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UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Virtue from Necessity in the Urban Waterworks of Roman Asia Minor Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vt9c4f4 Author Bricker, Brianna Lynn Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Virtue from Necessity in the Urban Waterworks of Roman Asia Minor A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History of Art and Architecture by Brianna Lynn Bricker Committee in charge: Professor Fikret K. Yegül, Chair Professor Swati Chattopadhyay Professor Christine M. Thomas June 2016 The dissertation of Brianna Lynn Bricker is approved: ____________________________________________ Swati Chattopadhyay ____________________________________________ Christine M. Thomas ____________________________________________ Fikret K. Yegül, Committee Chair June 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Damlaya damlaya göl olur “Drop by drop, a lake will form,” goes the Turkish proverb. And so went this dissertation project: little by little quotidian efforts turned into something larger. But these drops, in fact, were not just my own efforts, nor were they always quotidian. The number of drops contributed by others is incalculable, but the impact is clear. Special thanks go to my advisor Fikret Yegül for his unwavering support and kindness throughout my graduate school experience. I also thank Diane Favro for her continual warmth and helpfulness. I am deeply thankful for my other committee members, Swati Chattopadhyay and Christine Thomas, for providing important outside perspectives and challenging me to go farther with my work. I am truly grateful for my community at UCSB: firstly, the Department of the History of Art and Architecture, for the support and space to grow as a scholar. I also thank the Ancient Borderlands Research Focus Group for fostering collaboration between disciplines and creating an inviting and dynamic atmosphere of research. I would particularly like to thank my community at the Sardis Expedition, for nurturing in me the curiosity and zeal to explore the Anatolian countryside: Marcus Rautman introduced me to the intricacies and interesting nature of waterworks, while Bahadır Yıldırım and Nicholas Cahill provided further encouragement and perspective. Of course, gratitude for my experiences in Turkey extends to the countless locals, site guards, dolmuş drivers, and others who extended their kindness, their time, practical information, or even a glass of ayran. I would also like to express gratitude for the financial support of fellowships which have allowed me to travel and pursue my studies: those from the Graduate Dean, Graduate Division, the UC Multi-Campus Research Project, and the Department of the History of Art and Architecture; the Albert and Elaine Borchard European Studies Fellowship; and the Frontinus Gesellschaft Stipendium. I thank my family for their patience and encouragement and I thank my friends, those who supported me with a cup of tea and wise words, and those who supported me in the field: Lauren DiSalvo, Frances Gallart-Marqués, Jennifer Kim, Meriç Öztürk, Jordan Pickett, Naomi Pitamber, and Liz Raubolt DeRitter, to name a few of the latter. Lastly I thank Chrysafis for providing the necessary diversions and sustenance that allow one not only to survive but to enjoy life during graduate school. This work is dedicated to the memory of Greenie, who first opened my eyes to the wonders of the ancient world. iii CURRICULUM VITAE BRIANNA LYNN BRICKER MAY 2016 EDUCATION Bachelor of Arts in History, University of California, Berkeley, December 2007 Master of Arts in the History of Art and Architecture, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 2011 Doctor of Philosophy in the History of Art and Architecture, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 2016 (expected) PUBLICATIONS & SELECT PAPERS Possibly the largest Roman monumental arch (Sardis, western Anatolia). Archaeological Institute of America Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 6-9 January 2016. Co-Presented with Bahadir Yildirim, Harvard Art Museums. “Sanitation, Splendor, and Status in the Hydraulic Landscape of Sardis.” In De Aquaeductu atque Aqua Urbium Lyciae Pamphyliae Pisidiae – The Legacy of Sextus Julius Frontinus. International Congress on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region, Antalya, October 31 – November 9, 2014 , ed. Gilbert Wiplinger. Leuven, Peeters: 47-54. Management and Manipulation of Water in Roman Sardis. Archaeological Institute of America Annual Meeting, Chicago, 2-5 January 2014. Co-Presented with Marcus Rautman, University of Missouri. “Ceci N’est Pas Un Mur: Representation and Reality in Ephesian Urban Boundaries,” Seleucia ad Calycadnum , Vol. 2 (2012): 185-200. Founts of Identity: Water Usage and Landscape Change in Southwestern Anatolia. Center for International History Graduate Student Conference: Places and Displacement, Department of History, Columbia University, 2011. AWARDS Graduate Division Dissertation Fellowship, Winter 2016 Dissertation Research Travel Grant, Fall 2015, New York Albert and Elaine Borchard European Studies Fellowship, 2014-2015 iv Frontinus Gesellschaft Stipendium, 2014 International Congress on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region, Antalya University of California Multi-Campus Research Project, Mediterranean Travel Fellowship, Summer-Fall 2014 Graduate Dean’s Advancement Fellowship, Summer 2014 Graduate Student Travel Grant, 2014 AIA Annual Meeting, Chicago Pre-Dissertation Research Travel Grant, Winter and Spring 2013, Istanbul, Turkey FIELDS OF STUDY Major Concentration: Roman Architecture and Urbanism Minor Concentration: Islamic Art and Architecture Degree Emphasis: Ancient Mediterranean Studies Program EXPERIENCE 2010-present: Senior Architect, the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, Sart, Turkey 2009-2015: Teaching Assistant, Department of the History of Art and Architecture, University of California, Santa Barbara 2007-2009: Recorder, the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, Sart, Turkey v ABSTRACT Virtue from Necessity in the Urban Waterworks of Roman Asia Minor by Brianna Lynn Bricker The period of Roman rule is marked by the stark transformation of cities across the Mediterranean. Aqueducts, baths, and fountains sprouted up from the prosperous conditions of the high imperial period, and with the introduction of urban forms and practices emerged a shared cultural community out of diverse peoples. Local variation of course persisted, and my dissertation project interrogates the specificity of place in this process. I examine the transformation of the cities of Asia Minor over the course of Roman rule (133 BCE – 620 CE) through the lens of topography and water management, asking how local culture and sense of place profoundly affected the form and the extent to which resources and technologies of empire brought change. I focus on the interconnection of topography, infrastructure, and urban image in four cities: Side, Aizanoi, Arykanda, and Rhodiapolis, which represent a range of topographical situations and a shared entanglement with Roman technology and culture. I first use the evidence of topographical, archaeological, and textual records to analyze the influence and role of water in shaping the city physically, culturally, and perceptually. I next look at the forces that spurred the intensification or reconfiguration of water management and use, arguing that homogeneity in vi infrastructural elements was only one aspect that contributed to urban character; their urban context and the histories allowing for their creation brought an inherently local quality to empire-wide forms. Lastly I examine how socio-political structures altered the way water was exploited and made available, considering the physical effects of water on the social body, and how seemingly ordinary encounters with the urban water network signaled deeper, more complex systems of power. My study shows how the power of place shaped the nature of this interaction more deeply than previously considered. I call for a change in the way one thinks about regional cities and urban transformation under Roman rule. Roman forms altered the existing urban character and created forms and practices shared across the empire. However, these forms were perceived differently based on topographic and cultural landscape upon which they were imprinted; locale and locals changed the meanings. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... III CURRICULUM VITAE ............................................................................................ IV ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ VI LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. X CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 Situating the Anatolian hydroscape ..................................................................... 3 Studying the Anatolian hydroscape ..................................................................... 7 Approaches to water and urbanism ................................................................... 10 Methods,