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Publisher: Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Pattimura University Address: Jln. Ir. Martinus Putuhena, Poka - Ambon, Indonesia 97233 e-mail: [email protected] | Mobile Phone: (+62) 85243836774 (Dr. Elim) http://sciencenature.fmipa.unpatti.ac.id/index.php/archieve/; or https://ojs3.unpatti.ac.id/index.php/sciencenature/ Copyright © FMIPA UNPATTI 2019 e-ISSN: 2654-6264 ii

VOLUME 2 ISSUE 1 | MARCH 2019 e-ISSN: 2654-6264

List of Contents

INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER SAGO COMPOST Silwanus M. Talakua 042 - 056 ON ULTISOLS SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TELAGA Elizabeth Kaya KODOK SUB VILLAGE IN HITU VILLAGE OF CENTRAL MALUKU DISTRICT AND THE CORN (Zea Mays Ceratina) CORPS PRODUCTION DOI: https://doi.org/10.30598/SNVol2Iss1pp042-056year2019

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGH SCHOOL LOCAL Juliaans Marantika 057 - 065 CONTENT LEARNING IN BABAR ISLAND Tanwey G. Ratumanan DOI: https://doi.org/10.30598/SNVol2Iss1pp057-065year2019 Effilina Kissiya

THE DISCOVERY OF NEW GOLOBE AND ITS AMAZING Hendry Izaac Elim 066 - 070 HEALING SYSTEM DOI: https://doi.org/10.30598/SNVol2Iss1pp066-070year2019

DEVELOPMENT OF A LAND DEGRADATION ASSESSMENT Silwanus M. Talakua 071 - 085 MODEL BASED ON FIELD INDICATORS ASSESSMENT AND Raphael M. Osok PREDICTION METHODS IN WAI SARI, SUB-WATERSHED KAIRATU DISTRICT, WESTERN SERAM REGENCY, MALUKU PROVINCE, INDONESIA DOI: https://doi.org/10.30598/SNVol2Iss1pp071-085year2019

Nanochip Medicine: Physical Chemistry Engineering Hendry Izaac Elim (Elim 086 – 089 Heaven) DOI: https://doi.org/10.30598/SNVol2Iss1pp086-089year2019 Long Y. Chiang

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Published by: Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Pattimura University

Address: Jln. Ir. Martinus Putuhena, Poka - Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia 97233 Email: [email protected] Copyright © FMIPA UNPATTI 2019

iv

Editor in Chief: Hendry Izaac Elim, Ph.D. How to Prepare your Research Results & Its Quality to be (Physics Department, Pattimura University) published in SCIENCE NATURE

Assitant Editors: Yopi Andry Lesnussa, S.Si., M.Si. A Brief GUIDELINE (Mathematics Department, Pattimura University) I Wayan Sutapa, S.Si., M.Si. [I]. Please check your Vision & Mission of (Chemistry Department, Pattimura University) Publication as follow: Dr. A. Pesik, S.Si, M.Si (Biology Department, Pattimura University)

Dr. H.J. Wattimanela, S.Si, M.Si The scientific scope of this newly frontier multidisciplinary journal (Statistical Department, Pattimura University) involve the following three main points:

Editorial Board (5 Continents Representative): (i). Educating scientists for their better contribution for others, Dr. M.V. Reddy (ii). Developing knowledge and improving wisdom of people based (Head of Nanotechnology Battery Lab., NUS), Singapore, Asia Continent on excellent understanding of the truth in nature and science Dr. K. Ishikawa (iii). Engineering scientific findings of real technology, and its useful (Senior Scientist at AIST), Japan, Asia Continent products such as medicine products, foods, and drinks output, Prof. C. Baskar, Ph.D and another useable human daily products and smart devices as (Uttarakhand Univ.), India, Asia Continent well as applied engineering technology products involving mass Prof. Naoyasu Kita transportation vehicles, and movable building system. (Kumamoto University), Japan, Asia Continent While the fields contributed to make such significant points based on Prof. Nail Akhmediev (Nonlinear Optics Expert, ANU, Canbera), Australia, Australia Continent novel scientific contributions are from multidisciplinary science and technology as well as its integration in the philosophy of social Prof. Dieter D. Genske sciences, arts and cultures. (Geo-technique Expert, Nordhausen Univ. of Applied sciences), Germany, European Continent Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Fischer [ii]. Please Upload Science Nature TEMPLATE (Renewable Energy), Germany, European Continent at her URL in the following link: Prof. Xudong Huang, Ph.D (Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital | MGH ), USA, http://sciencenature.fmipa.unpatti.ac.id American Continent and then prepare your manuscript for

Prof. Long Y. Chiang. Ph.D submission. (Chemistry Professor, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA, American Continent) [iii]. Make sure that your English is good enough Prof. Dr. Fabian Ezema (Univ. of Nigeria, Nsukka), Nigeria, African Continent for the scientific publication.

Dr. Bonex Mwakikunga (CSIR, Africa), Africa, African Continent [iv]. Your submission cannot be submitted in any other journal before the decision is

Publisher: made from SCIENCE NATURE Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Pattimura University Address: Jln. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka - Ambon, 97233 e-ISSN: 2654-6264 e-mail: [email protected] Mobile Phone: (+62) 85243836774 (Dr. Elim) http://sciencenature.fmipa.unpatti.ac.id/index.php/archieve/; or https://ojs3.unpatti.ac.id/index.php/sciencenature/

Copyright © FMIPA UNPATTI 2019 v

Science nature devotions Volume 2, Issue 1 (2019)

[Xxviii]. Short and long term research quality indicator: H index is still scored higher than another measurement method:

[XXvii]. Outstanding Reviewer Award in a prestigious physics journal such as Physical Review Letters (PRL) is remarkable due to its very high quality knowledge scientiests of just 0.211 % or about 150 best referees from active ~71,000 from ~50 countries.

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[XXVi]. The 1st Editorial Board who got the certificate of Excellency from Science Nature in Boston, USA during a short scientific meeting among EIC of Science Nature, Dr. Elim and Prof. Tianhong Dai of MGH: Congratulations to Prof. Long Y. Chiang of UML.

[XXV]. Indonesia scientists have only about 3.13% Prof. based on her online Science and Technology Index (SINTA).

While ~27.23% of Indonesia lecturers / assistant lecturers have not even qualified yet in SINTA index which recently quantified the scientific data from SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, respectively.

vii

[XXiV]. Writing, reading, and erasing with light in a very thin organic semiconductor: a new 21st century technology is a breakthrough work leading by a TU Dresden scientist, Prof. Sebastian Reineke. Their innovative research output was published in Science Advances 2019.

[XXiii]. When a scientist from eastern part of Indonesia delivered a frontier quest lecture at University of Indonesia, the best 1 in the whole Indonesia: “Contribution makes others greater”

[XXii]. Indonesia: a God Nature vs. a part of Korea pretty nature: “Deep understanding and distinguished knowledge”. The following illustration is a real fact extracted from comment and posting of some friends of our EIC using a well-known social media of Facebook:

viii

[XXi]. According to PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), in the next coming 31st years or by 2050, the world will have 4 strongest economy countries such as China, USA, India and Indonesia with their treasure (GDP) are 50, 34, 28, and 7.3 trilion USD, respectively.

[XX]. 2 senior scientists in the field of Nanotechnology and herbal Nanomedicine from Indonesia, Dr. Arend L. Mapanawang and Dr. H.I. Elim are among 10 world class scientists to be keynote speaker based on the conference Theme: ” Navigating the Future of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology “ on 20th to 21st March 2019 International Conference in New York City with about 20 millions people.

ix

The following are the scientists marvelous talks and time:

x

[XiX]. SINTA is Indonesia Science and Teachnology Index to evaluate the achievement of her researchers nationally and individually based on the research data in SCOPUS and Google Scholar. Moreover, the individual researcher index was calculated from H index (Prof Hirsch), G index (Dr. Leo Egghe), and i10 index.

[XViii]. How to check the existence of your paper doi number: (1). Go to the URL of https://doi.org (2). Write your doi number as appreared in your published paper without: the front https://doi.org/. here is an example:

xi

[XVii]. Science AAAS 2018 Breakthrough : Cell by cell development from embryo. By using single-cell RNA sequencing of more than 92,000 single-cell transcriptomes of sebrafish in a day observation plus a sophisticated computational tools, a group of Harvard Medical School scientists led by Megason and Klein published on 1st June 2018 Science magazine has discovered the understanding knowledge on how a cell by cell RNA science.

The winner was a competition from 4 finalists with the highest votes is 35% from 12,000 voters.

[XVI]. Science Nature editorial board would like to welcome Prof Long Chiang from UML, USA to join Science Nature as the 11st from 5 continents scientists representative.

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Science Nature 2(1), pp.042-056 (2019) e-ISSN: 2654-6264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30598/SNVol2Iss1pp042-056year2019

INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER SAGO COMPOST ON

ULTISOLS SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TELAGA KODOK

SUB VILLAGE IN HITU VILLAGE OF CENTRAL MALUKU

DISTRICT AND THE CORN (Zea Mays Ceratina) CORPS

PRODUCTION

Silwanus M. Talakua*, Elizabeth Kaya

Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Pattimura University (UNPATTI), Jl. Ir. Martinus Putuhena, Kampus Poka, Ambon, Indonesia 97233

Received : July 24, 2018 Revised : November 30, 201 Published : December 24, 2018 Copyright @ All rights are reserved by Silwanus M. Talakua and Elizabeth Kaya Corresponding author: *Email: [email protected]

042

Influence of Organic Fertilizer Sago Compost on Ultisols Soil Physical Properties of Telaga Kodok Sub in Hitu Village of Central Maluku District and the Corn (ZeaMays Ceratina) Corps Production

043 Abstract

This study aims to prove that the giving of organic fertilizer sago compost can improve soil physical properties and improve yields of maize crops on Ultisols. This research was conducted in Telaga Kodok Subvillage, Hitu Village Central of Maluku District in April 2016 until its completion. Soil analysis was conducted at Balai Penelitian Tanah Bogor. This research used Factorial Random Block Design which consist of one factor and repeated three times with compost dosage of sago compost is K0 (no compost), K1 (30 ton/ha), K2 (45 ton/ha), K3 (60 ton/ha ). Giving the ela sago compost can improve soil physical properties that is able to reduce the bulk density (0.73 g/cm3), particle density (1.78 g/cm3) and rapid drainage pores (7.69%) and able to improve/increase moisture content of field capacity (43.91%) and water available pore (17.00%). The ela sago compost as organic fertilizer can increase the yield of corn crop is 89,80 g/plant or 4,28 t/ha. The optimum dosage of ela sago compost as organic fertilizer found to improve soil physical properties and increase the yield of corn crop is 60 t/ha.

Keywords: Organic Fertilizer Sago Compost, Soil physical properties, Ultisols, Corn production

year but until now the production of maize in Maluku is still below national production targets so that efforts need

Articles to be made in order to increase production and I. Introduction self-sufficiency of corn. Organic farming system is a cultivation system Ultisol soil is one of the marginal land in the small using natural materials without chemicals. This organic island of Maluku which is acidic, so it is less support the farming needs to be developed to improve the quality of growth of plants growing on this land because it has many the soil in a sustainable manner in improving agricultural obstacles, especially from soil physical and chemical productivity for the long term. properties. Some obstacles of the soil physics are fine Corn production in Maluku Province is targeted to texture of the soil and a high clay content causes poor soil reach 14,930 tons by the end of 2015 [1-5], but in 2014 porosity thus limiting root plant growth. Well drainages corn production in Maluku Province reaches only 10,560 needed by plants that require good aeration such as corn. tons and in 2015 increased to 13,947 tons [4]. This fact Well soil aeration causes the availability of oxygen in the shows that although corn production is increasing every Influence of Organic Fertilizer Sago Compost on Ultisols Soil Physical Properties of Telaga Kodok Sub in Hitu Village of Central Maluku District and the Corn (Zea Mays Ceratina) Corps Production

044 soil enough so that plant roots are able to absorb fertilizer maker [13]. Thus, the Province of Maluku has nutrients and good growing [6-22]. abundant raw materials as a source of compost (organic According to Ref. [21] it is said that one of the material) from sago plants that are useful in the functions of the soil is for crop production. The sustainable development of small island farms in physical properties of the soil strongly support the Maluku. production of plants, although a soil type has good Organic matter plays a role in the process of chemical properties but is not accompanied by good granulation and aggregation so as to form stable soil physical properties then the production of plants will not aggregates and crumbly and lightweight soil structures reach the maximum. Therefore, efforts to improve the based on Ref. [2]. Organic fertilizers activate many physical properties of the soil is absolutely done in an species of soil microorganisms that release effort to support the growth and production of plants [8]. phyto-hormones to stimulate plant growth and improve Efforts to improve the quality of soil have been nutrients [16]. done, among others, by the giving of organic materials. From the research results of Ref. [10] that the The use of organic matter on marginal lands with major giving of sago compost (ela sagu) together with SP-36 problems of poor soil physical properties such as high fertilizer can improve the soil chemical properties of density and penetration resistance and low water Ultisol, such as the increase of soil pH, P-available soil, retention generally yield better results than fertilizers P uptake, also can improve the physical properties of intended to improve chemical properties only. This is Ultisol soil reducing the bulk density and particle because the giving of organic materials can not only density, increases soil porosity, the soil pore size contribute N, P, K and other elements, but also can distribution includes slow drainage pore and rapid improve the physical and biological properties of the soil drainage down, increasing available water pore and [2]. improving soil aggregate stability. The organic material used in this research is sago Until now, research on soil physical properties in compost, because sago plant is one of the specific plants Land Management Study Program of Pattimura that grow predominantly on wetlands in the small islands University is still lacking, while generally only of Maluku (archipelago region). According to Flach conducted studies on soil chemical and soil biology, so (1997) in [13], the area of sago palm in the Maluku based on the description above, it is necessary to do Province reaches 60,000 ha, consisting of 50,000 ha research on the influence of giving organic fertilizer sago grown naturally, and 10,000 ha is cultivated sago plant. compost and liquid organic fertilizer to soil physical According to Ref. [19] sago palm is a subject of properties and corn yields on Ultisols, each of which was both concern and interest in the context of food security observed and analyzed at different doses of fertilizers. because of its high productivity and tolerance to high salt The aims of this research are 1) to prove that the and acid in the soil. So according to Ref. [19] however, giving of sago compost as organic fertilizer can improve the compatibility of sago-based agriculture with natural the soil physical properties and improve the yield of corn forest has not been sufficiently assessed. crops; 2) find the optimum dose that can be suggested to Ela sago which is also referred to as the pith improve soil physical properties and improve yield of slurry is the remainder of the process of sago starch corn crops. Hypotheses are: giving of organic fertilizer extraction. Sago starch is the main result as the staple ela sago compost, will improve soil physical properties food of the people of Maluku. While the dregs (ela sagu) and increase (improve) yield of corn crop. has some of the benefits of, for instance as a compost

Influence of Organic Fertilizer Sago Compost on Ultisols Soil Physical Properties of Telaga Kodok Sub in Hitu Village of Central Maluku District and the Corn (Zea Mays Ceratina) Corps Production

045 variable; μ = mean value; αi = the influence of the i th II. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD group; βj = the influence of the j-th ela sago compost as 2.1. Place And Time of Research organic fertilizer factor; εk = experimental error k, while This research was conducted in Telaga Kodok differences are tested by LSD test (Least Significant Sub Village Hitu Village Maluku Tengah District Difference) [20]. In addition, to know the relationship atMaluku Province – Indonesian Country, and started on between response variables due to treatment is done by April 2016 until it was completed. linear regression analysis includes linear and nonlinear correlation with model: Yi = βo + β1Xij + εi [6,14]. All 2.2. Materials and Tools data were analyzed using SPSS17 and Minitab16 The materials used in this research are Ultisols programs. soil in Telaga Kodok Sub Village, sago compost as The research stages consist of initial work, field organic fertilizer made from cow dung, work and laboratory analysis. The initial work includes: PGPR/bioactivator, gamal leaf, rice husk, straw, composting sago compost with a ratio of liquid and solid eggshell, sugar. Besides that, it was also prepared bucket, is 2: 1. Field work includes: observation of soil profile in pesticide solution vegetables, sample plastic bags, the field, clearing of land, making beds, planting corn Kumala-F1 corn seeds as well as materials for soil seeds, plant maintenance, intact sampling with ring profile profile ie soil profile description cards, soil pH sample for the measurement of soil physical properties, papers, H2O2 solutions, Soil Munsell Color Charts, observation of plant production parameters through meters, name labels and chemicals for laboratory measurement of dry weights of corn crops. Further analysis. analysis of soil physical properties conducted in Soil The tools used are hoe, shovel, machete, rope, Research Laboratory in Bogor, including measurement meter, bucket, soil ring sample, chopper machine, scales, of bulk density, particle density, rapid drainage pore, measuring cylinders, and soil profile observation field capacity and available water pore, while equipment ie blade field, abney level, computer and measurement of dry weight of corn kernels is done in stationery. Soil, Water and Plant Analysis Laboratory of Faculty of 2.3. Research Methods Agriculture Pattimura University in Ambon. The research treatment was factorial pattern III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION arranged according to randomized block design (RBD) with 3 (three) replications. The factor is the organic 3.1. The Effect of Giving Organic Fertilizer Ela fertilizer sago compost factor (K) compound which Sago Compost on Bulk Density of the Soil consists of four dosage levels, namely: (K0) = no The results of the RBD variety test showed that compost; (K1) = 30 t/ha; (K2) = 45 t/ha; (K3) = 60 t/ha, the composting of sago had significant effect on the of the 4 units of combination treatment and three decrease of the bulk density of the Ultisols. replications, 12 experimental units were obtained. The After further tests of LSD of ela sago compost, as parameters measured were soil physical properties shown in Table 3.1, it is seen that dose increase from 0 analysis, includes : bulk density of soil, soil density, t/ha to 30 t/ha has no significant effect on bulk density of rapid drainage pore, field capacity, water available pore, Ultisols soil, but if the dose is increased to 45 t/ha will and crop production ie dry weight kernels in each corn have a significant effect in reducing the bulk density of plant.Data were analyzed by univariate variety analysis, the soil up to 0.73 g/cm3 and then not significantly with equation: Y = μ + αi + βj + Ɛk; where Y = response different in the treatment of 60 t/ha.

Influence of Organic Fertilizer Sago Compost on Ultisols Soil Physical Properties of Telaga Kodok Sub in Hitu Village of Central Maluku District and the Corn (Zea Mays Ceratina) Corps Production

046 From the table it is also seen that the average of more granular soil, which is indicated by decrease of soil bulk density for all compost treatment is smaller than the density (bulk density of soil). Besides, the compost of field bulk density 0.89 g/cm3 with K0 (0.84 g/cm3), K1 sago contains nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S which play a (0.85 g/cm3), K2 (0.73 g/cm3) and K3 (0.77 g/cm3) so it role in decreasing soil acidity and support growth and can be said that the compost dose of 45 t/ha has produced development of corn crop at Ultisols in Telaga Kodok the lowest bulk density of 0.73 g/cm3 and is the optimum Sub Village. compared with other treatments in reducing the level of From the results of this study it is known that the soil density. ela sago compost give a significant effect on changes in the bulk density of the soil content where the higher the Table 3.1. LSD Test Result Effect of Single Factor ela sago compost dose given the bulk density of the soil Organic Fertilizer Sago Compost Treatment value will tend to be lower (Figure 3.1). This is indicated on Bulk Density of the Soil. by the β1 regression coefficient = -0,000632 and β2 = -0,00017 with P-Value = 0,000* (significant). Ela Sago Compost Average of Bulk Density of Compost containing colloidal organic material with Treatment (t/ha) the Soil (g/cm3) particle size <1 μm is an adhesive agent between K0 (0 t/ha) 0.84a particles in soil aggregate forming process. Colloidal K1 (30 t/ha) 0.85a organic matter in ela sago compost is the result of K2 (45 t/ha) 0.73b activity and reshuffling microbial cells containing mucus K3 (60 t/ha) 0.77b (gum) as a binding agent in the aggregation process. Note : The numbers followed by the same letter, are not Organic polymers that are large molecular weight significantly different at the 5% significance level polysaccharides are derived from the walls of microbial accordingly further test of LSD with LSD0.05 value single cells forming tissue such as a net that is effective in factor K = 0.03. uniting soil particles. These hydroxyl polymers and the

clay-carbon oxygen atoms form hydrogen bonds as )

3 0,95 BD = 0.8463-0.000632K-0.000017K^2; P-val=0.000*

^ binding bridges, while the non-colloidal particles of

m c

/ 0,90

g these polymers act as adhesive glue.

(

l

i o

S The treatment of ela sago compost on Ultisols soil

0,85

e

h t

gives a significant effect on the change of bulk density of f

o 0,80

y t

i the soil where the higher the dose of fertilizer given the s

n 0,75

e lower the bulk density of the soil. From the result of the

D

k l

u 0,70 research, it is known that ela sago compost treatment B 0 15 30 45 60 with dose 45 t/ha can significantly influence to the Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost (t/ha) change of bulk density of the soil contents in which the Figure 3.1.Regression Analysis/Equation of Organic existence of organic material on ela sago compost play in Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost to Bulk binding soil particles to form soil aggregate. Density of the Soil on Ultisols in Telaga This is in line with the opinion of [23-25] that the Kodok Sub Village. fiber residues consist of lignin, cellulose and From the results of laboratory analysis, it is known hemicellulose, which can easily generate chemical that sago compost compost contains nutrients of Ca and bonding with electrophiles via hydroxyl groups. This Mg which are useful to improve soil structure to produce carboxyl group which functions for the formation of soil

Influence of Organic Fertilizer Sago Compost on Ultisols Soil Physical Properties of Telaga Kodok Sub in Hitu Village of Central Maluku District and the Corn (Zea Mays Ceratina) Corps Production

047 structures. So are the opinion in Ref. [3] that, complex equal to the general particle density between 2.6 - 2.7 organic compounds resulting from the decomposition g/cm3 with an average of 2.65 g/cm3. After being given process of organic matter can serve as adhesive cement the addition of ela sago compost into the soil it can in the granulation process. This is also supported by reduce the particle density of the soil. It can be explained research results from Ref. [23] who argue that research that the ela sago compost has the potential to decrease has shown that bio-char as organic fertilizer application the particle density because weight of ela sago compost can reduce soil bulk density, improve soil water-holding is lighter than the particle density of clay particle. capacity. In accordance with the opinion based on Ref. [24] that organic fertilizer (corn-composite) can reduced Table 3.2. LSD Test Result Effect of Single Factor the bulk density of tobacco- growing soil. Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost 3.2. The Effect of Giving Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Treatment on Particle Density of the Soil. Compost on Particle Density of the Soil The results of the RBD variety test showed that Ela Sago Compost Average of Particle the ela sago compost had significant effect on the particle Treatment (t/ha) Density of the Soil (g/cm3) density of the Ultisols. K0 (0 t/ha) 2.16a After further test of LSD test of ela compost, as K1 (30 t/ha) 2.09ab shown in Table 3.2, it can be seen that the increase of ela K2 (45 t/ha) 1.85b sago compost dose from 0 t/ha to 30 t/ha and 45 t/ha has K3 (60 t/ha) 1.78c no significant effect on the particle density of the soil, Note : The numbers followed by the same letter, are not and then if dose is increased to 60 t/ha it will have a significantly different at the 5% significance level significant effect on the particle density of the soil. It is accordingly further test of LSD with LSD0.05 value single indicated by the regression coefficient β1 = - 0.001401 factor K = 0.24. and β2 = -0000092 with P-Value = 0.004* (significant), as shown in Figure 3.2. This is in line with the opinion 2,6

) BJ = 2.168-0.001401K-0.000092K^2; P-val=0.004* of Sarief (1989) that the presence of organic matter on 3

^ 2,4 m the soil causes the value of the particle density of the soil c

/ 2,2

g

(

l

to be lower. i 2,0

o

S

From Figure 3.2 above shows that the addition of e 1,8

h

t

f

o 1,6

ela sago compost on Ultisols soil will decrease the

y

t i

s 1,4

particle density of the soil where the higher ela sago n e

D 1,2

compost content is given then the particle density of the e

l

c

i t r 0 15 30 45 60

soil be lower, then it is said that the ela sago compost a

P Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost (t/ha) will give more influence optimum to the particle density of the soil at treatment at a dose of 60 t/ha. The results also proved that the addition of ela Figure 3.2. Regression Analysis/Equation of sago compost can reduce the particle density of the soil Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost with detail are : without treatment with a dose of 0 t/ha to Particle Density of the Soil on 3 3 3 Ultisols in Telaga Kodok Sub Village. is 2.16 g/cm to 2.09 g/cm (30 t/ha), 1.85 g /cm (45 3 t/ha) and 1.78 g/cm (60 t/ha).It was assumed that the particle density of Ultisols soil before treatment was

Influence of Organic Fertilizer Sago Compost on Ultisols Soil Physical Properties of Telaga Kodok Sub in Hitu Village of Central Maluku District and the Corn (Zea Mays Ceratina) Corps Production

048 Particle density of the each soil type tends to tend to decrease. It is indicated by regression coefficient remain where the light weight of the particles is β2 = - 0.003713 with P-Value = 0.015* (significant). determined by the weathering levels of rocks which require considerable time, but the organic material Table 3.3. LSD Test Result Effect of Single Factor contained in the ela sago compost can reduce the particle Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost density of Ultisol soil in line with the addition of ela Treatment on Rapid Drainage Pore of the sago compost doses in each treatment performed. This is Soil. in line with the opinion of [18] that the presence of organic matter on the soil causes value of particle density Ela Sago Compost Average of Rapid of the soil will be lower. Treatment (t/ha) Drainage Pore of the The research results in Ref. [23-27] show that long-term Soil(%) application of organic fertilizer (manure) to change the K0 (0 t/ha) 18.11a composition of different size fractions due to K1 (30 t/ha) 14.36a cementation make < 2µm to reduce the content of soil K2 (45 t/ha) 16.57a particles, while the content of 2 ~ 10µm size fraction was K3 (60 t/ha) 7.69b significantly increased, which promote the formation of Note : The numbers followed by the same letter, are not soil aggregate structure, improve soil physical and significantly different at the 5% significance level chemical properties of positive significance. accordingly further test of LSD with LSD0.05 value single factor K = 6.51. 3.3. The Effect of Giving Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost on Rapid Drainage Pore of the Soil It needs to be explained that the existence of rapid The results of the RBD variety test showed that drainage pore in large quantities, is not good for the giving the ela sago compost was significantly affected to stability of water binding in the soil matrix, because in decrease by the rapid drainage pore of the Ultisols. this condition water will quickly disappear from the soil After the further test of LSD of ela sago through gravity, infiltration and evaporation, thus compost, as shown in Table 3.3 it appears that the giving becoming unavailable to the plant. Giving ela sago of ela sago compost with dose 0 t/a to 30 t/ha and 45 t/ha compost will help to improve soil structure by decreasing has no significant effect on rapid drainage pore, but if pore size > 29 micron as drainage pore, so soil water is this dose increased to 60 t/ha it will have a significant not lost quickly, otherwise it will potentially become effect in decrease of rapid drainage pore. available for the plant. The addition of compost at a dose of 60 t/ha will Rapid drainage pores > 29.7 microns where this decrease the percentage of the pore of rapid drainage up condition water is unavailable/ useless for plants because to 7.69 percent indicating that the more compost the water in this pore moves rapidly and disappears provided the water losses due to gravity will decrease so quickly through infiltration or evaporation and as to allow water to be retained on the soil pore as water gravitational forces. The more rapid drainage pore then it is available to the plant. is not good for the plant because the water is quickly Regression analysis results as depicted in Fig. lost. 3.3 also showed that the higher the ela sago compost dosage that was given, the rapid drainage pores would

Influence of Organic Fertilizer Sago Compost on Ultisols Soil Physical Properties of Telaga Kodok Sub in Hitu Village of Central Maluku District and the Corn (Zea Mays Ceratina) Corps Production

049 30 t/ha and 45 t/ha was also not significantly different 30 PDC = 17.73+0.0743K-0.003713K^2; P-val=0.015*

) with dose 0 t/ha, but giving ela sago compost with dose %

( 25

l i

o 60 t/ha had significant effect compared to other S

20

e h

t treatment, so it can be said that ela sago compost

f 15

o

e treatment with dose 60 t/ha is more optimum than the r

o 10

P

e other doses to increase the moisture content of field g

a 5 n

i capacity in Ultisols soil.

a r

D 0

d

i p

a 0 15 30 45 60 R Table 3.4. LSD Test Result Effect of Single Factor Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost (t/ha) Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost Figure 3.3. Regression Analysis/Equation of Treatment on Moisture Content of Field Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost Capacity in Ultisols Soil. to Rapid Dainage Pore of the Soil on Ultisols in Telaga Kodok Sub Village. Ela Sago Compost Average of Moisture Treatment (t/ha) Content of Field Capacity This study proves that by giving ela sago compost of the Soil (%) the water lost by gravity at a pressure of pF 0.0 - 0.2 will K0 (0 t/ha) 38.13a not be completely depleted or completely lost but there is K1 (30 t/ha) 40.47ab still water retained by particles with a strength between 0 K2 (45 t/ha) 38.54a - 0.096 atmospheres so water can be available for plants. K3 (60 t/ha) 43.91b The more ela sago compost provides, the more water that Note : The numbers followed by the same letter, are not can be tied to the surface of adsorption complex in the significantly different at the 5% significance level soil. This is supported by research results [17] that the accordingly further test of LSD with LSD0.05 value single provision of ela sago compost was lowering the rapid factor K = 3.78. drainage pore in the soil. The result of regression analysis in Figure 3.4 3.4. The Effect of Giving Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago also shows that giving ela sago compost can increase Compost on Moisture Content of Field the water content of field capacity ie the more ela sago Capacity of the Soil compost given, the moisture content of the field capacity The results of the RBD variety test showed that will be higher. This is indicated by the regression the giving ela sago compost had significant effect on the coefficient β1 = -0.04272 and β2 = 0.002034 with increase of moisture content of the field capacity of the P-Value = 0.023* (significant). Ultisols. It can be explained that the moisture condition Research results prove that the ela sago compost in the field capacity is the amount of moisture content in treatment with dose of 60 t/ha increased the moisture the soil after the gravity of the water drops altogether. content of the field capacity by 43.91% higher than the moisture content of the field capacity with other compost treatment doses ie without treatment of 38.13%, dose 30 t/ha of 40,47% and dose 45 t/ha equal to 38,54% (Table 3.4). The increase of dose of ela sago compost to

Influence of Organic Fertilizer Sago Compost on Ultisols Soil Physical Properties of Telaga Kodok Sub in Hitu Village of Central Maluku District and the Corn (Zea Mays Ceratina) Corps Production

050

) 3.5. The Effect of Giving Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago

% 50 KL = 38.39-0.04272K+0.002034 K^2; P-val=0.023*

(

y Compost on Water Available Pore

t

i

c a

p 45 The results of the RBD variety test showed that

a

C

d sago compost was significantly affected by the increase

l

e

i F

40

f of water available pore of the Ultisols.

o

t

n After further tests of LSD of ela sago compost, as e

t 35 n

o shown in Table 3.5 it appears that the increase of ela

C

e r

u sago compost to 30 t/ha and 45 t/ha has no significant

t 30

s i

o 0 15 30 45 60 effect on water available pore, but ela sago compost 60 M Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost (t/ha) t/ha treatment was significantly different from ela sago Figure 3.4. Regression Analysis/Equation of compost treatment with other doses in increasing water Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost available pores on Ultisols soils. to Moisture Content of Field Capacity on Ultisols Soil in Telaga Kodok Sub Table 3.5. LSD Test Result Effect of Single Factor Village. Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost Treatment on Water Available Pore in The pore size of the field capacity is 8.7 microns Ultisols Soil. and the water is held at a pressure of pF 2.54 pF or 1/3 atm. In this condition the soil contains the most water for Ela Sago Compost Average of Water Avilable plants, ie the macro pore is filled by air and water Treatment (t/ha) Pore of the Soil (%) available, while the micro pores are filled entirely by K0 (0 t/ha) 11.88a water. The presence of organic materials, especially ela K1 (30 t/ha) 13.37a sago compost can improve soil structure, thus increasing K2 (45 t/ha) 11.76a the moisture content of the field capacity. This is in line K3 (60 t/ha) 17.00b with [18] opinion that the field capacity with high Note : The numbers followed by the same letter, are not organic content is greater than the field capacity with low significantly different at the 5% significance level organic matter content. It is also supported by [1] that accordingly further test of LSD with LSD0.05 value single organic matter plays a role in the formation of soil factor K = 3.25. structures and organic materials that begins to decompose has the ability to absorb and retain high The result of regression analysis as depicted in water.According to Hendrichson in [9] soil water is Figure 3.5 also shows that the higher the ela sagu available for plants from the field capacity to the compost dose given, the water available pore will permanent wilting point. Plant growth will not be increase. This is indicated by the regression coefficient disturbed if soil moisture levels are between the two β2 = 0.002468 with P-Value = 0.011* (significant). conditions. In accordance with the opinion of [24] that organic fertilizer (corn-composite) can increased the porosity and water retention capacity of tobacco- growing soil.

Influence of Organic Fertilizer Sago Compost on Ultisols Soil Physical Properties of Telaga Kodok Sub in Hitu Village of Central Maluku District and the Corn (Zea Mays Ceratina) Corps Production

051 to change the composition of different size fractions due 22 PAT = 12.11-0.07803K+0.002468 K^2; P-val=0.011*

) to cementation make < 2µm to reduce the content of soil

20

% (

particles, while the content of 2 ~ 10µm size fraction was e

r 18

o P

significantly increased , which promote the formation of e

l 16

b a

l soil aggregate structure, improve soil physical and

i 14

a v

A chemical properties of positive significance. The

r 12

e t

a addition of ela sago compost means there is also an

10 W increase in the volume of water that is closely related to 8 0 15 30 45 60 the availability of water in the soil. Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost (t/ha) Figure 3.5. Regression Analysis/Equation of 3.6. The Effect of Giving Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost Compost on Dry Weight of Pods Corn at to Water Available Pore on Ultisols Ultisols in Telaga Kodok Sub Village Soil in Telaga Kodok Sub Village. The results of the RBD variety test showed that the giving ela sago compost, organic liquid fertilizer and Such data can be explained that the increased water its interaction had a significant effect on the dry weight available pore will increase the moisture content of corn pods at Ultisols in Telaga Kodok Sub Village. available on Ultisol soil in Telaga Kodok Sub Village. After further tests of LSD on factor of ela sago Research results show that the highest available water compost as organic fertilizer, as shown in Table 3.6, it content is on the ela sago compost treatment with the can be seen that the highest crop yield can be achieved in dose of 60 t/ha is 17.00%. The water available pore size a treatment of K3 (ela sago compost = 60 t /ha) of 89.80 is between 0.2 - 8.7 microns ie at conditions between grams compared with other treatment. It is seen that the field capacity and permanent wilting point. In this higher the dosage of ela sago as organic fertilizer given condition the water can be directly absorbed by the root the result of corn crop is increasing. of the plant that is water with the strength of 0.333 to 15 atmospheres. Water under these conditions will be Table 3.6. LSD Test Result Effect of Single Factor retained by the meso and micro pores and absorbed by Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost the plant under optimum conditions. Giving the ela sago Treatment on Dry Weight of Pods Corn compost with higher doses results in increased moisture (g/plant). content available due to soil texture of Ultisols are fine with a large surface area and large pore volume that can Compost tratment Average of Dry Weight of bind water to the maximum. In accordance with the (ton/ha) Pods Corn (g/plant) opinion of [7] which states that fine textured soils have a K0 (0 ton/ha) 0.00a maximum total water binding capacity but the maximum K1 (30 ton/ha) 62.31b available water is bonded to medium texture of the soils. K2 (45 ton/ha) 79.26c In accordance with the opinion of [24] that organic K3 (60 ton/ha) 89.80d fertilizer (corn-composite) can increased the porosity and Note : The numbers followed by the same letter, are not water retention capasity of tobacco- growing soil. significantly different at the 5% significance level

Things is supported the research results Xu in [27] show accordingly further test of LSD with LSD0.05 value single that long-term application of organic fertilizer (manure) factor K = 7.60.

Influence of Organic Fertilizer Sago Compost on Ultisols Soil Physical Properties of Telaga Kodok Sub in Hitu Village of Central Maluku District and the Corn (Zea Mays Ceratina) Corps Production

052

) 140 t of the soil Ref. [2]. Also supported by [15] that the value

n DWoPC=0,08+2,62 K-0,0189K^2;P-val=0.000*

a l

p 120 of positive significant correlation coefficient between

/

g (

100 available moisture content and soil organic matter

n

r o

C content, the higher the organic matter the higher the

80

s d

o available moisture content in the soil. In addition,

P 60

f o according to [16] that organic fertilizers activate many

t 40

h g i species of soil microorganisms that release fitohormon to

e 20

W

y stimulate plant growth and improve nutrition. The soil

r 0 D 0 15 30 45 60 organism also requires nitrogen for its growth and Organic Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost (t/ha) development. It is also endorsed by [11] that giving ela sago compost will improve soil chemistry primarily Figure 3.6. Regression Analysis/Equation of Organic lowering soil acidity, increasing P-available and soil P Fertilizer Ela Sago Compost to Dry Wight uptake. Similarly, according to the study of [12] that the of Pods Corn on Ultisols Soil in Telaga giving of ela sago compost independently can increase Kodok Sub Village. the dry weight of corn plant in Ultisols. This is also It can be explained that the giving of ela sago supported by the results of research from [25] that compost causes the soil to have sufficient nutrient supply application of organic fertilizer was all alkaline fertilizer, for plant growth especially N, P, K, Ca, Mg and other which provide phosphorus and potasium ions, and micro elements. In addition, this treatment contains calcium and magnesium bases as well, contributing to microorganisms that break down the soil N and donate N improving acidified soil and apple fruit yield. to the plant. This means that the soil and plants get a Study results of [27] showed that the application large supply of N nutrients where the roots of the plant of organic fertilizer effectively, will increase soil N and will move freely to absorb nutrients from the soil. All maintain available N, and increase available soil K. as these nutrients are essential element that can be available shown in Ref. [27] stated that long-term application of in the soil and are useful to plants in support of better organic fertilizer can increase soil Fe-P, the content of growth and crop production. Giving the ela sago Al-P, Ca2-P and organic phosphorus each component. compost has also improved the soil physical properties Recognizing the function and important role of that is decrease of the bulk density, particle density, and organic fertilizer in increasing corn production, it can be rapid drainage pores, increasing the moisture content of recommended to use ela sago compost with dose 60 t/ha the field capacity and water available pore (available so that corn production can reach 4.28 t/ha. It strongly moisture content), so that rooting is better to absorb supports the national corn production improvement nutrients from the soil. This is in line with the opinion of program targeted to increase 5% per year with the [26] that the fiber residues consist of lignin, cellulose and average national corn production currently at 5.05 t/ha hemicellulose, which can easily generate chemical and especially in Maluku Province of 3.81 t/ha. bonding with electrophiles via hydroxyl groups. This carboxyl group which functions for the formation of soil IV. CONCLUSION structures. 4.1. Conclusion This is because the giving of organic materials Based on the results and discussion of this study it can not only contribute N, P, K and other elements, but can be concluded several things as follows: also can improve the physical and biological properties

Influence of Organic Fertilizer Sago Compost on Ultisols Soil Physical Properties of Telaga Kodok Sub in Hitu Village of Central Maluku District and the Corn (Zea Mays Ceratina) Corps Production

053 1. Ela Sago Compost can improve the bulk density, [3] Baver, L. D., W. H. Gardner & W. R. Gardner, particle density, rapid drainage pore, field capacity 1972.Soil Physics.4th. Rd. John Wiley. New York. and water available pore (moisture content available) [4] Dinas Pertanian Provinsi Maluku, 2016. Data at Ultisols soil in Telaga Kodok Sub Village. Produksi Jagung di Provinsi Maluku. 2. The ela sago compost as organic fertilizer was able [5] Dirjen Tanaman Pangan Kementerian Pertanian, to increase the yield of corn plants that is 4.28 t/ha. 2015. Pedoman Teknis GPPTT Jagung 2015. (tidak 4. The optimum dosage of ela sago compost found to dipublikasikan). improve soil physical properties of Ultisols is a dose [6] Draper. N.R. dan H. Smith. 1992. Terjemahan of 60 t/ha. Furthermore, to increase the production of Analisis RegresiTerapan. P.T.Gramedia maize, the best treatment as the optimum dose is 60 PustakaUtama. Jakarta. t/ha ela sago compost as organic fertilizer. [7] Foth. H.D. 1990. Fundamentals of Soil Science. 4.2. Suggestion Eighth Edition. New. Michigan State University. Based on the results of this study it is necessary to John Wiley and Sons. ISBN: 0-471-52279-1. suggest several things as follows: [8] Haridjaja, O., Y. Hidayat., L.S. Maryamah., 2010. 1. To improve the physical properties of Ultisols soil it is Pengaruh Bobot Isi Tanah Terhadap Sifat Fisik recommended only use organic fertilizer ela sago Tanah dan Perkecambahan Benih Kacang Tanah dan compost with optimum doses of 60 t/ha. Kedelai. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia.Volume 15 2. To increase the production of maize in the Ultisols soil No. 3.Desember 2010.Hal.147-152. ISSN 0853-4217. is advised to provide organic fertilizer ela sago [9] Hillel, D. 1971.Soil and Water. Physical Principles compost with dosage of 60 t/ha. and Processes, New York: Academic Press, Inc. 3. Need to do continue research on how to apply liquid [10] Kaya, E, J.A. Putinella dan F. Puturuhu, 2008. organic fertilizer, either directly to the soil or through Pemanfaatan Limba Olahan Sagu (Ela Sagu) Sebagai plant leaves to know the effect on soil physical pupuk Organik. Laporan Penelitian Maritim Fakultas properties and crop production at Ultisols in other Pertanian Universitas Pattimura Ambon. location. [11] Kaya. E. 2012. Pengaruh Pemberian Kompos Ela Sagu dan Pupuk ABG Bunga-Buah Terhadap P Acknowledgement Tersedia, Serapan P, serta Pertumbuhan Tanaman We are grateful to thank for Ministry of Research, Jagung (Zea mays L.) Pada Inceptisols. Jurusan Technology and Higher Education of Republic of Budidaya Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Indonesia for providing funding for the implementation of Pattimura Ambon. Jurnal Buana Sains Vol.12 this research. No.1:21-26. [12] Kaya E. Adelina Siregar. Diane M.Y. Matulessy, References Masitta Hasan. 2016. Pertumbuhan Dan Produksi [1] Arsyad S. 2006. Konservasi Tanah dan Air. IPB - Tanaman Jagung (Zea Mays L.) Akibat Pemberian Press. Bogor. ISBN : 979-493-003-2 Kompos Ela Sagu Dan Pupuk Organik Cair (Poc) [2] Baskoro., D. P. T., 2010. Pengaruh Pemberian Bahan Pada Tanah Ultisol. Jurnal Budidaya Pertanian. Vol. Humatdan Kompos Sisa Tanaman Terhadap Sifat 12(1): 16-19th. 2016 ISSN: 1858-4322. Fisik Tanah dan Produksi Ubi Kayu. Jurnal Tanah [13] Louhenapessy J.E, M. Luhukay, S. Talakua, H. dan Lingkungan Volume 12 No 1, Hal 9 – 14 April Salampessy, J. Riry. 2010. Sagu Harapan dan 2010. ISSN 1410-7333.

Influence of Organic Fertilizer Sago Compost on Ultisols Soil Physical Properties of Telaga Kodok Sub in Hitu Village of Central Maluku District and the Corn (Zea Mays Ceratina) Corps Production

054 Tantangan. PT. Bumi Aksara. Jakarta. ISBN: [21] Talakua, S. M. 2016. DegradasiLahan; Metode 978-979-010-518-8. Analisis dan Aplikasinya dalam Penggunaan Lahan. [14] Morrison D.F. 1976 Multivariate Statistical Plantaxia Press. Yogyakarta. Methods.Second Edition.Mc.Graw-Hill Book [22] Wirosoedarmo Ruslan, 2011. Evaluasi Kesesuaian Company. New York St. Louis San Francisco Lahan untuk Tanaman Jagung Menggunakan Auckland Düsseldorf Johannesburg Kulala Lumpur Metode Analisis Spasial. Universitas Brawijaya. London Mexico Montreal New Delhi Panama paris Jurnal Agritech, Volume 31 No. 1, Februari 2011. São Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto. [23] Xinliang Dong, Tianyu Guan, Guitong Li, Qimei [15] Murtilaksono K dan E. D. Wahyuni, 2004. Lin, Xiaorong Zhao. 2016. Long-Term Effects Of Hubungan Ketersediaan Air Tanah dan Sifat-sifat Biochar Amount On The Content And Composition Dasar Fisika Tanah. FakultasPertanian IPB, Bogor. Of Organic Matter in Soil Aggregates Under Field Jurnal Tanah dan Lingkungan, Volume 6 No. 2, Conditions. Journal Soils Sediments (2016) Oktober2004 : 46-50. 16:1481-1497 DOI 10.1007/s11368-015-1338-5. [16] Ouda, B. A and Mahadeen, A.Y. 2008. Effect of @Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Fertilizers on Growth, yield, yield Components, [24] Yang LlU, Aihua Li. 2016. Effects of Corn Quality and Certain Nutrient Inbroccoli Stalk - composted Organic Fertilizer on (Brassecaoleraceae). International Journal of Physiochemical Properties of Tobacco-growing Agriculture and Biology, 10 (6) 627-632. Soil. Agricultural Science & Technology, 2016, [17] Putinella J.A. 2014. Perubahan Distribusi Pori 17(11): 2551-2554. Copyright © 2016, Information Tanah Regosol Akibat Pemberian Kompos Ela Institute of HAAS. Sagu Dan Pupuk Organik Cair. Jurusan Budidaya [25] Yao SUN, Yiming WANG, Peiping ZHANG. 2016. Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Pattimura. Effect of Organic Fertilizer on Fruit Quality Jurnal Buana Sains Vol. 14 No. 2:123-129. Acidified Soil Chemical Properties in Yantai [18] Sarief. S, H. E., 1989. Fisika-Kimia Tanah Orchard. Agriculture Science and Technology. Pertanian. Penerbit CV. Pustaka Buana, Bandung. 17(5):1145-1148, 1165. @. Information Institute of [19] Sasaoka M, Y. Laumonier, K. Sugimura. 2014. HAAS. Influence of Indigenous Sago-Based Agriculture on [26] Zainab N, AR Khairul Aidil Azlin, S. Nazlima, H. Local Forest Landscapes In Maluku, East Hasnain, Norhaizat, JX Teng, V. Lawai. 2013. Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 26(1): Production of Fire-Retardant Sound-Absorbing 75–83. Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido Panels From Sago Waste. Journal of tropical forest University, Kita 10, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sappora, Science 25(4): 510 –515. Department of 060-0810, Japan; [email protected]. chemistry, Faculty of Resource science and [20] Steel R.G.D dan J.H. Torrie. 1991. Prinsip dan technology,Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Prosedur Statistika. Suatu Pendekatan Biometrik. Kota Samarahan, Sarawak. Terjemahan dari Principles and Procedure of [27] ZhiQiang Yu , FeiPeng Ren. 2015. Material Statistics. 1980. Copyright McGraw-Hill. Inc. Properties in Advances in Organic Fertilizer. Alihbahasa Ir. Bambang Sumantri (IPB). PT. Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 730 (2015) Gramedia Jakarta. pp 235-240 © (2015) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/ AMM.730.235

Influence of Organic Fertilizer Sago Compost on Ultisols Soil Physical Properties of Telaga Kodok Sub in Hitu Village of Central Maluku District and the Corn (Zea Mays Ceratina) Corps Production

055

*Corresponding Author Brief CV

Dr. Ir. Silwanus Matheus Talakua, MP, born in Ambon, Maluku Province on January 3rd, 1965. Graduated with a Bachelor of Agriculture (S1) at Pattimura University in 1991 with Specialist in Soil Sciences/Soil and Water Conservation. In 1999 completing a Master Degree Program (S2) in the Program Postgraduate of Padjadjaran University in Bandung with the main spesification of study in Soil / Reclamation and Land Rehabilitation, then in 2009, won a Doctorate (S3) at Padjadjaran University with a science spesification in Soil Science, Land Degradation and Land Rehabilitation Sciences. Since 1993 to present the author is a Teaching Staff on the Soil Science and Agroecotechnology Study Program at Agriculture Faculty of Pattimura University. The courses taken are Soil Physics, Basic Soil Science, Hydrology, Soil and Water Conservation, Geodesy and Cartography, Degradation and Land Rehabilitation. Also as a teaching staff at the Postgraduate Program of Pattimura University in the Land Management Study Program, with the subjects being raised are Soil Physics, Land Resource Conservation, Land Rehabilitation, Land Use Planning, and Statistical Analysis. The research that has been done by Dr. Talakua is : the Study of Soil Degradation Through Estimation of Potential Erosion by the USLE method in the Wai Ruhu Watershed at Sirimau Sub District Ambon (1991), Determination of Erosion Hazard Levels in the Wai Lela Watershed at Ambon Bay Baguala Sub District Ambon City (1999 ), Analysis of Some Physical Properties of Soil, Land Use and Properties of Soil Profiles on Infiltration Processes in Wae Tonahitu Watershed at Ambon Bay Baguala Sub District, Ambon City (2002), Evaluation of Soil Degradation and Control Effort in the Wai Riuapa Watershed at Kairatu Sub District of Maluku Province ( 2006), Inventory of Sago Potential and Sago Mapping in Bula Sub District East Seram District (2009), Sago Development Survey in South Buru District (2009), Effects of Land Use on Soil Degradation Due to Erosion in Kairatu Sub District at West Seram District of Maluku Province (2009), Identification of watershed characteristics in Wai Batu Merah Watershed at Ambon City of Maluku Province (2012). The Effect of Land Use Extent and Vegetation Density on Soil Degradation in Mixed Plantation and Shifting Cultivation in Kairatu District, West Seram Regency, which was published in the Agrinimal Journal. Faculty of Agriculture Pattimura University, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2013). ISSN: 2088-3609. Evaluation of Land Capability and Landuse Planning in the Wai Tina Watershed, South Buru Regency, Maluku Province, which was published in the Agrologia Journal of the Agriculture Faculty Pattimura University Vol. 3, No. 1 (2014). ISSN: 2301-7287. Water Efficiency on Irrigation System in Way Bini of Waeapo Sub District, Buru District of Maluku Province, which was published in the Agrologia Journal of Agriculture Faculty, Pattimura University Vol. 5, No. 2 (2016). The Effects of Land Use Factors on Soil Degradation at Mixed Plantation in the Sub District of Kairatu, West Seram District, Maluku Province, published in the Agrologia Journal of the Agriculture Faculty Pattimura University Vol. 7, No. 1 (2018). Determination of Land Capability Class and Land Rehabilitation Planning at Wai Batu Merah Watershed in Ambon City, Maluku Province, which was published in the Agrologia Journal Vol. 7, No. 1 (2018).

056

Dr. Talakua has been as a speaker at several scientific meetings: Annual Scientific Meeting (PIT) XXVIII – Indonesian Hydraulic Engineering Expert Association (HATHI) (2011). "The Role of Integrated Watershed Management in Regional Development" at the Meeting for the Watershed Management of Integrated Wae Apu Watershed in Buru Regency (2011). Soil from the Side of Empowerment, Conservation. General Meeting of GPM Male Pastors in Maluku Province (2011). The Importance of Integration in Watershed Management at the Coordination Meeting on the Planning of the Integrated Management of the Wae Manumbai Watershed in Aru Islands Regency (2012). "Maluku in the Aspect of Disaster Presenters Papers on Activities for Dissemination of Disaster Risk Reduction in Ambon City for Elementary, Junior High School, Senior High School Teachers in Ambon City in collaboration with Ambon City Government cq Ambon City Regional Disaster Management Agency with Hope World Wide Indonesia (2013). As Oral Presenter in National Joint Conference Unpatti-Unpad. Sustainable Development For Archipelago Region in Pattimura University (2017). Determination of Innovative Patterns of Land Conservation at Wai Batu Merah, Wai Tomu, Wai Batu Gajah, and Wai Batu Gantung to Support Flood and Sediment Barriers at the National Seminar for the 51st Anniversary of the Faculty of Agriculture, Mataram University in Lombok at Nusa Tenggara Barat Province (2018). Dr. Talakua as a participant in : International Seminar on Sago and Spices For Food Security. Sail Banda (Small Island for Our Future) Ambon (2010). Disaster Risk Reduction Training Program at Yogyakarta (2014). Training Data Analysis Experimental Design 2 Factors With Minitab 17 Program (2016). ArcGIS training for Basic Level in Center For The Development Of Spatial Data (PPIDS) of Pattimura University, Ambon City (2018). International Seminar Sago Feeds The World, in Ambon City (2018). The book that has been produced by Dr. Talakua is the book 1). "Sago, Hope and Challenges" First Edition on November 2010. Publisher: PT Bumi Aksara Jl. Sawo Raya No.18. Jakarta-13220 ISBN 978-979-010-518-8., 2). Land Degradation, Method of Analysis and Its Application on Land Use on 2016, Publisher : Plantaxia Publisher Yogyakarta. ISSN: 978-602-6912-13-8. Dr. Talakua, active in professional organizations, namely as Secretary of the Devision of Physics and Mechanics Science at the Indonesian Soil Science Association (HITI) KOMDA Maluku and Irian Jaya (1993-1996), member of the Indonesian Soil Science Association (HITI) (Deputy Chair of the HITI KOMDA Maluku), Secretary of the Watershed Forum of Maluku Province, member of the Water Resources Council of Maluku Province, member of Regional Spatial Planning Coordination Team (BKPRD) of Ambon City, member of Resources Management Coordination Team of Ambon-Seram River Region of Maluku Province.

Science Nature 2(1), pp.057-065 (2019) e-ISSN 2654-6264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30598/SNVol2Iss1pp057-065year2019

The Implementation of High School Local Content Learning

in Babar Island

1 2* 3 Juliaans Marantika , Tanwey Gerson Ratumanan , and Effilina Kissiya Pattimura University 1 2 [email protected] , [email protected]

Received : January 16, 2019 Revised : January 31, 2019 Published : March 11, 2019 Copyright @ All rights are reserved by J. Marantika, T.G. Ratumanan, E. Kissiya

Corresponding author: *Email: [email protected]

057

The Implementation of High School Local Content Learning in Babar Island

058 Abstract

This study deals with the effort of obtaining information about aspects of practicality or implementation of lesson plans and local content textbooks, the quality of textbooks, and the responds of teachers and students toward local content and its application at the school in Babar island. The research was conducted at Babar State High School 1 using descriptive analytical method. Data was collected using observation and questionnaire techniques. Observations were made to obtain information related to the implementation of classroom learning. The questionnaire was used to explore teachers and students perspective about textbooks. The research results indicate that learning activities happened smoothly. The quality of the textbook used is quite good and has a good level of readability. The response of teachers and students to teaching books is highly positive. The teaching material provided is in accordance with the needs of the school, especially students. The enthusiasm of students is seen in the whole learning activities, both in face to face and in completing tasks (homework).

Keywords: Implementation, Local Content Learning, Babar Island.

water is also relatively better compared to the surrounding islands. Thus, Babar Island has the potential Articles to be used as a center for the development of upstream

I. Introduction industries and downstream industries in the Masela Babar islands is one of the cluster islands in block. the Southwest Maluku Regency [1] which is grouped as The process of managing industries both the outer islands of Indonesia (PP No 6 of 2017). One of upstream and downstream in this region will on the one the largest islands of the cluster is Babar Island. In hand have a positive impact on the economic growth of relation to the development of Masela block, this island the community. On the other hand, the economic growth is very strategic. Besides being located inside the Masela of the community and the migration of workers from block area, Babar Island is also the largest and closest to various regions will have an impact on the changing the Masela block area. The availability of land for the dynamics of the socio-cultural life of the surrounding construction of refineries, housing and development of community. The industrialization process has a huge the petrochemical industry, fertilizer industry, etc. is influence on the social system and structure of society, relatively sufficient. Further, the availability of clean especially the basic way of life. The direct impact is a

The Implementation of High School Local Content Learning in Babar Island 590595

959 change in the pattern of employment relations from Content is expected to provide knowledge, skills and traditional to modern [2] whereas according to Setiawati behavior to students so that they have extensive insight (2002) in Ref. [3] village communities are individuals about regional environment and the needs of the and families that form a social group that is community in accordance with applicable values / rules interconnected with each other and bound with a lifestyle and take part in supporting the continuity of regional and that is normatively governed by traditional norms, values national development. and institutions. This condition needs to be anticipated To support the implementation of the local considering the emergence of a variety of content curriculum that has been developed, a learning multidimensional problems in the coastal areas that design that includes syllabus, and local content textbooks originate from overlapping policy implementation until for junior and senior high schools that highlight local the social conflicts of communities at the wisdom and culture was prepared. The model of learning community and individual levels [4] or mentioned by developed refers to Plomp model in Ref. [10], which Beatley et al in Ref. [5] as phenomena of consists of 5 (five) phases, namely (1) initial study The Tragedy of The Common. (preliminary investigation), (2) design, (3) realization / Considering that Babar islands community is construction, (4) test , evaluation, and revision, and (5) generally a traditional society that still bounds and implementation. maintains family pattern of life, the possibility of threat The design of the learning tools is intended not of fading cultural values, the development individualism only to be used as a supporting component of the local attitude, consumerism, westernization and hedonism content curriculum, but also provides local content needs to be anticipated [6]. One of the strategies needed learning tools in schools as one of the requirements to anticipate this is through education. The reason is that stipulated in the Law of National Education System education is the most effective way for increasing and the 2013 curriculum [11] which requires schools to regional resources. The results of study by Inkeles and teach local content curriculum in each school. This study Smith (1976) as shown in Ref. [7] and cited by aims at obtaining an overview of whether learning Ratumanan, show that education provides a three-fold devices, especially textbooks have been developed to contribution to the development of human resources meet the demands of applying local content curricula in when compared to other businesses such as capital and SMP and SMA on Babar archipelago. To study its technology. Improvement through education can be done relevance to the needs and accordance with the through development and implementation of local anticipation efforts of the social impact of Masela block content curriculum. development towards junior and senior high school Covering the development of local wisdom students on Babar archipelago Southwest Maluku and its enrichment as local content in the curriculum of Regency. To know its level of implementation and the local content is expected to be able to develop the ability response of teachers and students to the implementation of the younger generation to endure social impacts that of the intended curriculum. will emerge along with the development of upstream industries and downstream industry in the management 2. Research Method of the Masela block. Adler in Ref. [8] emphasizes the importance of managing diversity (cultural diversity) in a This research is descriptive analytical research. togetherness. While the Ministry of National According to Sugiyono in Ref. [12] descriptive method Education [9] describes that the application of Local is a method that serves to describe or give an overview of

The Implementation of High School Local Content Learning in Babar Island 060606

0 the object under study through data or samples that have and learning implementation plan were given to be used been collected as they are without doing analysis and as a reference for teachers in preparing lesson plans. making conclusions that apply to the public. Meanwhile for observers, the discussion was focused The research was carried out in the State High on the mechanism of observation procedures, the School 1 of Babar islands class X. Data was obtained instrument used, how it is filled, and the expected through direct observation in the classroom conducted by results. 1 (one) supervisor and 1 (one) research staff by referring Based on the debriefing given to the teachers, to observation instruments or guidelines. Supervisors and the entire learning process was done smoothly according research personnel observed the learning process, to the developed lesson plan. This was seen in the recorded every activity and interaction that occurs management of teaching and learning process conducted between the teacher and students, and between students by the teacher and the response of students. In general, and students. In addition to primary data through the students paid serious attention to the whole learning observation, research also obtained secondary data activities. Learning material for local content, such as through information. The questionnaire was given to traditional clothing, games, and houses that are loaded teachers and students to find out their response towards with cultural values. The teaching materials in fact the application of local content. The teachers’ response attract students’ attention because throughout the in the questionnaire includes (1) the curriculum, (2) observation on Babar archipelago these items were not syllabus, (3) feasibility and benefits of learning material, seen any more in the community daily life due to (4) textbooks, (5) learning, and (6) notes on each chapter modernization impact. of the textbook and suggestions for revision. While the The teacher's response towards the local content students’ response in the questionnaire includes: (1) the learning indicates that aspects of local content in the feasibility and benefits of learning material, (2) learning, developed curriculum were highly appreciated. The and (3) notes on each chapter of the textbook and teacher mentioned that the curriculum was clear, well suggestions for revision. structured, adequate, and can be implemented in high

schools in Babar archipelago. Besides, they also asserted 3. Results and Discussion that the developed textbooks and subject matter were

important for students and it was arranged according to As explained earlier, the research was the level of students’ cognition. It was also useful to conducted at grade ten of State Senior High School 1 increase students' knowledge, foster awareness of Babar islands located in Tepa. Prior to the research, the preserving local culture, and have an impact on students’ teachers who were going to carry out local content character building. learning activities in the classroom and the supervisors who were going to conduct observations were debriefed. Debriefing was done by discussing the objectives of developing local content and how the learning process will be carried out. For teachers, the scope of local content material was expected to be mastered by students, how to manage local content learning, and what tasks and activities should be carried out by students. In addition, textbooks, syllabus, and examples of teaching

The Implementation of High School Local Content Learning in Babar Island 006611

Table 1. Teacher’s Responds. it in group, actively working on the questions or assignments given, and presenting the results of group Score No. Aspect Conclusion discussions. The follow up tasks given by the teacher to Scale Scale explore further information can be carried out by

4 100 students. Some of students’ work results are shown in the following figure: 1 Curriculum 3.57 89.29 Excellent . 2 Syllabus 3.43 85.71 Excellent . 3 Feasibility 4.00 100 Excellent . and

usefulness of

teaching

Materials

4 Textbook 3.00 75.00 Good . 5 Learning 3.00 75.00 Good . Process

Total Score 3.38 84.38 Good

In addition to the positive response, the teacher also provided some notes for improvement. The inputs Figure 1. Working result of Robert Tahanora. given in relation to the improvement of the textbooks were: (1) The use of several terms in traditional homes, such as inalyewna; (2) The use of the word "Kalwedo" to address people which is different from one village to another, such as in the village of Tela uses "Twan", Imroing uses "Twano"; (3) Considering that the culture or Tradition of Nweleya is now no longer found on Figure 2. Working reslut of Julius Aktawalora Babar Island specifically and Babar Islands in general, it explaining barter example fromhis village is necessary to do an action of plan for development and introduced to the community; (4) The same thing In addition to the positive response from the also needs to be done for songs from Babar archipelago teacher, the results of observations, interviews, and that need to be developed by writing more songs. questionnaires filled out by students also indicated that A positive response was also reflected in the they strongly accepted the existence of the local content implementation of learning process. The learning process curriculum. The students were motivated to know more in the classroom went well and smoothly. There was about their local culture which is part of their identity. dynamic interaction between teachers and students, as From the analysis of students responses from the well as between students. Students were enthusiastic in questionnaire, it was obvious that the learning material reading the learning material in the textbook, discussing was considered highly relevant to the needs (score 100),

The Implementation of High School Local Content Learning in Babar Island 062

useful (score 97.62), and fostering awareness of the era, especially the presence of the Masela block. The importance of preserving cultural values (score 97.62). A teacher's excellent response to the structure of the relatively low score relates to students' responses to tasks curriculum, syllabus and textbooks developed illustrates or activities that must be done (score 60.71) and doing that aspects of local content in the curriculum developed practice questions (score 67.86). have been in accordance with the school's needs for local

content. Moreover, it is supported by systematic learning The results of analysis of student responses is steps that enable teachers to carry out classroom learning presented in the following Table 2. easily. This of course can overcome the obstacles that have been experienced by the schools due to the

unavailability of special local content curricula as Table 2. Result of Students’ Response learning guidelines. The results of the study illustrate that

Score the curriculum and learning tools developed have No. Aspect Conclusion fulfilled the requirements to be used in the schools. Scale 4 Scale The results of the study also illustrate that the 100 application of local content learning was well 1. Feasibility 3.79 94.76 Excellent implemented. The development of a syllabus that refers and to basic competencies and clear achievement indicators

Usefulness of have made it easy for the teachers to develop lesson plan. The learning steps that have been contained in the next learning learning plan can be implemented in the classroom. This 2. TeMaxttbe ook 3.10 77.53 Good rial indicates that the curriculum and learning tools 3. Learning 3.45 86.31 Excellent developed have relatively high levels of implementation.

Process An excellent assessment of learning material both from the teacher and the students indicates that the Total Score 3.39 84.66 Good subject matter has been prepared in accordance with students’ cognition level as well as useful to increase the From the responses of students through knowledge of students; More than that, it is very useful questionnaire, there were also some inputs or suggestions to foster awareness of preserving local culture while at that need to be considered. The suggestions were as the same time having an impact on students' character follows: (1) Activities to make traditional houses are building. The attractiveness and curiosity of the students difficult because there is no more traditional houses on towards local content teaching material that contains Babar Island; (2) There are several names or terms that local wisdom and living traditions of the Babar need to be revised, namely: Tiarka should be changed to community indicate a positive perspective. The cultural Diarki, Telaa should be changed to Tela, Sermatang values that have so far been forgotten due to should be changed to Sermata. modernization got its moment to be revived especially The purpose of developing a local content among the younger generation. This indicates an curriculum was to help the schools to conduct local expectation that learning local content in schools can content learning as it is required in the current national serve as a way to preserve Babar's cultural values for the curriculum. Besides, it is also an effort to embed Babar younger generation. Thus both the younger generation community cultural values for students in anticipating and the community can become increasingly aware of the development of science and technology in this global

The Implementation of High School Local Content Learning in Babar Island 063 the importance of cultural wealth and the values 4. Conclusion contained in it. Increasing awareness of cultural identity will motivate the Babar people to reorganize their The curriculum development of local content is lifestyle by always making Babar's culture and local not only aimed at being used as a reference for wisdom their way of life. implementing local content learning in schools, but at the The results showed that the local content same time providing students with knowledge, skills, and curriculum developed had met the quality criteria, attitudes and behavior formation so that they have a according to the criteria given by Nieveen (1999: broad, steady insight into their environment and the 127-128) as depicted in Ref. [13]. Nieveen mentioned culture of the community and region. It is hoped that the that the quality of a prototype is determined by aspects values of local wisdom can be conserved and managed of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The wisely for the benefit of self-development, regional curriculum of local content, syllabus, and textbooks of development and supporting national development. class VII and X that are developed meet the aspects of Incorporating efforts to preserve the cultural values and validity. The results of classroom observations indicate local wisdom in the formal education system is a that learning can be carried out according to the strategic step. The reason is through formal education developed learning tools (syllabus, lesson plans, and channels especially junior and senior high schools, the textbooks). Thus the curriculum and learning tools process of reintroducing and internalizing these values fulfill the practicality aspect. The teachers and students can be maximally linked. respond excellent and good to the textbooks and local The positive perceptions of teachers, students content learning. This means that the curriculum and and the local community about the presence of the local learning devices fulfill the effectiveness aspects. content curriculum and its implementation gave light for Besides the responses of teachers and students, the effort of conserving the culture. Therefore, there local content learning materials, such as traditional should be a policy taken by policy makers in the regions clothes, games, and houses that are loaded with cultural especially at the district government in accelerating the values attract the community’s attention. According to use of local content curricula that have been developed in some community leaders on Babar Island, the existence the Babar Island sub-district schools. In addition to of traditional houses, and games have been replaced with policy makers at the district level, community support is modern houses and games. This indicates that, in also needed, especially the village government, general, there has been an erosion of people's customary leaders, community leaders, and parents to understanding of their cultural values. The community is support the school's efforts by encouraging the not aware of the importance of traditional wealth and the application of cultural values and local wisdom values contained in it as one of the cultural identity and throughout the daily life patterns of the Babar wealth of the people in Babar Islands. This condition community so the process of cultural values certainly needs serious attention from policy makers, internalization is obtained during the learning process customary leaders, and community leaders. Strategic gain support in the environment where the child live. efforts are needed to reduce or prevent the symptoms of acculturation in the Babar community, especially the Acknowledgement younger generation. The authors would like to thank Indonesia Ministry of Higher Education for their supports in this work.

The Implementation of High School Local Content Learning in Babar Island 060464

References [9]. Depdiknas. 2008. Pengembangan Muatan Lokal. Jakarta: Direkorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah [1]. Ralahalu Karel Albert. 2008. The Wonderful Island Atas. Maluku, Membangun Kembali Maluku dengan [10]. Plomp, Tjeerd. 1997. Education and Training Nilai-nilai dan Khasanah Lokal, serta Prinsip System Design. Enschede, The Netherlands: Enterpreneurial Government, Beragam Potensi dan University of Twente. Peluang Investasi. Gibbonbooks. Jakarta. [11]. Depdiknas. 2010. Petunjuk Teknis Pengembangan [2]. Ibrahim, J.T 2002. dalam Noviani Nurkolis . Muatan Lokal. Jakarta: Depdiknas. Dampak Keberadaan Industri Terhadap [12]. Sugiyono. 2009. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Ekonomi Masyarakat Serat Lingkungan Industri Kualitatif dan R&D, Bandung : Alfabeta. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.docume [13]. Nieveen, Nienke. 1999. Prototyping to Reach Product nts/33456176/dampak-industri-terhadap Quality. In Jan Van den Akker, R.M. Branch, K. ekonomi masyarakat dan lingkungan industri/ Gustafson, N. Nieveen, & Tj. Plomp (Eds.). Design (Online) . diakses pada tanggal 9 Maret 2019 Approaches and Tools in Education and Training [3]. Setiawati 2002 dalam Fikry Zuledy. Sosiologi (pp. 125-135). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Pembangunan: Dampak dari Industrialisasi Wilayah Academic Publishers. Pedesaan. https://www.academia.edu/15550379/sosiologi _pembangunan_dampak_dari_industrialisasi_wi layah_pedesaan/ (Online) . diakses pada tanggal 9 Maret 2019

[4]. Kay, R. dan Alder, J. 2005. Coastal Planning and Management. New York, USA: Taylor and Francis Group. [5]. Beatley, T., Brower, DJ., Schwab, AK. 2002. An Introduction To Coastal Zone Management (Second Edition). Washington DC, USA: ISLAND Press. [6]. Ratumanan, T. G, dkk. 2017. Pengembangan Kurikulum Muatan Lokal:Antisipasi Dampak Sosial Pengelolaan Blok Masela Pada Siswa Smp Dan Sma Di Pulau Babar Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya.Laporan Penelitian Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi. [7] Inkeles, A., and Smith, D.H. 1976. Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries, President and Fellows, Harvad Collage, Cambridge

[8]. Adler, N. 2008. International Dimension of Organizational Behavior. USA: Thomson-South- Western.

The Implementation of High School Local Content Learning in Babar Island 065 065

*Corresponding Author Brief CV

Prof. Tanwey Gerson Ratumanan was one of the youngest professor in the eastern part of Indonesia at age of 38 years old. Prof. Ratumanan is currently working as a prominent researcher in the Faculty of Education and Teacher Trainning called as FKIP at Pattimura university, Ambon, Indonesia. His office URL is http://s2pnd-matematika.fkip.unpatti.ac.id. The scientific detail of Prof. T.G. Ratumanan can be obtained in his Google Scholar profile: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=xNdHwG4AAAAJ&hl=en

Science Nature 2(1), pp.066-070 (2019) e-ISSN 2654-6264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30598/SNVol2Iss1pp066-070year2019

The Discovery of NEW Golobe and Its Amazing Healing System

Hendry Izaac Elim (Elim Heaven)1-7*

1Specific Laboratory of Electronics and Instrumentation (ELINS lab), Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMIPA), Pattimura university, Indonesia 97233 2Nanomaterials for Photonics Nanotechnology Laboratory (N4PN Lab.), Department of Physics, FMIPA, Pattimura University, Jl. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka, Ambon, Indonesia 97233 3Nanotechnology Research Center and Innovative Creation (PPNRI-LEMLIT), Research Center of Pattimura University, Pattimura University Campus, Jl. Mr. CHR. Soplanit, Rumah Tiga, Ambon, Indonesia 97234 4Multidisciplinary Research Center of Excellence (MrCE), UNPATTI, Jl. Chr. Soplanit, RumahTiga, Ambon, Indonesia 97234 Jl. Ir. MartinusPutuhena, Poka, Ambon, Indonesia 97233 5Maritime and Marine Science Center of Excellence (MMSCE) Jl. Dr. Leimena, Ambon, Indonesia 97234 6Theoretical Physics Laboratory, Physics department, Pattimurauniversity, Ambon, Indonesia 97233 7Development and Innovative Center (PPI) of Pattimura University, Indonesia

Received : February 27, 2019 Revised : March 3, 2019 Published : March 11, 2019 Copyright @ All rights are reserved by H.I. Elim (Elim Heaven)

Corresponding author: *Email: [email protected]

066

The Discovery of NEW Golobe and Its Amazing Healing System

067 Abstract

Here, one reported a discovery of new golobe or a novel kind of zingiberaceae fruit in a forest of Layeni village located in Teon-Nila-Serua (TNS) district of Seram island, Maluku province, Indonesia in the late afternoon on 25th February 2019. The new golobe is very different from the four (4) formal types of golobe fruits studied before. After intense prompt investigations, the new golobe was named as Elim alliacea based on the taller tree and fruit hard skin structures as well as its unique taste. Furthermore, the healing system of the golobe was identified to be very excellence in handling toxic instantly. This discovery suggests a prominent potential of this fruit as multitasking healing herbal medicine for future complicated deceases on earth.

Keywords: Discovery, New Golobe, Layeni village, West Seram.

through both theoretical physics works [4-5], and an integrated experimental researches involving a variety

Letters spectroscopy measurement of nanostructure and size interactions, one could find out many unique behaviors The sciences of natural products [1] are and physical properties of such various structures and distinguished from human synthesis products due to its size of nanomaterials [6-9]. This idea had been proved self-growing systems from cell to cell, or from DNA to by many different interdisciplinary scientists, for RNA until the scale of molecular system up to bulk instance like the ones written by B. Alberts [10] of the physics, and so forth. Furthermore, all the consistency breakthrough in 2011 about the application of HIV/ contents of the natural products quality are stable in their AIDS vaccines to thousands of volunteers and the original natural environment on earth and its beyond. Itokawa, Japan scientists mission to the space to get the Currently, the pharmaceutical industry in producing sample of the asteroid. herbal medicine products has spent of over US$ 60 In present letter, we report a discovery of new billion worldwide [2]. This means that many people in golobe (zingiberaceae fruit) in a small village of Layeni, the world have realized to leave healthy by hindering Teon-Nila-Serua (TNS) district located in the largest unpredictable side effects of chemical synthesis drugs. island of Seram in Maluku province, Indonesia. Such As the world is getting small due to the advancement of golobe fruit called according to local people as galobe human engineering technology, many new inventions of santan has a very different skin structure and taste from natural products in an unexplored area, for example the their former 4 types well-known fruits. Furthermore, the new potato in Peru [3]. Moreover, by improving the new golobe has been initially identified to strongly understanding of the natural science in herbal medicines handle the toxic very well as reported in this work.

The Discovery of NEW Golobe and Its Amazing Healing System 068

Figure 1. New golobe in her natural habitat of TNS district, Layeni village, West Seram, Malulu province, Indonesia.

In fact based on the search in the whole North Maluku and Maluku provinces consisted of 1340 islands mostly the small pretty islands with 5 big islands, there Figure 2. The nature of new golobe and her first discovery on 25th were at least 4 types of golobe : (1). Halmahera susu February 2019 with her suggested name as Elim alliacea. golobe (Hornstedtia alliacea) [11], (2). Halmahera golobe or Ambon golobe (Zingiberaceae alliacea), (3). In Fig. 3, it is shown the physical comparison of the Halmahera rambutan golobe (Amomum sp.), and (4). whole goloba fruits in order to simply see the obvious Ambon halia golobe/ Halmahera kelereng golobe differences. While the physical fruit structures of Elim (Etlinger alba (Blume) A.D. Poulsen) [12-16]. The alliacea was identified from its outer skin to the inner of natural environments of all such interesting fruits are in its seed. general in the areas of high moisture forests. Recently, these all types of golobe trees are very rare to find even in its original areas where they used to grow. Figure 1 shows for the first time when one unpredictable discovered the new golobe with the help of the local people to obtain it in his forest on 25th February 2019. The fruits were wildly grown among many different trees such as Calamus rotang, and coconuts, and many different types of bushes. Figure 2 depicts a proposed new name of the new golobe as Elim alliacea after the location of the invented golobe trees were cleaned, and all the parts of the tree were promptly investigated, and identified, respectively. Figure 3. The inner beauty of Elim alliacea with a bit bitter taste inside its seed of the fruit.

The Discovery of NEW Golobe and Its Amazing Healing System 069

Figure 4 shows briefly how the herbal medicine In summary, we have invented a new type of was prepared starting from breaking the hard outer skin zingiberaceae/ golobe fruit named as Elim alliacea. The of Elim alliacea with a mechanical tool as depicted in the physical tree and the outer skin of the fruit are in contrast figure. This type of hard skin is absolutely different from to the former 4 types of golobe. The Elim alliacea is another 4 types golobe with soft outer various skins as much taller than the former 4 types of golobe. Moreover, shown in Fig. 3. The inside of fruit contains many small the outer skin was much harder, and the seeds taste was a seeds with the total seeds weight of 1 fruit is about 0.72 bit bitter. The herbal medicine based on Elim alliacea to 0.74 gram. The taste of this new fruit was also a bit could handle toxic instantly. In addition, we suggest bitter differed from the former 4 types with sweet and amazing multitasking healing system with further works sour tastes. In order to make the medicine, these all seeds for a detail target of healing system. were grilled and dried. To test the herbal medicine functions as ever conducted before using the former four Acknowledgement types as chemotherapy herbal medicine [15], and HIV Part of this work was funded by a partial support virus killer [13], one used 0.48 g of toxic (betadine) from world class research (WCR) grant provided by diluted in 40 mL of pure drinking water as depicted Indonesia Ministry of Higher Education (Ristek-Dikti) inside Fig. 4, and then the same amount of medicine was from this year of 2019 to 2021 about “Nanotechnology inserted to the liquid. The result of the medicine was so Strorage Mobile NanoBattery (SMN-B) for Future instant to penetrate the toxic as the color of toxic Energy Sources.” This NanoBattery system was based changed from brown to be white. Such indication implies on a deep learning from natural products. that the medicine has certain active substances to absorb References the toxic. Further deep study is needed to find out its [1]. Holy Bible, for example in The book of Genesis, Chapter 1 to 3, originality. and The book of Ezekiel, Chapter 47:12. [2]. G.G. Tapadiya, M.A. Kale, and S.S. Saboo, Impact of Nanotechnology on Global Trade of Herbal Drugs: An Overview, International Journal of Green Pharmacy 11(3), S171 (2017). [3]. E. Stokstad, The New potato, Science 363 (6427), pp. 574-577 (2019). [4]. H.I. Elim, Nanomedicine with Its Multitasking Applications: A View for Better Health, International Journal of Health Medicine and Current Research (IJHMCR, http://www.ijhmcr.com) 2 (02), 353-357 (2017). [5]. H.I. Elim, Physics of Multitasking Nanomedicine, IJHMCR 2 (03), 509-519 (2017). [6]. H.I. Elim, METODE FISIKA EKSPERIMEN: PELENGKAP

TEORI FISIKA: “To be Perfect like The 1 Who Created Our Figure 4. The amazing healing system of herbal Elim alliacea Incredible Universe”. ISBN: 978-602-5943-05-8 (in Indonesia medicine in handling toxic with the concentration of toxic with 155 pages). (betadine) is 0.48 g the same as the content of the [7]. H.I. Elim, THE FIRST 1000 ATOMS IN HEALING PROCESS: medicine in solvent of drinking water (H2O). FROM NANOTECHNOLOGY TO

070 The Discovery of NEW Golobe and Its Amazing Healing System

NANOMEDICINE, IJHMCR 3 (04), 1044-1046 (2018). DOI: [14]. H.I. Elim, and A.L. Mapanawang, Electronics Physical System of 10.22301/IJHMCR.2528-3189.1044 Large Antioxidant Structure in Herbal Medicine based [8]. H.I. Elim, Nonlinear Optics and The Frontier of Nanoscience Zingiberaceae Fruit: Understanding and Application, and Nanotechnology, Pattimura University Press, 2018. ISBN: Nanotechnology and Applications 1 (1), (2018). DOI: 987-602-61906-9-7 (in English with 144 pages). 10.33425/2639-9466.1004. [9]. H.I. Elim, Multitasking Herbal Nanomedicine: A Frontier [15]. A.L. Mapanawang, and H.I. Elim, Unique Chemical Bonding Report, Nanoscale Reports Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 22-30 (2019). Behavior of Love Herbal Medicine and Its Conjunction with [10]. B. Alberts, Science Breakthroughs (Editor-in-Chief’s Editorial Chemotherapy Drug, Journal of Nanomedicine and paper), Science 334 (6063), p. 1604 (2011). Nanotechnology 9 (3), 1000503 (2018). [11]. A. L.Mapanawang, F. Sambode, M. Killing, S. Mapanawang, B. [16]. H.I. Elim, Scientific Breakthrough Based on Natural Creation: Dijnimangake, A. Maengkom, P. Pranata, F. Mapanawang, H. “1 Diamond with 7 Eyes”, COJ Reviews and Research 1 (1), 1-4 Maengkom, H. Averous, A. Musa, W. Murary, G. Mapanawang, (2018). Ismail, T. Sitanala, F. Syahputra, L. Lamidja, and J. Djafar, IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF GOLOBE HALMAHERA (HORNSTEDTIA SP, ZINGIBERACEAE) FRUIT EXTRACT, International Journal of Pharmacy Review & Research (www.ijprr.com), 6 (1), pp.31-34 (2016). [12]. H.I. Elim, and A.L. Mapanawang, THE ATTRACTIVE

DIFFERENCES OF TWO TYPES OF HERBAL MEDICINE 071 FROM ZINGIBERACEAE FRUIT (GOLOBE HALMAHERA), IJHMCR 3 (01), 799-806 (2018). [13]. A.L. Mapanawang, and H.I. Elim, Chemical Bonding Character of Love Herbal Medicine: A Prominent Medicine Candidate for Preventing HIV virus, Nanotechnology and Applications 1 (1), (2018). DOI: 10.33425/2639-9466.1003.

*Corresponding Author Brief CV Dr. H.I. Elim is a 2017 scientist Indonesia from Pattimura university. He has focused on his works in physics of nanoscience, nanotechnology and nanomedicine since 2001 up to present. Dr. Elim already published over 49 papers with h index of ~24 and citation more than 2200. Since 2015, he had started the first nanotechnology research center and innovative creation (PPNRI) in the eastern part of Indonesia located at Pattimura university. During the last 5 years, he published about 16 international papers from the institution with several invited talks in international conferences as well as few important invited quest lectures in national universities such as Universitas Negeri Manado, Universitas Sam Ratulangi and Universitas Indonesia. In addition, Dr. Elim has educated more than 50 physics research students.

Science Nature 2(1), pp.071-085 (2019) e-ISSN: 2654-6264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30598/SNVol2Iss1pp071-085year2019

DEVELOPMENT OF A LAND DEGRADATION ASSESSMENT

MODEL BASED ON FIELD INDICATORS ASSESSMENT AND

PREDICTION METHODS IN WAI SARI, SUB-WATERSHED

KAIRATU DISTRICT, WESTERN SERAM REGENCY, MALUKU

PROVINCE, INDONESIA

Silwanus M. Talakua1,*, Rafael M. Osok1

1Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Pattimura University Jl. Ir. Martinus Putuhena, Kampus Poka, Ambon, Indonesia 97233

Received : November 30, 2018 Revised : March 10, 2019 Published : March 11, 2019 Copyright @ All rights are reserved by S.M. Talakua and R.M. Osok Corresponding author: *Email: [email protected]

071

Development of Land Degradation Assessment Model Based on Field Indicators Assessment and Prediction Methods In Wai Sari, Sub Watershed Kairatu District, Western Seram Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia 072

Abstract

The study was conducted in Wai Sari sub-watershed, Western Seram Regency Maluku to develop an accurate land degradation assessment model for tropical small islands. The Stocking’s field land degradation measurement and RUSLE methods were applied to estimate soil loss by erosion and the results of both methods were statistically tested in order to obtain a correction factor. Field indicators and prediction data were measured on 95 slope units derived from the topographic map. The rates of soil loss were calculated according to both methods, and the results were used to classify the degree of land degradation. The results show that the degree of land degradation based on the field assessment ranges from none-slight (4.04 - 17.565 t/ha/yr) to very high (235.44 - 404.00 t/ha/yr), while the RUSLE method ranges from none-slight (0.04-4.59 t/ha/yr) to very high 203.90 - 518.13 t/ha/yr. However, the RUSLE method shows much higher in average soil loss (133.4 t/ha/yr) than the field assessment (33.9 t/ha/yr). The best regression equation of logD/RP = - 0.594 + 1.0 logK + 1.0 logLS + 1.0 logC or D = 0.2547xRxKxLSx CxP was found to be a more suitable land degradation assessment model for a small-scale catchment area in the tropical small islands.

Keywords: Wai Sari sub watershed, land degradation, field assessment model, RUSLE

only soil degradation, but also vegetation degradation, forest, cropland, water resources, and biodiversity RTICLES A degradation of a nation. Therefore [21] stressed that the I. Introduction impact of land degradation is a drain on economic Land degradation in developing countries [1-50] growth in rural areas and has an affect on national has became a major concern since it has been related to economic growth pattern. environmental problems [6], food security and the Land degradation is a very complex phenomena as productivity of agricultural land [23], and poverty [4]. it involves a set of bio-physical and socio-economic According to [47], land degradation encompasses not processes and some of them occur at different spatial,

Development of Land Degradation Assessment Model Based on Field Indicators Assessment and Prediction Methods In Wai Sari, Sub Watershed Kairatu District, Westen Seram Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia 073

temporal, economic and cultural scales [23, 46]. Land loss from medium to lage watersheds [20, 27, 29, 31-32, degradation reduces the capacity of land to provide 39]. ecosystem goods and services over a period of time [25], A number of studies have been conducted in [47], and the potential of land to support agricultural Ambon and Seram islands using USLE model to systems and their value as economic resources [37]. estimate erosion rates from small watersheds [14, 17, According to [48], the impacts of land degradation in 42-44], and it is very likely that the predicted soil loss lowering the productivity of agricultural land can be from the study areas tend to be much higher than other temporary or permanent. The complexity of land studies in Indonesia and other regions. The study found degradation means its definition differs from area to area, that the high rate of soil loss is largely due to high depending on the subject to be emphasized [6]. rainfall erosivity index (R-value in USLE) or indicates In Indonesia, soil erosion has been considered as the impact of high rainfall in the study areas. This one of the major and most widespread forms of land happen, because the climate condition in the study areas degradation, as a result of land use changes and human is considerably different to the place where the model activities [36, 47]. Recent report of Ref. [47] stated that was originally developed. degraded land in Indonesia is 24.3 million ha in 2013, The assessment of land degradation based on the and it is caused mainly by erosion due to inappropriate measurement of the actual indicators in the field both land uses, and no soil and water conservation practices qualitatively and quantitatively was discussed by are applied in such areas. The extend of land degradation Stocking [37]. Stocking introduced field indicators as in Maluku is related to the deforestation activities in the pedestals, rills, gully, plant/tree root exposure, armaour past, land conversion from natural forest to agricultural layers, exposure of below ground portions of fence posts and plantation areas, and the rapid expansion of and other structures, the rock exposure, tree mound, and agriculture and settlement area in the hilly areas in sediment in tunnel or drains. particularly in Ambon island. Study in Ref. [22] showed This study combines the Stocking’s land that soil erosion is the major factor in determining the degradation field indicators assessment and RUSLE capability of land to support agriculture development in method to develop a more accurate model based on the Wai Batu Merah watershed of Ambon Island, and the extent and amount of land degradation field indicators in environmental quality of this watershed has declined as a small watershed of Maluku Province. The local land indicated by erosion, flooding and sedimentation during conditions which are considered as the cause of land the rainy season, and water deficiency during the dry degradation including climate, soil, topography, season. vegetation and land use and humans influence are Many different methodologies have been used to studied in detail. So, the results of this study will support study soil erosion and land degradation such as field efforts in protecting land degradation of the watershed, measurements, mathematical models, remote sensing, especially by local governments. environmental indicators, including the use of simple Wai Sari Sub watershed is part of Wai Riuapa river models based on indicators that synthesize complex basin located in Kairatu Sub District, Western Seram processes. The emperical soil erosion models, such as Regency, Maluku Province in Indonesia. Wai Sari sub Universal Soil Loss Equation (ULSE) [50] and the watershed is a source of water supply to local Revised-USLE (RUSLE) [28] have been worldwide communities as well as irrigation water to paddy fields. applied to assess soil loss by water [24, 26, 30]. In Wai Sari also provides natural resource in particularly Indonesia, both models have been used to predict soil agriculture, plantations and forestry products to support

Development of Land Degradation Assessment Model Based on Field Indicators Assessment and Prediction Methods In Wai Sari, Sub Watershed Kairatu District, Westen Seram Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia 074

daily needs of local communities. However, some of conservation practices (P) were also measured on each human activities especially in the exploitation of forest slope unit. resources have became the causal agents of land Data processing consisted of three stages. Firstly, the degradation in this watershed, as indicated by soil calculation of soil loss (t/ha/yr) using both methods, erosion and sedimentation during the rainy season. Stocking’s field measurement [37], and RUSLE methods which is A = R x K x LS x C x P [28]. The level of land II. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD degradation was determined using the criteria of FAO in 2.1. Place And Time of Places Research Ref. [19] ie none-slight = 0-20 t/ha/yr; moderate = 20-50 The research was conducted in Wai Sari Sub t/ha/yr; high = 50-200 t/ha/yr; very high = >200 t/ha/yr. watershed, Wai Riuapa river basin in Kairatu District of Secondly, the results of both methods were statistically West Seram Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia. tested by using the Pre-Analysis Test included Linearity Test and Independence Test. The results was used to 2.2. Materials and Tools indicate the nonlinearity and independence between land Materials and tools used in this study included a degradation data of the field measurement and prediction. slope unit map (as the field map at scale of 1: 10,000), The results of the linearity model test were indicated by land degradation indicators sheet, compass, altimeter, the value of "Deviation from Linearity ≤ 0.05, which clinoneter, global position system (GPS), auger, munsell means that the nonlinear is significant at the 5%. The soil colour chart, roller meter, measuring stick, hoes, results of the independence model test were indicated by shovels, field knives, aquades, H2O2, HCl, sample rings, the Durbin-Watson statistical value in the model (range plastic soil samples, calculators, and digital camera. 1.5 – 2.5), which means that the residual is uncorrelated or Microsoft Office 2007, Minitab16, SPSS17, and the assumption of independence is satisfied at the 5% ArcGIS10.1 were used to data processing and report significance level. Thirdly, to apply T-different test writing. (Paired T-test) [12] on the results of land degradation field measurements and prediction as is indicated by the 2.3. Research Methods P-value ≤ 0.05. At the significance level of 5%, if the data The method used in this study was survey, and the is completely different and can be continued with the field observation was conducted on 95 slope units development of a more accurate model. The test of the showing slope steepness and flow directions derived from developed-model of land degradation was carried out by a topographic map. The measurement of land degradation linear and non-linear multiple regression-correlation indicators in the field was carried out on all slope units analysis [5, 19], with the basic model is Yi = βo + β1X1i + according to the field measurement method [37]. The β2X2i + β3X3i + β4X4i + β5X5i + εi, where Yi = the rate indicators were pedestals, rills, gully, plant/tree root of soil loss according to the field assessment method [37]; exposure, armour layers, exposure of below ground βo=intercept coefficient; X1i-X5i= land degradation portions of fence posts and other structures, the rock factors of RUSLE prediction method [28] namely rainfall exposure, tree mound, build up against barriers, and erosivity, soil erodibility, topography (slope length and sediment in drains. Each indicator was identified and steepness) vegetation and conservation measures; β1-β5 = measured. At the same time, the soil loss prediction regression coefficient for X1-X5 factors; εi = error. All factors of the RUSLE [28] included rainfall erosivity (R), data were analyzed using the MS Exel 2007, SPSS17 and soil erodibility (K), topography (slope length and Minitab16 programs. steepness) (LS), actual vegetation (C) and soil

Development of Land Degradation Assessment Model Based on Field Indicators Assessment and Prediction Methods In Wai Sari, Sub Watershed Kairatu District, Westen Seram Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia 075

The level of very high degradation (235.44- 404.00 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION t/ha/yr) covers the area of 4.76 ha or 1.43% of the total 3.1. Land Degradation by Field Assessment study area. The field indicators are pedestal (average Method [37] height 1.95cm), trees/plantexposed root (1.05 cm), and The result of the study as presented in Fig. 1 and Fig. soil bulk density (average 1.10 g/cm3). The occurence of 2 shows that the actual field phenomenas or land pedestal and trees/plant root exposure is predicted less degradation field indicators in the Wai Sari Sub- than 0.75 yr with the average of soil loss is 29.20 mm/yr watershed are pedestals, plant/tree root exposure to (higher than other land degradation levels in the study identify sheet erosion, rill indicator as rill erosion, gully area). indicator as gully erosion. According to the calculation of soil loss rates, the level of land degradation can be classified as follows: none to slight degradation level (soil loss 4.04 - 17.56 t/ha/yr) covers the area of 220.75 ha or 66.24%, with field indicators are pedestal (average height = 2.00 cm); trees/plant root exposure (1.91cm); rills (average depth 2.70cm), and soil bulk density (average 1.12 g/cm3). The occurence of pedestal, roots exposed and Figure 1. The level of land degradation based on Field Indicators rill indicators is predicted longer than 24.7 years with the Assessment [37] in Wai Sari Sub Watershed. average soil loss is 0.76 mm/yr (lower than other levels of land degradation) The moderate degradation level (20.06 - 43.76 t/ha/yr) covers the area of 57.57 ha or 17.29%, with field indicators are pedestal (average height = 2.04 cm), trees/plant root exposure (2.62 cm), rill (average depth = 9.05 cm), and soil bulk density (average 1.08 g/cm3). The formation of pedestal, plant roots exposure and rill indicatorss is predicted about 16.9 years with the average of soil loss of 2.60 mm/yr (higher than the slight degradation level, but lower than high and very high land degradation levels). The high degradation level (51.91- 194.21 t/ha/yr) covers the area of 50.14 ha or 15.04%, with field indicators are pedestal (average height=1.92cm), trees/plant root exposure (2.16 cm), rills (average depth=18.14cm), gully (average depth=62.09cm), and soil bulk density (average 1.10 g/cm3). The pedestal, plant Figure 2. Map of land degradation level based on Field Indicators roots exposure, rills and gully have been formed within Assessment [37] in Wai Sari Sub Watershed. 9.1 years, resulting in an average degradation due to soil loss of 9.01 mm/yr (higher than slight and moderate The study found that at the slightly degradation degradation levels). level, vegetation conditions are generally still in good

Development of Land Degradation Assessment Model Based on Field Indicators Assessment and Prediction Methods In Wai Sari, Sub Watershed Kairatu District, Westen Seram Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia 076

condition, especially the density of higher and lower vegetation cover will increase erosion from none to vegetation, and the vegetation stratification is relatively moderate erosion. According to [45] the convertion of well-formed. In this condition, vegetation canopy protects forest into agricultural land will increase erosion by soil surface from the direct impact of rainfall, and reduces changing in vegetation cover and land processing, while the destructive energy of droplets on the ground surface on the agricultural lands, the increasing of soil erosion is by intercepting the falling rainfall. Vegetation also due to the repeated of soil treatment and removal of minimizes the rate and volume of surface flow by holding vegetation cover on soil surface. Therefore, change in some of the water for its own use, creating surface land use from natural forest to perennial crops/plantations, roughness and increasing infiltration, and prevents the annual crops and bare soil will increase land degradation formation of crust on the surface [8]. The effect of from slight to high levels [37]. Moreover, according to vegetation canopy and ground covers in reducing soil [41] deforestation is the cause for the increase in surface erosion varies with upper cover (aerial cover) and ground flow and erosion rates in a watershed. According to cover (contact cover) [9, 43], and structure of vegetation Hopley (1999) quoted by Ref. [13] that loss of stratification [3]. However, in many areas, the type of vegetation due to deforestation, agricultural practices, land uses presents the effects of plants, vegetation and land preparation for settlements, burning of forests and soil cover on soil loss within a catchment [45]. In grasslands is considered to be a causal agent of erosion in addition, the existence of biomass of living plants and Balikpapan East Kalimantan. litter plays a role in reducing erosion by capturing the Loss of forest trees and the increasing of shrubs and energy of raindrops, ground cover can also reduce the imperata cylindrica areas will increase the rates of surface rate of water, and the volume of surface runoff and soil flow and soil erosion. According to Ref. [11] loss of loss, while plant roots will physically stabilize the soil vegetation and humus on the plantation areas has created and increase resistance to erosion. serious erosion problems. The results of study in In contrast, at the high to very high degradation Lampung Province in Ref. [35] concluded that changes in levels, the condition of vegetation shows loss of native land use from forests to annual crops led to increased vegetation, and change in both the density (the upper and erosion. Intensive infrastructure development such as lower vegetation) and stratification of vegetation due to settlements is considered to be one of the human activities various human activities such as deforestation, land-use that cause land degradation [34]. Loss of ground cover conversion from forest to agriculture, plantations and will also accelerate the formation of sheet erosion, rill and settlement. Under a such condition, the high erosivity gully erosion (Field, 1997) quoted by Ref. [34]. energy of rainfall cannot be properly intercepted by vegetation canopy, so the soil surface is openned to direct 3.2. Results of Prediction of Land Degradation by the impact of raindrops. The field indicators found at this RUSLE Method [28] degradation level are pedestal, plant/root exposure, rill The levels and amount of land degradation based and gully with higher depth and their formation are on the RUSLE soil loss predicted method [28] as shown in relatively recent compared to other levels of degradation. Fig. 3 are none to slight degradation, soil loss is 0.04-4.59 Although degradation processes may occur without t/ha/yr covering the area of 143.5 ha or 43.05%. This human interference [37], however, according to [18] the degradation level is generally found on slopes with low land degradation is commonly accelerated by human LS-factor values (flat to almost flat slope steepness, intervention in the environment. Similarly, as reported by 0-6%) and on land uses with high C-factor values such as [16] that soil erosion is a function of land use, and loss of cultivated field, mixed garden, settlements and imperata

Development of Land Degradation Assessment Model Based on Field Indicators Assessment and Prediction Methods In Wai Sari, Sub Watershed Kairatu District, Westen Seram Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia

077 cylindrica areas. This degradation level also occurs on to reduce the impacts of slope steepness by protecting soil slopes with high LS-factor values (slope steepness surface from raindrops and runoff. 20-70%) and on secondary forest with very low C-factor According to [28], soil loss per unit area generally values. increases along with the increasing of slope length and At the moderate degradation level, soil loss is steepness. In the other words, soil loss can be decreased 41.60-48.33 t/ha/yr covering the area of 9.33 ha or by reducing slope length and steepness. Soils with flat or 2.99%. This degradation level occurs in soils with slightly almost flat slopes are usually stable and have very low soil high K-factor values (Dystrudepts) and slopes with loss. However, the rate of soil loss will be rapidly medium LS-factor values (gently to moderately slope increasing once the slope steepness increases to 2% or steepness, 8-16%) and shrub and mixed garden land uses. 5%, as stated by [1] that on a slope of 10%, erosion will At the high degradation level, soil loss is increase to eight times higher, and soil erosion will 60.80-192.80 t/ha/yr covering the area of 0.04 ha or continue to increase on steeeper slopes. The study in 0.003%, which generally occurs on slopes with high Lampung by [35] indicated that land cover especially with LS-factor values (moderately to very steep slope dense canopy such as natural forest has lower soil loss steepness, 15-85%) and low K-factor values. The land compared to the plantation. Similar study in Thailand, as uses are shrub, cultivated field, mixed garden, clove and reported by [49] that land degradation due to erosion on coconut gardens. forest is lower than field cultivation. At the very high degradation level, soil loss is The high to very high degradation levels occured in 203.90-518.13 t/ha/yr covering the area of 93.67 ha or the study area show that slope, soil properties, land uses 28.12% of the total study area. This degradation level, are considered to be the major factors influencing soil occurs in soil with slightly high K-factor values erosion at this levels. The condition of slope and soil (Dystrudepts) and high LS-factor values (moderately erodibility factors in the study area indicate high steep - very steep, 30-85%). The land uses are shrub, susceptibility of soil to erosion, transportability of cultivated field, mixed garden, clove and coconut gardens, sediment and the amount and rate of flow on the surface as and imperata cylindrica areas. slope steepness is dominated by steep to very steep slopes, and soil is dominated by medium to slightly high erodibility factors. According to [28], soil loss per unit area generally increases with the increasing of slope length and steepness, and the high value of soil erodibility factor increase the erosion rate of the study area. The impacts of land uses on erosion is also significant at this levels due to low vegetative covers (both vegetation canopy and ground covers), so the vegetative covers are not sufficient enought to protect soil surface from detachment and sediment transport by surface flow. Figure 3. Level and extent of land degradation based on Predicted Hopley in 1999 quoted by Ref. [13] stated that loss of Method (RUSLE) [28] in Wai Sari Sub Watershed. vegetation caused by deforestation, agricultural practices, The study shows that at the slight degradation level, land preparation for settlements, burning of forests and although the slope condition is steep to very steep, the grasslands is considered as a major factor determining the vegetation cover of secondary forest is sufficient enough erosion problems in Balikpapan East Kalimantan.

Development of Land Degradation Assessment Model Based on Field Indicators Assessment and Prediction Methods In Wai Sari, Sub Watershed Kairatu District, Westen Seram Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia 078

Brandt in 1988 cited by Ref. [11] stated that the ability of ground cover to protect soil surface from raindrops to erode is greater than higher trees, because the raindrops are collected before dripping from the leaves and hit the ground surface with greater power.

3.3. Development of Land Degradation Assessment Figure 4. Root exposure Figure 5. Pedestal in in cultivated field. Land cultivated field. Land Model degradation by field degradation by field The results of Linearity Pre-analysis Test show no indicators assessment = indicators assessment = 23.60 t/ha/yr. Land 33.67 t/ha/yr. Land linear relationship between the level of land degradation degradation based on degradation based on the assessment based on field indicators and RUSLE predicted soil loss predicted soil loss (RUSLE) = 344.43 (RUSLE) = 248.53 t/ha/yr prediction method at the 95% confidence level as t/ha/yr (over estimated) (over estimated) indicated by Sig. of Deviation from Linearity = 0.000 * (<0.05). However, they are independent to each other at a 95% confidence level according to the Independence Pre-analysis Test and is indicated by the Durbin-Watson statistical value of 1,718 (range 1.5 - 2, 5). While the results of Independent Samples T-test analysis show that there is no different in land degradation levels resulting from the field indicators assessment and the RUSLE Figure 6. Pedestal in Figure 7. Root exposure in coconut garden. Land coconut garden. Land methods at the 95% confidence level, as indicated by a degradation by field degradation by field Sig.2-tailed value of 0.000 * (<0.05). indicators assessment = assessment = 7.21 t/ha/yr. 7.87 t/ha/yr. Land Land degradation based on This study also shows that the average annual soil degradation based on the the predicted soil loss loss predicted by RUSLE method is higher (133.4 t/ha/yr) predicted soil loss (RUSLE) = 190.80 t/ha/yr (RUSLE) = 190.80 (over estimated) than field indicators measurement (33.9 t/ha/yr) as t/ha/yr (over estimated) depicted in Fig. 4 to Fig. 11. This implies that the rate of predicted soil loss tends to be over estimated for Wai Sari sub watershed and in consequently it provides a higher land degradation levels compared with the actual field measurement in the study area. Therefore, the field indicators measurement is considered to be a more acceptable method in assessing land degradation levels based on soil loss in a small watershed in the tropic, as Figure 8. Root exposure Figure 9. Rill in mixed they represent the actual erosion phenomena in the field. in mixed garden. Land garden. Land degradation degradation by field by field indicators indicators assessment = assessment = 47.20 9.25 ton/ha/thn. Land t/ha/yr. Land degradation

degradation based on the based on the predicted predicted soil loss soil loss (RUSLE) = (RUSLE) = 85.59 t/ha/yr 85.59 t/ha/yr (over

(over estimated) estimated)

Development of Land Degradation Assessment Model Based on Field Indicators Assessment and Prediction Methods In Wai Sari, Sub Watershed Kairatu District, Westen Seram Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia 079

determines the average of annual soil loss. So, the equation does not express an actual measurement of the land degradation in the field, but provides the potential land degradation based on the predicted annual soil loss in a study area. The study in Ref. [10, 15, 40] showed that Figure 10. Pedestal in Figure 11. Rill in the assessment of land degradation due to erosion can be clove garden. Land shrubs area. Land degradation by field degradation by field measured by using field indicators proposed by Ref. [37]. indicators assessment = indicators assessment = While according to Ref. [7], the accuracy of actual land 6.05 t/ha/yr. Land 106.90 t/ha/yr. Land degradation based on degradation based on degradation indicators at the farmer's land level is the predicted soil loss the predicted soil loss required in development and improvement methods for (RUSLE) = 8.77 (RUSLE) = 190.65 t/ha/yr (over estimated) t/ha/yr (over estimated) soil and water conservation planning at the catchment scale in the highlands of East Africa. In addition, the field The development of land degradation assessment assessment techniques have considerably advantages model based on the results of field measurements shows compared to standard experimental approaches in the best regression equation as follow: measuring soil loss and soil quality changes, because, logD / RP = -0.594 + 1.0 logK + 1.0 logLS + 1.0 logC, or their results express the actual processes and evidences D = 0.2547xRxKxLSxCxP, with a P value of 0.000 * that occur in the field, but can not be created in the (<0.05) at 95% confidence level, and D is the amount of laboratory. The field assessment techniques also allow land degradation in a slope unit (t/ha/yr), R is the rainfall the involvement of farmers and local communities, so erosivity (ton.m/ha/cm-rain), 0,2547 is the correction they can improve their perspective and accept the factor to RUSLE model, K is the soil erodibility value of technology [38]. a slope unit, LS is the index of topographic factors (slope This study has developed a land degradation lenght and steeepness values), C is the value of plant or assessment model based on the actual field data vegetation index factors, P is the value of soil measurement, and the model is suitable for small conservation index factors. By integrating the watersheds in small islands of Maluku Province. 0,2547-correcting factor into the RUSLE, the predicted soil loss in the study area can be reduced to almost 26% 4.1. Conclusions compared to the original model (RUSLE). 1. The level of land degradation based on field According to Ref. [37], the application of a model assessment methods [37] are none-slight degradation from one place to very different conditions of soil, (4.04 - 17.565 t/ha/yr) covering 220.75 ha or 66.24%, climate, slope and land use may lead to greater moderate degradation (20.06 - 43.76 t/ha/yr) covering uncertainties associated with estimates of average annual 57.57 ha or 17.29%, high degradation (51.91 - 194.21 soil loss. Therefore, it is important to obtain suitable t/ha/yr) of 50.14 ha or 15.04 % and degradation is very local data that can suit for the study area particularly high 235.44 - 404.00 t/ha/yr covering an area of 4.76 climate, soil type, topography, and land uses, and output ha or 1.43% of the total study area. The field indicators of the model should be validated using measured field of land degradation found in the Wae Sari data. Further, Ref. [37] stated that erosion factors of the Sub-watershed are pedestal and trees/plant roots original empirical equation are rated on a numeric scale exposure to identify sheet erosion, and rill (indicators and the combined effects of multiple factors of rainfall, of rill erosion) and gully (indicator of gully erosion). slope, soil type, land uses and vegetation cover

Development of Land Degradation Assessment Model Based on Field Indicators Assessment and Prediction Methods In Wai Sari, Sub Watershed Kairatu District, Westen Seram Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia 080

2. The results of land degradation level based on the Conflict of Interest RUSLE soil loss predicted method [20] are The authors declare that they have no conflict of none-slight of land degradation of 0.04-4.59 t/ha/yr interest. with an area of 143.5 ha or 43.05%, moderate level References 41.60-48.33 t/ha/yr, with an area of 9.33 ha or 2.99%, high level of 60.80-192.80 t/ha/yr covering an area of [1] Anthony F.J. 2001. Soil Erosion and Conservation. 0.04 ha or 0.003%, and very high level between Seafriends Marine Conservation and Education 203.90-518.13 t/ha/yr covering an area of 93.67 ha or Centre. 7 Goat Island Rd. Leigh R.D.5. New 28.12% of the total study. Zealand. ISSN 1177-4983 . model based on the field assessment provides the best [2] Arsyad. S. 2006. Konservasi Tanah Dan Air. regression equation as: Log D / RP = -0.594 + 1.0 log Departemen Tanah Fakultas Pertanian IPB. IPB K + 1.0 logLS + 1.0 log C or D = 0.2547xRx KxLSx Press. Bogor. CxP. This model can reduce the rate of soil loss by [3] Asdak. C. 2002. Hidrologi dan Pengelolaan Daerah erosion till almost 26% compared to the original Aliran Sungai. Gadja Mada University Press. model (RUSLE), and therefore, it has been considered [4] Barbier, E.B and Jacob P. Hochard, 2016. Does as the suitable model for assessing land degradation of Land Degradation Increase Poverty in Developing small catchment areas in small islands of Maluku. Countries?PLOSONE|DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.01 52973 May11, 1-12. 4.2. Suggestion [5] Draper. N.R. dan H. Smith. 1992. Terjemahan The present model, D=0.2547xRxKxLSxCxP is still Analisis Regresi Terapan. P.T. Gramedia Pustaka needed to be tested at other small watersheds in Maluku, Utama. Jakarta. so the accuracy of the model can be improved and it will [6] Erlewein A and Antje Hecheltjen, 2018. Land be more adaptable to Maluku condition. Degradation Neutrality – a New Impetus for Addressing the Degradation of Land And Acknowledgement Soils. RURAL 21, 33 - 37. 1. We are grateful to thank the Ministry of Research, [7] EORAHI. 2005. Tools for catchment level soil and Technology and Higher Education of Republic of water conservation planning in the East African Indonesia in providing the research fund. Highlands (Draft). Tool for participatory soil and 2. We would like to thank Prof. Michael A. Stocking, water conservation mapping Tool for financial MPhil., PhD at the University of East Anglia, analysis of soil and water conservation measures. Norwich, UK who provided the form of land Development of an improved method for soil and degradation methods based on field indicators water conservation planning at catchment scale in assessment. the East African highlands (EROAHI) EROAHI 3. We also thank Luohui Liang, Managing Coordinator Report 4. ISSN 1566-7197 for People, Land Management and Environmental [8] FAO. 1999a. Methods and Materials in Soil Change (UNU/PLEC) in Tokyo-Japan, who sent the Conservation A Manual. Miscellaneous Reports/ book of Land degradation–guidelines for field Guides/Manuals/Filmstrips–Soil. Land and Water assessment. Publication Series. Land and Water Development

Development of Land Degradation Assessment Model Based on Field Indicators Assessment and Prediction Methods In Wai Sari, Sub Watershed Kairatu District, Westen Seram Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia 081

Devision. Dynamics Project Working Paper Number: 15. [9] FAO. 1999b. Land and Crop Management in the LUCID Project International Livestock Research Hilly Terrains of Central America : Lessons InstituteP.O. Box 30709Nairobi, Kenya. Learned and Farmer to Farmer Transfer of [16] Majule A.E. 2003. Impact of Land Use/Land Cover Technologies. FAO Soil Bulletin 76e. Land and Changes on Soil Degradation and Biodiversity on Water Publication Series. Land and Water the Slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. Tanzania. Land Development Devision. Series Number 26. Institute of Resource [10] FAO. 2003. Data Sets, Indicators and Methods To Assessment University of Dar es Salaam. P.O. Box Assess Land Degradation In Drylands. World Soil 35097. Dar es Salaam. Tanzania. Resources Reports No. 100. Rome. [17] Manuputty, M.P.F., 2017. Evaluation of the [11] FAO dan CIFOR. 2005. Hutan dan Banjir. Environmental Quality and Carrying Capability of Tenggelam Dalam Suatu Fiksi Atau Berkembang Wae Batu Merah Watershed Ambon. Tesis, Dalam Fakta. RAP Publication 2005/3. Forest University of Pattimura Perspective 2. Food and Agriculture Organization - [18] Mohawesh Y, A. Taimeh, And F. Ziadat. 2015. Centre of International Forestry Research. Effects of land use changes and soil conservation degradation under a Mediterranean climate Solid [12] Johnson R.A and Douri K. Bhattacharyya. 1996. Earth, 6, 857–868, 2015 www.solid-earth.net/ Statistics-Principles and Methods. University of 6/857/2015/doi:10.5194/se-6-857-2015 © Author(s) Wisconsin at Madison. Third Edition. John Willey 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. and Sons. Inc New York-Chichester-Brisbane- [19] Morrison D.F. 1976 Multivariate Statistical Toronto-Singapure. Methods. Second Edition. Mc.Graw-Hill Book [13] Kelompok Kerja Erosi dan Sedimentasi. 2002. Company. New York St. Louis San Francisco Kajian Erosi dan Sedimentasi Pada DAS Teluk Auckland Düsseldorf Johannesburg Kulala Lumpur Balikpapan Kalimantan Timur. TE-02/13-I London Mexico Montreal New Delhi Panama paris CRC/URI CRMP Proyek Pesisir Kaltim Balikpapan São Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto. Jl. R.E. Martadinata No.3 RT.28 RW.10 Kelurahan [20] Nugraheni, A., Sobriyah and Susilowati, 2013. Mekarsari Balikpapan 76121, Indonesia. Perbandingan Hasil Prediksi Laju Erosi Dengan e-Jurnal MATRIKS TEKNIK SIPIL/September [14] Maasily, A., 2017. Purposed Land Uses Based On 2013/318. Land Capability and Environmental Quality Of [21] Olson, J.and L. Berry,-. Land Degradation In the Wae Ela Watershed, Negeri Lima, The Regency Java, Indonesia: Its Extent And Impact. Global Of Central Maluku, Maluku. Thesis, University of Mechanism with support from the World Bank, Pattimura Jakarta. [15] Maitima J.M and Jennifer M. Olson. 2001. Guide [22] Osok, R.M. Osok, S.M. Talakua, D. Supriadi, 2018. to Field Methods for Comparative Site Analysis. for Determination Of Land Capability Class and Land the Land Use Change, Impacts and Dynamics Rehabilitation Planning At Wai Batu Merah

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Watershed In Ambon City, Maluku Province. [29] Roni, A, T. Masunaga, 2013. Assessment erosion AGROLOGIA,Vol. 7, No. 1, 32-41. 3D hzard with USLE and Surfer tools: a case study [23] Peprah, K., 2015. Land degradation isindicative: of Sumani watershedin West Sumatra, Indonesia. proxies of forest land degradation in Ghana. Journal Journal of Tropical Soil, 18 (1), 82-92. Of Degraded And Mining Lands Management Issn: [30] Rubianca, B., B. Jackson, D. Maxwell and K. 2339 - 076x, Volume 3, Number 1, 477-489. Norton, 2018. A review of the (Revised) Universal DOI:10.15243/jdmlm.2015.031.477 Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE): with a view to [24] Pham, T.G., J. Degener, and M. Kappas, 2018. increasing its global applicability and improving Integrated Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) soil loss estimates. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, and Geographical Information System (GIS) For 6059–6086, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22- Soil Erosion Estimation In A Sap Basin: Central 6059-2018. Vietnam. International Soil and Water Conservation [31] Santoro, A.A., A.L. Nugraha, A.P.Wijaya, 2014. Research, Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2018, Pages Analisis Ancaman Bencana Erosi Pada Kawasan 99-110. DAS Beringin Kota Semarang Menggunakan [25] Ponce-Hernandez. 2004. Assessing Carbon Stock Sistem Informasi Geografis. Jurnal Geodesi Undip and Modelling Win-Win Scenarios of Carbon Vol. 3, No. 4, 60-68. Sequestration through Land Use Changes. Land and [32] Saptari, A.Y., A. Supriadi, K. Wikantika, S. Water Development Devison. FAO. Darmawan, 2015. Remote Sensing Analysis In [26] Prasannakumar, H., J. Vijith, Abinod, N., 2012. RUSLE Erosion Estimation. Indonesian Journal of Estimation of soil erosion risk within a small Geospatial Vol. 4 No.1, 2015, 34-45 mountainous watershed in Karala India using [33] Senjobi, B.A., O. T. Ande, A. O. Ogunkunle, 2013. RUSLE and GIS Technlogy. Geoscience Frontier Land Degradation Assessment Under Different 3(2), 209-215. Uses: Implications On Soil Productivity And [27] Purwaamijaya, I.M., 2018. Multi Criteria Food Security. Agronomski Glasnik 1/2013, 3-22. Evaluation For Universal Soil Loss Equation Based [34] Sherbinin. 2002. Guide to Land-Use and On Geographic Information System. The 4th Land-Cover Change (LUCC) Center for International Seminar of Mathematics, Science and International Earth Science Information Network Computer Science Education IOP Publishing IOP (CIESIN) Columbia University Palisades, NY, Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1013 USA. A collaborative effort of SEDAC and the (2018), 012153, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1013/1/ IGBP/IHDP LUCC Project. . [28] Renard, K.G., Foster, G.R., Weesies, G.A., [35] Sihite. J. 2001. Evaluasi Dampak Erosi Tanah McCool, D.K, and Yoder, D.C., Coordinators. Model Pendekatan Ekonomi Lingkungan dalam 1997. Predicting Soil Erosion by Water: A Guide to Perlindungan DAS : Kasus Sub-DAS Besai – DAS Conservation Planning with the Revised Soil Loss Tulang Bawang, Lampung. Disertasi Doktor Equation (RUSLE). U.S.Department of Program Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor. Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 703, 404 ICRAF SE-Asia Southeast Asian Regional pp.. Publications/files/workingpaper/WP0029-04.PDF>.

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[36] Sitorus, S.R.P and A.E. Pravitasari, 2017. Land Journal of Disaster, Geography and Geography [42] Tahir M.P., 2011. Analysis The Rate Of Critical Education. ISSN:2580-4030(Print) 2580-1775 Land And Recommendation Of Land Utilization In (Online) Vol.1, No. 2, 61-71), http://sjdgge.ppj.unp. Wae Ruhu Catchment Area, Ambon. Thesis, ac.id University of Pattimura. [37] Stocking. M and Niamh Murnaghan, 2000. Land [43] Talakua, S.M and R.M. Osok, 2018. The Effect of Degradation Guidelines For Field Assessment. Land Use Factors on Soil Degradation of Mixed Overseas Development Group University of East Garden in District Of Kairatu West Seram Regency Anglia Norwich,UK Co-operating Institutions : Maluku Province. AGROLOGIA, Vol 7. No 1, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 9-16. United Nations University (UNU). People, Land [44] Talakua,S.M and R.M.Osok, 2018. Establishment Management and Environmental Change Project of Innovative Patterns of Land Conservation of (PLEC)-Japan. Four Watersheds to Support Reservoirs as Flood [38] Stocking, Hilde Helleman, Roger White. 2005. and Sediment Barriers in Ambon City. Paper Renewable Natural Resources Management for presented at Nasional Seminar, Faculty of Mountain Communities. International Centre for Agriculture, University of Mataram. Lombok, 27 Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu, Januari, 2018. Nepal. [45] Tefera Bezuayehu, Gezahegn Ayele, Yigezu Atnafe, [39] Sumbang, B., U. Numiaty, S. Arif, 2014. GIS- M.A. Jabbar and Paulos Dubale. 2002. Nature and Based Soil erosion modelling for assessing land causes of land degradation in the Oromiya Region: suitability in the urban watershed of Tallo river A review Socio-economics and Policy Research South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Modern Applied Working Paper 36. International Livestock Science, 8 (4), 50-60. Research Institute P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya [40] SWALIM. 2007. Field Survey Manual Prepared as support material for field data [46] Tesfa, A, Shigdaf Mekuriaw, 2014. The Effect of collection Project Report No. L- 01 January 2007. Land Degradation on Farm Size Dynamics and Somalia Water and Land Information Management Crop-Livestock Farming System in Ethiopia: A Kalson Towers, 3rd Floor, Parklands, P.O. Box Review. Open Journal of Soil Science, 2014, 4, 1-5 30470, Nairobi. (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojss). [41] Symeonakis. E, S. Koukoulas, A. Calvo-Cases, E. [47] UNCCD and The Ministry of Environment and Arnau-Rosalen and I. Makris. 2004. A Landuse Forestry, 2015. Indonesia - Land Degradation Change and Land Degradation Study In Spain and Neutrality National Report. The Ministry of Greece Using Remote Sensing and GIS. Environment and Forestry, Jakaarta. Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de [48] UNEP. 1992. Desertification, land degradation Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 28, Valencia 46010, [definitions]. Desertification Control Bulletin 21. Spain - Dept. of Geography, University of the [49] Vitiyakon P. 2001. The Role of Trees in Countering Aegean, Mytilene 81100, Greece. Land Degradation in Cultivated Fields in Northeast Thailand. Southeast Asian Studies. Vol. 39. No. 3.

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Department of Land Resources and Environment. Faculty of Agriculture. Khon Kaen University. Khon Kaen 40002. Thailand.

u.ac.jp/seas/39/3/390305.pdf>.

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*Corresponding Author Brief CV

Dr. Ir. Silwanus Matheus Talakua, MP was born in Ambon, Maluku Province on January 3rd, 1965. He got his Bachelor of Agriculture (S1) from Pattimura University in 1991 with specialist in Soil Sciences/Soil and Water Conservation. In 1999 he completed his Master Degree Program (S2) at Padjadjaran University in Bandung with the main spesification in Soil science, Land Reclamation and Rehabilitation. In 2009, he finished his Doctor (S3) degree at Padjadjaran University with spesification in Soil Science, Land Degradation and Rehabilitation. Since 1993, he is working at the Soil Science and Agroecotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Pattimura University teaching Soil Physics, Basic Soil Science, Hydrology, Soil and Water Conservation, Geodesy and Cartography, Degradation and Land Rehabilitation. He is also teaching Soil Physics, Land Resource Conservation, Land Rehabilitation, Land Use Planning, and Statistical Analysis at Land Management Study Program, Postgraduate Program, Pattimura University. The researchs that he had done were the Study of Soil Degradation Through Estimation of Potential Erosion by the USLE method in the Wai Ruhu Watershed at Sirimau Sub District Ambon (1991), Determination of Erosion Hazard Levels in the Wai Lela Watershed at Ambon Bay Baguala Sub District Ambon City (1999 ), Analysis of Some Physical Properties of Soil, Land Use and Properties of Soil Profiles on Infiltration Processes in Wae Tonahitu Watershed at Ambon Bay Baguala Sub District, Ambon City (2002), Evaluation of Soil Degradation and Control Effort in the Wai Riuapa Watershed at Kairatu Sub District of Maluku Province ( 2006), Inventory of Sago Potential and Sago Mapping in Bula Sub District East Seram District (2009), Sago Development Survey in South Buru District (2009), Effects of Land Use on Soil Degradation Due to Erosion in Kairatu Sub District at West Seram District of Maluku Province (2009), Identification of watershed characteristics in Wai Batu Merah Watershed at Ambon City of Maluku Province (2012). The Effect of Land Use Extent and Vegetation Density on Soil Degradation in Mixed Plantation and Shifting Cultivation in Kairatu District, West Seram Regency, which was published in the Agrinimal Journal. Faculty of Agriculture Pattimura University, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2013). ISSN: 2088-3609. Evaluation of Land Capability and Landuse Planning in the Wai Tina Watershed, South Buru Regency, Maluku Province, which was published in the Agrologia Journal of the Agriculture Faculty Pattimura University Vol. 3, No. 1 (2014). ISSN: 2301-7287. Water Efficiency on Irrigation System in Way Bini of Waeapo Sub District, Buru District of Maluku Province, which was published in the Agrologia Journal of Agriculture Faculty Pattimura University Vol. 5, No. 2 (2016). The Effects of Land Use Factors on Soil Degradation at Mixed Plantation in the Sub District of Kairatu, West Seram District, Maluku Province, published in the Agrologia Journal of the Agriculture Faculty Pattimura University Vol. 7, No. 1 (2018). Determination of Land Capability Class and Land Rehabilitation Planning at Wai Batu Merah Watershed in Ambon City, Maluku Province, which was published in the Agrologia Journal Vol. 7, No. 1 (2018). Dr. Talakua was also a speaker at several scientific meetings such as Annual Scientific Meeting (PIT) XXVIII – Indonesian Hydraulic Engineering Expert Association

085

(HATHI) (2011). "The Role of Integrated Watershed Management in Regional Development" at the Meeting for the Watershed Management of Integrated Wae Apu Watershed in Buru Regency (2011). Soil from the Side of Empowerment, Conservation. General Meeting of GPM Male Pastors in Maluku Province (2011). The Importance of Integration in Watershed Management at the Coordination Meeting on the Planning of the Integrated Management of the Wae Manumbai Watershed in Aru Islands Regency (2012). "Maluku in the Aspect of Disaster Presenters Papers on Activities for Dissemination of Disaster Risk Reduction in Ambon City for Elementary, Junior High School, Senior High School Teachers in Ambon City in collaboration with Ambon City Government cq Ambon City Regional Disaster Management Agency with Hope World Wide Indonesia (2013). As Oral Presenter in National Joint Conference Unpatti-Unpad. Sustainable Development For Archipelago Region in Pattimura University (2017). Determination of Innovative Patterns of Land Conservation at Wai Batu Merah, Wai Tomu, Wai Batu Gajah, and Wai Batu Gantung to Support Flood and Sediment Barriers at the National Seminar for the 51st Anniversary of the Faculty of Agriculture, Mataram University in Lombok at Nusa Tenggara Barat Province (2018). He attended the International Seminar on Sago and Spices For Food Security. Sail Banda (Small Island for Our Future) (Ambon, 2010), Disaster Risk Reduction Training Program at Yogyakarta (2014), Training Data Analysis Experimental Design 2 Factors With Minitab 17 Program (2016), Basic training on ArcGIS by the Center For The Development Of Spatial Data (PPIDS) of Pattimura University (Ambon, 2018), International Seminar Sago feed The World (Ambon, 2018). He has published two books: 1."Sago, Hope and Challenges" First Edition on November 2010. Publisher: PT Bumi Aksara Jl. Sawo Raya No.18. Jakarta-13220 ISBN 978-979-010-518-8., and 2. Land Degradation, Method of Analysis and Its Application on Land Use on 2016, Publisher : Plantaxia Publisher Yogyakarta. ISSN: 978-602-6912-13-8. Dr. Talakua was a Secretary of the soil physics and mechanics devision of The Indonesian Soil Science Association (HITI) branch Maluku and Irian Jaya (1993-1996), and a member of the Indonesian Soil Science Association (HITI) (Deputy Chairman of the HITI KOMDA Maluku), the secretary of the Watershed Forum of Maluku Province, a member of the Water Resources Council of Maluku Province, a member of Regional Spatial Planning Coordination Team (BKPRD) of Ambon City, and a member of the Resources Management Coordination Team of Ambon-Seram River Region of Maluku Province.

Science Nature 2(1), pp.086-089 (2019) e-ISSN: 2654-6264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30598/SNVol2Iss1pp086-089year2019

Nanochip Medicine: Physical Chemistry Engineering

Hendry Izaac Elim (Elim Heaven)1-7* and Long Y. Chiang8#

1Specific Laboratory of Electronics and Instrumentation (ELINS lab), Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMIPA), Pattimura university, Indonesia 97233 2Nanomaterials for Photonics Nanotechnology Laboratory (N4PN Lab.), Department of Physics, FMIPA, Pattimura University, Jl. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka, Ambon, Indonesia 97233 3Nanotechnology Research Center and Innovative Creation (PPNRI-LEMLIT), Research Center of Pattimura University, Pattimura University Campus, Jl. Mr. CHR. Soplanit, Rumah Tiga, Ambon, Indonesia 97234 4Multidisciplinary Research Center of Excellence (MrCE), UNPATTI, Jl. Chr. Soplanit, RumahTiga, Ambon, Indonesia 97234 Jl. Ir. MartinusPutuhena, Poka, Ambon, Indonesia 97233 5Maritime and Marine Science Center of Excellence (MMSCE) Jl. Dr. Leimena, Ambon, Indonesia 97234 6Theoretical Physics Laboratory, Physics department, Pattimurauniversity, Ambon, Indonesia 97233 7Development and Innovative Center (PPI) of Pattimura University, Indonesia 8Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, USA 01854

Received : March 22, 2019 Revised : March 28, 2019 Published : March 30, 2019 Copyright @ All rights are reserved by H.I. Elim (Elim Heaven) and L.Y. Chiang

Corresponding author: *Email: [email protected]; #Email: [email protected]

086

Nanochip Medicine: Physical Chemistry Engineering 087

Abstract

In providing the best nanocarbon-based medicine particularly associated with their multitasking healing system, an advanced knowledge and understanding of physical chemistry engineering is compulsory. Discovery of the first spherical nanocarbon cage C60, namely, fullerene or buckyball by R. Smalley and his colleague in ~1986 at Rice university made the former elected as a chemistry Nobel laureate 10 years later in 1996. Various investigations in conjunction with fullerenes had been tremendously pursued in many interesting research fields, especially, on its characters including nonlinear and optical limiting behaviors, ultrafast dynamics of electrons in 5-level models, and advanced theoretical and computational cooperation system involving fullerenes encapsulated in a carbon nanotube (CNT). This present editorial communication stimulates an alternative view of physical chemistry engineering of fullerene and its derivatives functioning as nanofullerene-based medicine and its potential healing impacts. Our aims focus on the use of such non-toxic nanocarbons for various broad application leading to a number of different medicinal products.

Keywords: Nanofullerenes, Medicine, Physical chemistry, Engineering.

nontoxic and in a cage size of ~1.0 nm in diameter. There were ongoing research efforts, especially, using editorial attractive conjugative derivatives as molecular components in optical limiting devices and the ultrafast The idea of advanced nanotechnology development telecommunication system, as described in Fig. 1. On the [1,2] has been well-developed in this 21st century other hand, fullerene-based nanomedicines are recently engineering system. Many nanoscience, nanomedicine, applied as key ingredients in various food products, such and nanotechnological products have been implemented as olive oils, crackers, and even expensive inks. These in various applications, particularly, in prominent are illustrated and highlighted in the graphic abstract of engineering system, pharmaceutical breakthrough drugs, this editorial paper. and society educational tools. Recently, multitasking Figure 2 displays many different efforts [1, 6-8] herbal medicine system has been introduced and conducted in the past one decade on the method and fabricated based on physical chemistry engineering approach to improve optical characters of fullerenes by techniques [3-7]. Furthermore, fullerene or bucky-ball as incorporating covalent attachments of single, multiple, or the first nanocarbon was fabricated by a molecular complex branches. As light-matter interactions are much composition consisting of 60 integrated carbon atoms in more sensitive in quality responses with just a small a spherical cage structure of C60. It was found to be amount of energy necessary to detect and react to certain

Nanochip Medicine: Physical Chemistry Engineering 088

types of properties, such as electricity and magnetism, as not toxic in a mixture with olive oil, crackers or another well as healing system in injured or damaged human types of foods, the healing system is still unclear. We cells and membranes. In addition, by understanding the suggest a further detail study being necessary in order to physical chemistry engineering the injection of uncover its mystery fullerene-based medicine into human vein and body, In conclusion, a brief point-to-point discussion of impacts on its healing system can be obviously medicine based nanofullerenes has been enlightened. The identified. physical chemistry engineering of the compound suggests a further investigation needed in its process inside human body.

Acknowledgement H.I.E work was partly supported by a world class research (WCR) grant from Indonesia Ministry of Higher Education (Ristek-Dikti) from this year of 2019 to 2021 entitled as “Nanotechnology Storage Mobile NanoBattery (SMN-B) for Future Energy Sources.”

References [1]. H.I. Elim, Nonlinear Optics and The Frontier of Nanoscience and

Nanotechnology, Pattimura University Press, pp. 1-144 (2018). Figure 1. Multitasking system of fullerene and its derivatives chips: ISBN: 987-602-61906-9-7. from the view of physical chemistry engineering. . [2]. H.I. Elim, THE FIRST 1000 ATOMS IN HEALING PROCESS: FROM NANOTECHNOLOGY TO NANOMEDICINE, IJHMCR 3 (04), 1044-1046 (2018). [3]. H.I. Elim, Multitasking Herbal Nanomedicine: A Frontier Report, Nanoscale Reports 2 (1), 22-30 (2019). [4]. H.I. Elim, Scientific Breakthrough Based on Natural Creation: “1 Diamond with 7 Eyes”, COJ Reviews and Research 1 (1), 1-4 (2018). [5]. H.I. Elim, Theory, Implementation and the Nature of Truth (TIN)

in Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Nanomedicine (NNN): Figure 2. Dynamics of nanomedicine in human body: an illustration of From the Beginning of Universe to nm Scale Behavior, Kenkyu its flowing, interactions and healing system. Journal of Nanotechnology & Nanoscience 5, 33-36 (2019).

[6]. H. I. Elim, Sea-Ho Jeon, Sarika Verma, Wei Ji, Loon-Seng Tan,

Augustine Urbas, and Long Y. Chiang, Nonlinear Optical In Fig. 2, the nanofullerene-based medicine Transmission Properties of C60 Dyads Consisting of a indicates that incorporating nanocarbons, via oral uptake, Light-Harvesting Diphenylaminofluorene Antenna, J. Phys. into human vein with the molecular size ratio of ~1/1000 Chem. B Letters 112, 9561-9564 (2008). smaller than the inner vein diameter may have circulated [7]. H. I. Elim, Jianying Ouyang, Suat Hong Goh, and Wei Ji, Optical without any changes from its original structure from its limiting based materials of mono-functional, multi-functional and entrance from human mouth to the pass motion output. supramolecular C60-containing polymers, Thin Solid Film 477, As a matter of fact, even the fullerene-based medicine is 63-72 (2005).

Nanochip Medicine: Physical Chemistry Engineering 089

[8]. H.I. Elim, Robinson Anandakathir, Rachel Jakubiak, Long Y. 088 Chiang, Wei Ji and Loon-Seng Tan, Large concentration-dependent nonlinear optical responses of starburstiphenylamino-fluorenocarbonyl methano[60]fullerene pentads, J. Mater. Chem. 17, 1826 (2007). */#Corresponding Authors Brief CV:

*Assoc. Prof. H.I. Elim is a young Indonesia physicist #Prof. L.Y. Chiang, a world prominent chemist at

from Pattimura university. He has contributed many University of Massachusetts Lowell, Boston, USA.

breakthrough works on physical behaviors of light-matter

interactions of various novel nanomaterials in the field

of nanoscience, nanotechnology and nanomedicine for more

than 15 years. His deep knowledge and understanding have

been marked by over 66 international high impact papers

and proceedings with h index of ~23 based on web of science

(WOS, Thompson Reuter) and citation more than 2220. By

developing the first laboratory of nanomaterials for

photonics nanotechnology (Physics department of Faculty

of Mathematics and Natural sciences,

http://fisika.fmipa.unpatti.ac.id/n4pn) in the end of

2014, and nanotechnology research center and innovative

creation (http://lppm.unpatti.ac.id/pusat-pnri) on 24th

April 2015 at Pattimura university, he had educated over

60 research undergraduate physics students with various

simple novel works related to superfibers of garbage

materials, biohybrid membranes fabricated from natural

rubbish products, and chemical physics properties of

herbal medicines. Moreover, Prof. Elim has delivered

various quest lectures and international talks both in

national universities such as Universitas Negeri Manado,

Universitas Sam Ratulangi, and Universitas Indonesia, as

well as many different international conferences such as

PharmaNano 2018 in Las Vegas and PharmaNano 2019 in New

York.