan yang Masa Esa, kami menyambut dengan gembira penerbitan buku Workpapers in Indonesian Languages , and Cultures. Penerbitan ini menunjukkan adanya suatu kerjasama yang baik antara Universitas Pattimura deng~n Summer Institute of Linguistics; Maluku . Buku ini merupakan wujud nyata peran serta para anggota SIL dalam membantu masyarakat umumnya dan masyarakat pedesaan khususnya Diharapkan dengan terbitnya buku ini akan dapat membantu masyarakat khususnya di pedesaan, dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan dan prestasi mereka sesuai dengan bidang mereka masing-masing. Dengan adanya penerbitan ini, kiranya dapat merangsang munculnya penulis-penulis yang lain yang dapat menyumbangkan pengetahuannya yang berguna bagi kita dan generasi-generasi yang akan datang. Kami ucapkan ' terima kasih kepada para anggota SIL yang telah berupaya sehingga bisa diterbitkannya buku ini Akhir kat a kami ucapkan selamat membaca kepada masyarakat yang mau memiliki buku ini. Harapan kami buku hasil kerjasama UNPATTI-SIL ini dapat bermanfaat bagi masyarakat di daerah seribu pulau yang tercinta ini, yaitu Maluku. iii r PREP ACE Workpapers 1n Indones1an Languages and Cul tures is a joint publication of the Indonesian Branch of the SUJDJaer Insti tute of Linguistics, Cenderawasih University in Irian Jaya, Hasanuddin University in Sulawesi, and Pattimura University in Maluku. It is hoped that through this series some of the linguistic and ethnographic results of o~r cooperative research will become more accessible to colleagues and scholars sharing an interest in these aspects of Indonesia. This issue, Volume 6 in the series, is the tirst to result from our work in Maluku with Pattimura University. The results of four lexicostatistic surveys in Central Maluku are presented, covering the geographical areas of Ambon, Lease, West Seram, and East ·Seram. Al though these studies only begin to examine of the complex linguistic picture on these islands, they do represent a significant contribution to our understanding of the contemporary linguistic situation in Central Maluku. \ ~ We are deeply indebted to our many friends and co­ workers at Pattimura University. Without the ••ooth working relationship that we enjoy together, the resul ts presented in this issue would not have been possible. Wyn D. La1dJ.g · AIlbon April 1989 v Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures Volume 6 Maluku Wy~ D. Laidig, Editor Table of Contents ~ A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Lease Islands Edward A. Ko tynski ........................... 1 A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Languages Indigenous to West Seram Yushin Taguchi .............................. 15 A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Languages Indigenous to Ambon Island Edgar W. Travis ............................ 64 The Languages Indigenous to Eastern Seram and Adjacent Islands Russel A. Loski and Gail M. Loski ......... 103 vii ~- , I A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Lease Islands Edward A. Kotynski ~ Pattimura University and The Summer Institute of Linguistics 1. Introduction 2. Description of Area 3. Explanation of Method 4.0 Languages of the Lease Islands 4.1 'Haruku 4.2 Saparua 4.3 Nusa Laut 5 . Summary 6. Bibliography 7. Appendix: Maps 1. Introduction This survey was taken to determine the number of indigenous languages spoken in the Lease Islands and to clarify the synchronic relationship between the languages of Lease and those of nearby islands. The results will be used for planning descriptive study and vernacular literacy programs under the agreement be~w.eeD the University of Pattimura and the Summer Institute of Linguistics. / The University of Pattimura (UNPATTI) and the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) have been working together by co-operative agreement since 1983. One of their current projects is a synchronic l~xicostatistic comparison of the languages spoken in the Province of Maluku, of which this report ' is a part. Although the main purpose of the survey of Lease wa-s synchron'ic lexicostatistic classification, both a word list and a sociolinguistic questionnaire were used in order to give a broader picture of language use. Collins (1983) discusses previous studies of the languages of central Maluku and gives arguments for the hist·orical classification of the Central Haluku languages. He frequently mentions the inadequacies of A using only lexicostatistics in historical linguistic research. Collins (1983:19) correctly points out: Lease Survey 1 One of the problems inherent in the use of only lexicostatist ics i s that i~ can become an enumeration of superficial s i milarit ies i n phonetics a nd meanings . It is true t hat when one does a diachronic study, lexicostastics alone is inadequate. The purpose in this survey, howe ~ ~r, is not to posit h i stori cal relationships but to demonstrate synchronic relationships. Sanders (197 7 :33) states: In the "inspection" method , cognates ar·e deter mined on t h e basis of phonetic simi larity rather than regular correspondence sets. In a synchronic study thi ~ s t he method which should be used; it" . is phonetic similarity, not genetic i nheritance , that determines i f a cognate word will be understood . Synchronic lexicostatistics is used here as an indicator of intelligibility. It does not directly measure intelligibility nor does it necessarily demonstrate historical relationshi ps. This survey is i ntended to give a broad picture of the language situation in the Lease Islands. In addition to this broad type of survey, dialect and intelligibility testing will be done where deemed necessary. 2. Description of Area The Lease Islands are located in the Central Maluku District of the Province of Maluku , between 3 degrees 28 minutes and 3 degrees 42 minutes south latitude and between 128 degr~es 24 minutes and 128 degrees 49 minutes east longitude (see maps) . There are three· islands in Lease: Haruku, Saparua and Nusa Laut. The Lease Islands are divided into two kecamatan, Haruku Island in the Kecamatan Pulau Haruku, and Saparua and Nusa Laut in the Kecamatan Saparua. There are also two uninhabited islands in Kecamatan Saparua: Pombo to the south and Maulana to the southwest . The population of the Island of Haruku is 25,312 (1984 figur~s from the .office of the camat). Haruku is an island with thirteen registered villages as well as 2 Lease Survey many anak desa (smaller villages ) which are governed through the registered v i l lages. In many of these anak desa live Buton people f r om Sul awesi. All the villages in Haruku are coastal. Saparua has a population of 39,058 with eighteen registered villages. The population of Nusa Laut is 6,846 with seven registered v illages (figures from the 1983 Kecamatan Saparua Dalam Angka) . In Apr il 1985 I traveled with co-worker Edgar Travis, collecting and data o n the islands of Haruku and Saparua. To choose the villages in which to collect data we used the following methods; first we read the available literature and t hen we interviewed people who had moved to Ambon from Lease. As a result of these procedures, we decided to visit and collect data from all the villages in Lease reported t o use the indigenous languages. As we began to gather the data however, we decided to limit our village visits, because of the close proximity of some o f the villages as well as logistic factors. Besides gathering data in Haruku and Saparua, we collected data from two villages on Seram that use the Saparua language (Iha and Latu). A word list was taken in Saparua of the language spoken in Titawai, Nusa Laut because of the difficulty in getting transportation and that the village head of Titawai was in Saparua at the time. Data f~om Amahai, Seram and Tulehu, Ambon we r e collected by other UNPATTI-SIL linguists and used fo r comparison (See figure 1) because of their close relationship to the , Lease languages. 3. Explanation of Method The word list we used is the Swadesh 200 word list whose modifications are described in Grime~ and Grimes (1984:5) . The usual method of collecting the data was as follows: the village head called some adult member of the village who spoke the local language. Using the wordlist, we then asked in Indonesian for the equivalant word in the local language. Often a crowd would gather to see the visitors and they often helped the main informant answer with the correct words. In effect the wordlists were given by committee • . We based determination- of cognates on phonetic similarity and marked the words as either cognate or non-cognate. The percentage of similarity between the wordlists was then calculated by dividing the number of Lease Survey 3 r Village ,Informant ~ Reliability* Date Li!:!ill!ist 1. Rutah Haji Abubakar 83 fair 18/6/85 Kotynski, E. Seram Latarisa 2. Makariki Zefnat watimuri 61 poor 18/6/85 Taguchi, Y. Seram 3. Latu lIbdul Latip 20 good 4/10/85 Leslie, E. Seram Patty 4. lha Haji Jafar 52 very good 11/7/85 Kotynski , E. Seram Kuisuby 5. Titawai Max Tomasoa 62 poor 17/4/85 Kotynski, E.
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