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An Institutional Analysis of Sasi Laut in Maluku, Indonesia

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An Institutional Analysis of Sasi Laut in Maluku, Indonesia An Institutional Analysis of Sasi Laut in Maluku, Indonesia • Irene Novaczek • Ingvild H.T. Harkes • Juliaty Sopacua • Marcus D.D. Tatuhey 2001 An Institutional Analysis of Sasi Laut in Maluku, Indonesia Irene Novaczek Ingvild H.T. Harkes Juliaty Sopacua Marcus D.D. Tatuhey 2001 Published by ICLARM – The World Fish Center PO Box 500 GPO 10670 Penang, Malaysia I. Novaczek, I.H.T. Harkes, J. Sopacua, and M.D.D. Tatuhey. 2001. An Institutional Analysis of Sasi Laut in Maluku, Indonesia. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 59, 327 p. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia. Cataloguing-in-Publication Data An institutional analysis of Sasi Laut in Maluku, Indonesia / Irene Novaczek. … [et al.]. Bibliography: p. … ISBN 983-2346-01-0 1. Fisheries—Maluku (Indonesia). 2. Fisheries— Research—Maluku (Indonesia). I. Novaczek, Irene. 639.2095985 Managing editor : Janet-Maychin Copyeditor : Kuperan Viswanathan Cover design and layout : Sam Studio Graphics ISBN 983-2346-01-0 ICLARM Contribution No. 1648 This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA) and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada. Printed by Delimax (M) Sdn Bhd, Penang, Malaysia ICLARM – The World Fish Center is one of the 16 international research centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) that has initiated the public awareness campaign, Future Harvest. ii Contents Foreword x Acknowledgments xi Map of central Maluku xii Section A – Introduction and Methodology Chapter 1 : Introduction 1 1.1 Project overview and objectives 1 1.2 Research framework 3 1.3 Overview of methodological approach 5 1.4 Outputs 6 1.5 Report summary 6 Chapter 2 : Methods 12 2.1 Study site selection and sampling 12 2.2 Inventory of the sasi institution 13 2.2.1 Objectives 13 2.2.2 Inventory method 13 2.2.3 Analysis of the inventory data 15 2.3 Performance analysis of sasi 17 2.3.1 Objectives 17 2.3.2 Methods 18 2.3.3 Analysis of performance study 20 2.4 Institutional analysis of sasi: village case studies, resilience, and contextual attributes 22 2.4.1 Objectives 22 2.4.2 Methods 23 2.4.3 IAF data analysis 24 2.5 Comments on the methods: gaps and limitations 25 Section B – Contextual Variables Chapter 3 : Regional and village level context 27 3.1 Socio-political history of central Maluku 27 3.2 History of sasi in Maluku 30 3.3 Historical and current state of inshore fisheries habitat 31 3.4 Characteristics of the fishery 32 3.4.1 The artisanal finfishery 33 3.4.2 The commercial finfishery in central Maluku 33 3.4.3 Top shell fishery 34 3.4.4 Sea cucumber fishery 34 3.4.5 Other commercial species 35 3.5 Impact of destructive fishing methods 35 3.6 Seasonality 35 3.7 Control over the commercial fishery 36 3.8 Conclusions 36 Chapter 4 : Village level socio-political context 37 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Traditional village government structure 37 4.3 Modern village government structure 37 4.4 Government-related organizations 39 4.4.1 PKK 39 4.4.2 TAKESRA 40 iii 4.4.3 ARISAN 40 4.4.4 Social Service Department groups 40 4.5 KUD 41 4.6 Church organizations 42 4.6.1 Church hierarchy 42 4.6.2 Pelwata 43 4.6.3 Youth wing 43 4.6.4 Pelpri 44 4.7 Adat organizations 44 4.8 Social organizations 44 4.8.1 Muhabet 44 4.8.2 Women’s meetings 45 4.9 Relative distribution and activity of village organizations 45 4.10 Conclusions 46 Chapter 5 : The fisheries and fish markets of central Maluku 47 5.1 Profile of fishers in villages of central Maluku 47 5.2 Cost of entry, income levels and profit sharing 50 5.2.1 Artisanal sector 50 5.2.2 Small-scale commercial 50 5.2.3 Fish aggregating devices (rumpons) 51 5.2.4 Seiners 51 5.2.5 Pole and line 52 5.2.6 Lift nets (bagans) 52 5.3 Market systems for artisanal, small-scale and commercial fisheries 53 5.3.1 Fish landing sites and flow to markets in the study area 53 5.3.2 Fish market structure 54 5.3.3 Role of government in fish market management 56 5.3.4 Marketing sasi products 56 5.4 Conclusions 56 Chapter 6 : Fisheries management in central Maluku 58 6.1 Jurisdiction 58 6.2 National laws affecting artisanal and small-scale fisheries 58 6.3 Key management issues 58 6.4 Agencies involved in fisheries management and development in Maluku 59 6.5 Operationalizing fisheries policy 62 6.5.1 The process of establishing a development project plan 62 6.5.2 The process of producing a fisheries law 63 6.6 Licensing 63 6.7 Enforcement 64 6.8 Communication and collaboration between village and higher levels of management 64 6.9 Conclusions 65 Section C – Research Results Chapter 7 : Results of the inventory of sasi 66 7.1 Presence of sasi in central Maluku 66 7.1.1 Overall occurrence 66 7.1.2 Distribution of sasi on land crops and marine resources 67 7.2 Function and scope of sasi in resource management 71 7.2.1 Land sasi 71 7.2.2 Marine sasi 72 7.2.3 Village leaders’ opinion on sasi as a resource management institution 73 7.3 The governing authorities: adat, church and local government 74 7.4 Written rules, sanctions and ceremonies 75 7.4.1 Sasi rules and regulations 75 7.4.2 Occurrence of marine management rules in sasi and non-sasi villages 76 iv 7.5 Discussion 77 7.5.1 Defining sasi 77 7.5.2 Variability and core concepts 78 7.5.3 Island synopses 79 7.6 Conclusions 79 Chapter 8 : Comparison of equity, efficiency and sustainability in sasi and non-sasi villages 81 of central Maluku 8.1 Performance of marine management as perceived by sasi and non-sasi fishers 81 8.2 Equity indicators 81 8.3 Efficiency indicators 82 8.4 Social sustainability indicators 84 8.5 Biological sustainability indicators 85 8.6 Socio-economic conditions in sasi and non-sasi villages 86 8.6.1 Economic score and relationship to sasi 86 8.7 Conclusions 87 Chapter 9 : Impact of sasi on inshore fisheries resources and habitat in central Maluku 88 9.1 Marine survey results in sasi and non-sasi villages 88 9.2 Coral reef surveys in sasi and non-sasi areas 88 9.2.1 Saparua Island sites 88 9.2.2 Haruku Island sites 89 9.2.3 Ambon Island sites 90 9.3 Top shell and sea cucumber in sasi and non-sasi areas 91 9.3.1 Saparua Island sites 91 9.3.2 Ambon Island sites 92 9.4 Butterfly fish counts in sasi and non-sasi areas 92 9.5 Conclusions 94 Section D – Institutional Analysis of Case Study Villages Chapter 10 : Desa Nolloth, Saparua Island 95 10.1 Physical, biological and technical attributes 95 10.1.1 Physical environment 95 10.1.2 Biological characteristics 96 10.1.3 Fisheries technology 97 10.2 Attributes of the community and fishers 99 10.2.1 Village government 99 10.2.2 Village organizations 100 10.2.3 Role of women 101 10.2.4 Profile of fishers 101 10.3 Market Attributes 102 10.3.1 Commercial large-scale fish trade 102 10.3.2 Trade in top shells and sea cucumbers 103 10.4 Sasi institutional and organizational arrangements 103 10.4.1 Marine sasi: the players 105 10.4.2 Ceremonies for marine sasi 106 10.4.3 The harvest 107 10.4.4 Enforcement 109 10.4.5 Compliance 110 10.4.6 Significance of sasi and local knowledge 110 10.5 External institutional and organizational arrangements 111 10.6 Incentives to cooperate 112 10.7 Patterns of interaction 114 10.8 Outcomes 115 10.8.1 Equity 115 10.8.2 Efficiency 116 10.8.3 Social sustainability 117 v 10.8.4 Biological sustainability 118 10.9 Synthesis 118 Chapter 11 : Desa Haruku and Sameth, Haruku Island 121 11.1 Physical, biological and technical attributes 121 11.1.1 Physical environment 121 11.1.2 Biological characteristics 122 11.1.3 Fisheries technology 123 11.2 Attributes of the community and fishers 123 11.2.1 Village government 124 11.2.2 Village organizations 125 11.2.3 Role of women 126 11.2.4 Profile of fishers 126 11.3 Market Attributes 127 11.3.1 Local fish trade 127 11.3.2 Commercial small-scale trade 127 11.4 Sasi institutional and organizational arrangements 128 11.4.1 Sasi 129 11.4.2 Sasi: the players 130 11.4.3 History of the kewang 131 11.4.4 Enforcement 132 11.4.5 Compliance 132 11.4.6 Significance of sasi and local knowledge 132 11.5 External institutional and organizational arrangements 133 11.6 Incentives to cooperate 134 11.7 Patterns of interaction 135 11.8 Outcomes 136 11.8.1 Equity 136 11.8.2 Efficiency 137 11.8.3 Social sustainability 138 11.8.4 Biological sustainability 139 11.9 Synthesis 139 Chapter 12 : Desa Tuhaha, Saparua Island 141 12.1 Physical, biological and technical attributes 141 12.1.1 Physical environment 141 12.1.2 Biological characteristics 142 12.1.3 Fisheries technology 142 12.2 Attributes of the community and fishers 143 12.2.1 Village government 144 12.2.2 Village organizations 145 12.2.3 Role of women 145 12.2.4 Profile of fishers 146 12.3 Market Attributes 146 12.3.1 Local fish trade 147 12.3.2 Commercial small-scale trade 147 12.4 Institutional and organizational arrangements 147 12.4.1 Loss of sasi 147 12.4.2 Fisheries regulations 149 12.4.3 The players 149 12.4.4 Enforcement 150 12.4.5 Compliance 150 12.5 External institutional and organizational arrangements 151 12.6 Incentives to cooperate 152 12.7 Patterns of interaction 153 12.8 Outcomes 154 12.8.1 Equity 154 12.8.2 Efficiency 155 12.8.3 Social sustainability 156 12.8.4 Biological sustainability 157 vi 12.9 Synthesis 158 Chapter 13 : Desa Hulaliu, Haruku Island 159 13.1 Physical, biological and technical attributes 159 13.1.1 Physical environment 159 13.1.2 Biological characteristics 160 13.1.3 Fisheries technology 161 13.2 Attributes of the community and fishers 162 13.2.1 Village government 162 13.2.2 Village organizations 164 13.2.3 Role of women 164 13.2.4 Profile of fishers
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