(

J WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES

VOLUME 6 -

,.

PATTIMURA UNIVERSITY

and THE SUMMER INSTITUTE OP LINGUISTICS

in cooperation with THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES

VOLUME 6 - MALUKU

Nyn D. Laidig, Edi tor

PAT'I'IMORA tJlflVERSITY

and

THE SUMMER IRSTlTUTK OP LIRGOISTICS

in cooperation with

'l'BB DBPAR".l'MElI'1' 01' BDUCATIOII ARD CULTURE Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and cultures

Volume 6 Maluku

Wyn D. Laidig, Editor

Printed 1989

Ambon, Maluku,

Copies of this publication may be obtained from

Summer Institute of Linguistics Kotak Pos 51 Ambon, Maluku 97001 Indonesia

Microfiche copies of this and other publications of the Summer Institute of Linguistics may be obtained from Academic Book Center Summer Institute of Linguistics 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road l Dallas, TX 75236 U.S.A.

ii PRAKATA

Dengan mengucap syukur kepada Tuhan yang Masa Esa, kami menyambut dengan gembira penerbitan buku Workpapers in Indonesian Languages , and Cultures. Penerbitan ini menunjukkan adanya suatu kerjasama

yang baik antara Universitas Pattimura deng~n Summer Institute of Linguistics; Maluku .

Buku ini merupakan wujud nyata peran serta para anggota SIL dalam membantu masyarakat umumnya dan masyarakat pedesaan khususnya

Diharapkan dengan terbitnya buku ini akan dapat membantu masyarakat khususnya di pedesaan, dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan dan prestasi mereka sesuai dengan bidang mereka masing-masing.

Dengan adanya penerbitan ini, kiranya dapat merangsang munculnya penulis-penulis yang lain yang dapat menyumbangkan pengetahuannya yang berguna bagi kita dan generasi-generasi yang akan datang.

Kami ucapkan ' terima kasih kepada para anggota SIL yang telah berupaya sehingga bisa diterbitkannya buku ini

Akhir kat a kami ucapkan selamat membaca kepada masyarakat yang mau memiliki buku ini. Harapan kami buku hasil kerjasama UNPATTI-SIL ini dapat bermanfaat bagi masyarakat di daerah seribu pulau yang tercinta ini, yaitu Maluku.

iii r

PREP ACE

Workpapers 1n Indones1an Languages and Cul tures is a joint publication of the Indonesian Branch of the SUJDJaer Insti tute of Linguistics, in Irian Jaya, in , and Pattimura University in Maluku. It is hoped that through this series some of the linguistic and ethnographic results of o~r cooperative research will become more accessible to colleagues and scholars sharing an interest in these aspects of Indonesia.

This issue, Volume 6 in the series, is the tirst to result from our work in Maluku with Pattimura University. The results of four lexicostatistic surveys in Central Maluku are presented, covering the geographical areas of Ambon, Lease, West Seram, and East ·Seram. Al though these studies only begin to examine of the complex linguistic picture on these islands, they do represent a significant contribution to our understanding of the contemporary linguistic situation in Central Maluku.

\ ~ We are deeply indebted to our many friends and co­ workers at Pattimura University. Without the ••ooth working relationship that we enjoy together, the resul ts presented in this issue would not have been possible.

Wyn D. La1dJ.g · AIlbon April 1989

v Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures

Volume 6 Maluku

Wy~ D. Laidig, Editor

Table of Contents ~

A Lexicostatistic Survey of the

Edward A. Ko tynski ...... 1

A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Languages Indigenous to West Seram

Yushin Taguchi ...... 15

A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Languages Indigenous to

Edgar W. Travis ...... 64

The Languages Indigenous to Eastern Seram and Adjacent Islands

Russel A. Loski and Gail M. Loski ...... 103

vii ~- ,

I A Lexicostatistic Survey of the Lease Islands

Edward A. Kotynski ~

Pattimura University and The Summer Institute of Linguistics

1. Introduction 2. Description of Area 3. Explanation of Method 4.0 Languages of the Lease Islands 4.1 'Haruku 4.2 4.3 5 . Summary 6. Bibliography 7. Appendix: Maps

1. Introduction

This survey was taken to determine the number of indigenous languages spoken in the Lease Islands and to clarify the synchronic relationship between the languages of Lease and those of nearby islands. The results will be used for planning descriptive study and vernacular literacy programs under the agreement be~w.eeD the University of Pattimura and the Summer Institute of Linguistics. / The University of Pattimura (UNPATTI) and the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) have been working together by co-operative agreement since 1983. One of their current projects is a synchronic l~xicostatistic comparison of the languages spoken in the Province of Maluku, of which this report ' is a part. Although the main purpose of the survey of Lease wa-s synchron'ic lexicostatistic classification, both a word list and a sociolinguistic questionnaire were used in order to give a broader picture of language use. Collins (1983) discusses previous studies of the languages of central Maluku and gives arguments for the hist·orical classification of the Central Haluku languages. He frequently mentions the inadequacies of A using only lexicostatistics in historical linguistic research. Collins (1983:19) correctly points out:

Lease Survey 1 One of the problems inherent in the use of only lexicostatist ics i s that i~ can become an enumeration of superficial s i milarit ies i n phonetics a nd meanings .

It is true t hat when one does a diachronic study, lexicostastics alone is inadequate. The purpose in this survey, howe ~ ~r, is not to posit h i stori cal relationships but to demonstrate synchronic relationships. Sanders (197 7 :33) states:

In the "inspection" method , cognates ar·e deter mined on t h e basis of phonetic simi larity rather than regular correspondence sets. In a synchronic study thi ~ s t he method which should be used; it" . is phonetic similarity, not genetic i nheritance , that determines i f a cognate word will be understood .

Synchronic lexicostatistics is used here as an indicator of intelligibility. It does not directly measure intelligibility nor does it necessarily demonstrate historical relationshi ps. This survey is i ntended to give a broad picture of the language situation in the Lease Islands. In addition to this broad type of survey, dialect and intelligibility testing will be done where deemed necessary.

2. Description of Area

The Lease Islands are located in the Central Maluku District of the Province of Maluku , between 3 degrees 28 minutes and 3 degrees 42 minutes south latitude and between 128 degr~es 24 minutes and 128 degrees 49 minutes east longitude (see maps) . There are three· islands in Lease: Haruku, Saparua and Nusa Laut. The Lease Islands are divided into two kecamatan, in the Kecamatan Pulau Haruku, and Saparua and Nusa Laut in the Kecamatan Saparua. There are also two uninhabited islands in Kecamatan Saparua: Pombo to the south and Maulana to the southwest . The population of the Island of Haruku is 25,312 (1984 figur~s from the .office of the camat). Haruku is an island with thirteen registered villages as well as

2 Lease Survey many anak desa (smaller villages ) which are governed through the registered v i l lages. In many of these anak desa live Buton people f r om Sul awesi. All the villages in Haruku are coastal. Saparua has a population of 39,058 with eighteen registered villages. The population of Nusa Laut is 6,846 with seven registered v illages (figures from the 1983 Kecamatan Saparua Dalam Angka) . In Apr il 1985 I traveled with co-worker Edgar Travis, collecting and data o n the islands of Haruku and Saparua. To choose the villages in which to collect data we used the following methods; first we read the available literature and t hen we interviewed people who had moved to Ambon from Lease. As a result of these procedures, we decided to visit and collect data from all the villages in Lease reported t o use the indigenous languages. As we began to gather the data however, we decided to limit our village visits, because of the close proximity of some o f the villages as well as logistic factors. Besides gathering data in Haruku and Saparua, we collected data from two villages on Seram that use the (Iha and Latu). A word list was taken in Saparua of the language spoken in Titawai, Nusa Laut because of the difficulty in getting transportation and that the village head of Titawai was in Saparua at the time. Data f~om , Seram and Tulehu, Ambon we r e collected by other UNPATTI-SIL linguists and used fo r comparison (See figure 1) because of their close relationship to the , Lease languages.

3. Explanation of Method

The word list we used is the Swadesh 200 word list whose modifications are described in Grime~ and Grimes (1984:5) . The usual method of collecting the data was as follows: the village head called some adult member of the village who spoke the local language. Using the wordlist, we then asked in Indonesian for the equivalant word in the local language. Often a crowd would gather to see the visitors and they often helped the main informant answer with the correct words. In effect the wordlists were given by committee • . We based determination- of cognates on phonetic similarity and marked the words as either cognate or non-cognate. The percentage of similarity between the wordlists was then calculated by dividing the number of

Lease Survey 3 r

Village ,Informant ~ Reliability* Date Li!:!ill!ist 1. Rutah Haji Abubakar 83 fair 18/6/85 Kotynski, E. Seram Latarisa

2. Makariki Zefnat watimuri 61 poor 18/6/85 Taguchi, Y. Seram

3. Latu lIbdul Latip 20 good 4/10/85 Leslie, E. Seram Patty

4. lha Haji Jafar 52 very good 11/7/85 Kotynski , E. Seram Kuisuby

5. Titawai Max Tomasoa 62 poor 17/4/85 Kotynski, E. Nusa Laut

6. Siri-sori Bayum Halle 42 very good 18/4/85 Travis, E'. Islam Saparua

7 . Kulur Hud Tuhulele 40 very good 17/4/85 Travis, E. Saparua "- ~ 8. Iha Ibrahim Amahoru 51 very good 17/4/85 Kotynski, E. Saparua

9. Hulaliu Corneles Noija 48 very good 16/4/85 Travis, E. Haruku

10. Pelauw T. Angkotasan 45 very good 15/4/85 Kotynski, E. Harl.lku

11. Kailolo M. Zainal 35 very good 15/4/85 Kotynsld, E. Haruku Tuanaya

12. Rohomoni Rahadji 35 very good 15/4/85 Travis, E. Haruku Sangadji

13. Tulehu Abul Fadir 32 good 8/12/84 Kotynsld; E. Ambon

14. Tengah-tengah Ismael Maruapey 29 very good 8/12/84 Kotynski, E. Ambon

* "very good" irxlicates .immediate, confident response "good" ,indicates confident response "fair" indicates hesitant response "poor." indicates hesi tant, questionable response

Figure 1: t-\ORDLIST CHART ,~

·t Le ase Surv e y words marked cognate by t he number of words compared. .­.. These percentages were then entered in a matrix to show the relationship between all of the word lists compared (Figure 2). The matrix was then reduced to its significant differences (see figure 3) using the tables of significance in Simons (1977:75). We use here the classification of languages based on Smith (1984:2):

Lexical Similarity: Classification:

45-60% -indicates separate families of the same stock

60-75% -in dicates separate subfamilies of the same family

75-80% -indicates separate languages of the same subfamily

80-85% -indicates dialects of a common language.

4.0 The Languages of Lease

Wurm and Hattori (1983:45) classify the Lease languages as follows:

Austronesian Central Maluku Group East Central Subgroup Seram Subgroup-Division Nunusaku Section Piru Bay Subsection Eastern Piru Bay Languages

The languages of Haruku, Saparua and Nusa Laut are listed under the Eastern Piru Bay Languages. As Collins (1983) gives an excellent summary of the literature on languages of Central Maluku, it is not necessary to recount it here. Figure 4 is a chart · of the relationships between the languages of Lease based on a generalization of the data in the reduced matrix -.. (figure 3). The chart shows that there are three languages in Lease: Haruku, Saparua and Nusa Laut. It

Lease Survey 5 Rutah 76 Makariki 59 67 Titawai 59 61 69 Siri-sori 63 60 70 81 Iha (Saparua) 61 60 70 84 84 Kulur 64 63 70 79 82 82 Iha (Seram) 61 65 70 74 79 78 79 Latu 54 60 62 70 70 71 69 67 Hulaliu 55 58 64 69 70 69 71 70 82 Pelauw 55 56 60 66 68 68 68 67 82 89 Kailolo 55 57 63 67 68 69 69 68 81 92 89 Rohomoni 53 57 55 62 64 66 67 64 74 77 77 75 Tulehu 54 56 56 62 64 64 67 65 73 76 75 76 88 Tengah-tengah

Figure 2 : MATRIX OF LEXICAL SIMILARITY

Makariki ./ 69 Titawai 62 69 _Siri-sori...... 62 62 69 82 ;~~~ (Saparua) 62 62 69 82 82:Kulur 62 62 69 76 82 to. 82" <. G .II;:Iha (Seram) 62 62 69 1.1§_7J5_l.6_ Z~ Latu 55 62 62 69 69 69 69 69 Hulaliu 55 55 62 69 69 69 69 69 82 Pelauw 55 55 62 69 69 69 69 69 82 90 Kailolo .55 55 62 69 69 69 69 69 82 90 90 Rohomoni 55 55 55 62 62 69 69 62:76 76 76 761Tulehu 55 55 55 62 62 62 69 62 :]_~_I§_1~_1~ 90 Tengah-tengah

Dialect Boundary

Language Boundary

Subfamily Boundary

Figure 3: REDUCED MATRIX

6 Lease S u r vey (i , J • ,. " ",, J r •

~ ~ . v.~ ro ~ Amahai (Rutah) c ~ < ro I ~ Amahai (Makariki) I I 1-' -..;...------Nusa Laut. ------I I Saparua

Ifuruku

Am.b.on:. (Tulehu & Tengah"""tengah) 55% 65% 76%

A broken line signifies a relationship between the connected languages only.

Figure 4: GENERALIZED PERCENTAGE OF LEXICAL SDlILARITY

-:J further shows their relat ionship to the languages of Tulehu, Ambon and Arnahai, Seram. Language data from Tulehu and Tengah-tengah in Ambon, and Rutah and Makariki (Amahai) in Serarn (figures 3 and 4 ), are i ncluded in this report to give a picture of how the languages of Lease are related to other languages nearby. They are the Central Maluku languages most closely related to the languages of Lease.

4.1 Haruku

The Haruku language is used predominantly by ' Muslims. The northern part of the island is predominantly Muslim. There are two Christian villages in the north where the language is still used by those over 40 years old, Hulaliu and Kariu. It is said that the people in Kariu learn to speak Haruku as a second language as they get older because they live between two Muslim villages (Pelauw and Ori), which are strong in their use of the language. In the south, the villages are Christian and in only Aboru is the Haruku language still used, the rest using Malay. It seems to be a general rule in Ambon, Lease and some parts of West Seram that people in Christian villages prefer using while the people in Muslim villages prefer using the local languages to Ambonese Malay . Chlenov (Chlenov and Sirk 1973) collected a word list from Aboru and it is reported that the people 30 years and older still speak the Haruku language. Collins (1983:102) mentions the existence of a settlement of Haruku speakers in . It is reported that during the 1960's there was a transmigration of families from Kailolo, Haruku,--to Kairatu, Seram to, alleviate the problem of a farmland shortage. The Haruku language is closely related to Tulehu, Ambon, at a 76% lexical similarity on the reduced matrix (figure 3). The most divergent dialect is Hulaliu, relating ~o the other Haruku dialects at 82%.

4.2 Saparua

In Saparua there are three villages that are known to use the indigenous language: Iha, Kulur and Siri-sori Islam. As in Haruku, these are Muslim villages. The remainder of the villages on Saparua are Christian and are reported to speak Ambonese Malay. The villages of

8 Lease Survey Iha and Kulur are said by the local people to have moved from Saparua to Piru Bay in Seram early during the Dutch rule (17th century) to avoid having to change religion, moving back at the time of the Pattimura rebellion (1817). The present villages of Iha and Kulur in Piru Bay are those whose inhabitants never returned to Saparua. Collins (1984:92) says the move to Iha and Kulur, Seram was an enforced resettlement. The Latu (Seram) dialect which is also spoken in Hualoi and Tumalehu, Seram, (Collins 1983), ' is the most divergent dialect of the Saparua language, scoring as a different language in the reduced matrix (figure 3). Because the figures in the basic matrix are border line between language and dialect, ' and because of the reported history of this language, it is counted as a dialect of Saparua irt this study. The average lexical similarity between the Saparua and Haruku languages is 69% and between Saparua and Nusa Laut is 69%.

4.3 Nusa Laut

All the villages in Nusa Laut are Christian and there is very little use of the indigenous language. We did get a word list from the village head of Titawai, but he said the language is hardly used in Nusa Laut and only a few old people know it . Nusa Laut shares an average lexical similarity of 69% with Saparua and 65% with Amahai (Rutah and Makariki), Seram.

5. Summary

By taking sample word lists and applying a syn6hronic lexicostatistic approach to the analysis of the data, it is demonstrated that there are three languages in Lease: Haruku, Saparua and Nusa Laut. Two of these languages are still strongly used and the third, Nusa Laut, is dying. Figure 5 lists the villages known to use the Lease language~. F~rthermore the anaylsis indicates extremel~ close r~lationships between the languages from Tulehu, Ambon through Haruku, Saparua , Nusa Laut and on to Amahai, Seram (see figures 3 and 4). Although the relationships ~re close, a language chain is not indicated by the data nor by reports of intelligibility by native speakers. Dialect intelligibility testing is needed between Tulehu, Ambon, and the Haruku language, as well as between Latu and the

Lease Survey 9 Haruku Population* Religion

1. Rohomoni 1734 Islam 2. Kabau 1631 Islam 3. Kailolo 2561 Islam 4. Pelauw 5662 Islam 5. Kariu 1137 Christian 6. Ori 962 Islam 7. Hulaliu 1901 Christian 8. Aboru 2631 Christian 9. Kairatu unknown Islam Seram Total 18,219+

Saparua Population* Religion

1. Iha 672 Islam 2. Kulur 1208 Islam 3. Siri-Sori 3305 Islam Islam 4. Iha 824 Islam Seram S. Kulur 488 Islam Seram 6. Latu 2134 Islam Seram 7. Hualoi 1231 Islam / Seram 8. Tumalehu .354 Islam Seram Total 10,216

Nusa Laut Population* Religion

1. Titawai 2226 Christian

* from: Kecamatan Seram Barat Dalam Angka 1982 Kecamatan Kairatu Dalam Angka 1981 Kecamatan Saparua Dalam Angka 1983 The camat's office in Haruku 1984

r Figure 5: VILLAGES USING LEASE LANGUAGE$

"

10 Lease S UI've,Y other dialects' of Sa-parua to clarify the relationship between the language groups. I would l"ecommend that SIL allocate teams both in Haruku or Saparua, with highest priority on Haruku, as it has the greater number of speakers and is receptive to SIL presence.

6. Bibliography

Chlenov, M. A., and U. Sirko 1973 "Merger of labial phonemes in Ambonese languages." Acta et commentatationes Universitatis Tartuensis, Oriental Studies 11(1).

Collins, James T. 1983 The Historical Relationships of the Languages of Central Maluku, Indonesia. Pacific Linguistics, D-47.

1984 "Linguistic Research in Maluku: A Report of Recent Field Work." Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. XXI, NOS. 1 & 2.

Grimes, Barbra D. and Grimes, Charles E. 1984 Languages of the North Moluccas: A Preliminary Lexicostatistic Classification. To be published in the proceedings of the SeminarPenelitian Maluku dan Irian Jaya, sponsored by LEKNAS-LIPI in 1984, edited by E.K.M. Masinambow.

Hattori, Shiro and Wurm, Stephen A., eds. 1983 Language Atlas Pacific Area, Part II. Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities in collaboration with the Japan Academy.

Loving, Richard and Simons, Gary, eds. 1977 Language Variation and Survey Techniques, Workpapers in Papua New Guinea Languages, Vol. 21. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Sanders Arden G. 1977 "Guidelines for Conducting a Lexicostatistic Survey in Papua New Gu.inea." Loving and Simons, ·eds. 1977:21-43 . ..

Lease Survey 11 Simons, Gary 1977 "Tables of Significance for Lexicostatistics . ' Loving and Simons, eds. 1977:75-106.

Smith, Kenneth D.' 1984 "The Languages of Sabah : a tentative lexicostatistical classification." The Languages of Sabah: a Surv.ey Report. ed. by Julie K. King and John Wayne Klng. Canberra: Pac i fie 'Linguist ics , Series C , No . 78.

12 Lease Survey \

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128° 30"

Map 1: Villages where data was ~ ollected. 128° 30' ...... ,j::> I

0 Ita ..at---3, 3 30' Nolot~ ~ 3° 30"

• Ina ~ • Illa=ahu }

Ka:iu • E:a:npt::Ig ",.a;,.~ .~ __ a ~ • T1.:ha.!:.a

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Abc:-u • Ullath Saz.th • CuT • F-~uk'..t ~ ~. . ~ PC Xl 0 ~.a. tJ l" J' LEASE ISLANDS r-' CD III til CD 0 cr.: 128 30 ' s:: '1 <: (1) « )1ap 2: The Lease Islands.

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