DOCSLIB.ORG

This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from Explore Bristol Research

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Hoag, Gary G Title: The teachings on Riches in 1 Timothy in light of Ephesiaca by Xenophon of Ephesus General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. The Teachings on Riches in I Timothy in light of Ephesiaca by Xenophon of Ephesus Gary G. Hoag A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol and Trinity College in accordance with the requirements for award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts. May 2013 Word count: 79,868 (text only, excluding preliminary pages, footnotes and bibliography) Abstract Scholars are divided on reading the teachings on riches in I Tim. Evidence that has been largely overlooked in NT scholarship, Ephesiaca by Xenophon of Ephesus, suggests that the topic be revisited. Ephesiaca is a story about a rich Ephesian couple. This text brings to life what is known from ancient sources about the social setting and cultural rules of the rich in Ephesus and adds details to enhance our knowledge of life and society. Recent scholarship has dated Ephesiaca to the mid-first century CEoIf the Acts narrative is reliable, this locates the story in broadly the same timeframe as the ministry of Paul in Ephesus. Interestingly, the story contains some of the same general themes and rare terms found in the teachings on riches in I Tim. My argument does not focus on locating specific dates for I Tim or Ephesiaca, but rather, my aim is to analyze these two texts alongside each other and extant ancient sources. My dissertation begins by introducing Ephesiaca and the socio-rhetorical methodology used to explore it alongside other evidence and I Tim. The methodology has five parts: social and cultural texture, inner texture, intertexture, ideological texture, and sacred texture. The first texture is helpful for locating a Sitz im Leben of the rich in Ephesus, the social and cultural context that preceded the texts of 1 Tim and Ephesiaca. The four remaining textures are employed to scrutinize five passages: 1 Tim 2:9- 10; 3: 1-13; 6: 1-2a; 6:2b- 10; and 6: 17-19. The findings of this study reveal a fresh perspective on these texts. The teachings on riches in I Tim appear to call followers of Jesus to handle riches in a counter-cultural manner that is consistent with the trajectory of other NT teachings when read in light of ancient sources and Ephesiaca by Xenophon of Ephesus. 11 Dedication and Acknowledgements I dedicate this dissertation to God. It is my gift to Him. Though, in the words of C.S. Lewis, He is "sixpence none the richer" in receipt of my gift, because it was only possible through His generous provision of strength, wisdom, and perseverance. Nonetheless, my prayer is that this work-my gift-pleases Him. I was not prepared to go where this research journey would take me, so with deep gratitude I acknowledge my advisors, Philip Towner and Stephen Finamore. They have been brilliant thinkers and helpful counselors each step of the way. I must also thank Craig Williford, Craig Blomberg, and Craig Smith for inspiring me to begin this project and Abraham Malherbe for exhorting me to read ancient material, a charge that put me on the path of discovery that eventually led me to Ephesiaca. Lastly, I want to thank my family and friends for their generous love and support, though they are too numerous to list by name. I must, however, acknowledge my parents, John and Patricia Hoag, for their faithful prayers for me; my brother and sister, David and Heather, for their encouragement; and my wife, Jenni, and our two children, Samuel David and Sophie Victoria, whose love and support inspired me to run this race from start to finish. 111 Authors' Declaration I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University's Regulations and Code of Practice for Research Degree Programmes and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. Except where indicated by specific reference in the text, the work is the candidate's own work. Work done in collaboration with, or with the assistance of, others, is indicated as such. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author. SIGNED: DATE: .. IV CONTENTS List of Tables IX List of Abbreviations ix Introduction Chapter One EPHESIACA BY XENOPHON OF EPHESUS AND SOCIO-RHETORICAL INTERPRETATION 15 I .1 Ephesiaca by Xenophon of Ephesus 15 I .1.1. Author and Provenance 16 I .1.2. Date, Genre, and the Scholarly Conversation 17 1.1.3. The Storyline of the Ephesiaca 19 1.1.4. Summary: Engaging Xenophon of Ephesus 26 1.2. Socio-Rhetorical Interpretation 27 1.2.1. The Socio-Rhetorical Methodology of Vernon K. Robbins 27 1.2.2. Adapted Socio-Rhetorical Methodology for this Study 30 1.2.3. Summary: Socio-Rhetorical Methodology, 1 Timothy, and Ephesiaca 32 1.3. Conclusion 32 Chapter Two THE SOCIAL SEITING AND CULTURAL RULES OF THE RICH IN EPHESUS IN THE FIRST CENTURY CE 35 2.1. The Rich in Ephesus: The First and Greatest Metropolis of Asia 35 2.1.1. Artemis, the Artemisium, and the Rich in Ephesus 36 2.1.1.1. Ancient Sources on Artemis, the Artemisium, and the Rich in Ephesus 37 2.1.1.2. Xenophon of Ephesus on Artemis, the Artemisium, and the Rich in Ephesus 42 2.1.2. The Rich in the Roman Imperial Capital of Asia 46 2.1.2.1. Ancient Sources on the Rich in the Roman Imperial Capital of Asia 47 2.1.2.2. Xenophon of Ephesus on the Rich in the Roman Imperial Capital of Asia 50 2.1.3. The Multicultural Mediterranean Hub for Transportation, Trade, and Traditions 52 2.1.3.1. Ancient Sources on the Rich in the Multicultural Mediterranean Hub of Ephesus 53 2.1.3.2. Xenophon of Ephesus on the Rich in the Multicultural Mediterranean Hub of Ephesus 56 2.1.4. Summary: Xenophon of Ephesus and the World of the Rich in Ephesus 57 2.2. Cultural Rules, the Rich in Ephesus, and Ephesiaca 58 2.2.1. Honor and Shame in Ephesus and Ephesiaca 59 2.2.2. Identity in Ephesus and Ephesiaca 62 2.2.3. Kinship in Ephesus and Ephesiaca 64 2.2.4. Exchange and Benefaction in Ephesus and Ephesiaca 66 2.2.5. Envy in Ephesus and Ephesiaca 68 2.2.6. Purity in Ephesus and Ephesiaca 69 2.2.7. Summary: Xenophon of Ephesus and Conformity to Cultural Rules 71 2.3. Sitz im Leben of the Rich in Ephesus in light of Ephesiaca 71 2.4. Conclusion 72 v Chapter Three WOMEN WITH WEALTH AND I TIMOTHY 2:9-10: GODLY DECORUM AND GOOD DEEDS 75 3.1. Inner Texture of I Timothy 2:9-10 76 3.1.1. Text and Translation 76 3.1.2. Analysis in Relationship to Ancient Sources 76 3.1.2.1. Adornment in the Ancient Mediterranean World 77 3.1.2.2. Prohibitions 80 3.1.2.3. Expectations 83 3.1.3. Summary 87 3.2. Intertexture 87 3.2.1. Terms Common to I Timothy 2:9-10 and Ephesiaca 88 3.2.2. Analysis of Common Terminology 88 3.2.3. Summary 95 3.3. Ideological Texture % 3.3.1. The Author, Audience, and Culture in Ephesiaca % 3.3.2. Rich Women in the Ephesian Culture and I Timothy 2:9-10 98 3.3.3. Summary 100 3.4. Sacred Texture 100 3.4.1. God, the Rich, and Riches in the Text lOO 3.4.2. Reading the Text in the Context of other NT Teachings 102 3.4.3. Reading the Text in light of Three Rich Women in Acts 104 3.4.4. Summary 107 3.5. Conclusion: Reading 1Timothy 2:9-10 in light of Ephesiaca 107 Chapter Four LEADERS AND 1 TIMOTHY 3: 1-13: AVOID GREED AND SHAMEFUL GAIN SERVING AS FAITHFUL STEWARDS III 4.1. Inner Texture of I Timothy 3: 1-13 112 4.1.1. Text and Translation 112 4.1.2. Analysis in Relationship to Ancient Sources 113 4.1.2.1. Virtue/Vice Lists in the Greco-Roman World 114 4.1.2.2. Virtue/Vice Lists in Ancient Jewish Literature 117 4.1.2.3. Epigraphic Evidence related to Religious Leaders in Ephesus 122 4.1.3.
Recommended publications
  • Ephesiaca a Paraliterary Love-Story from the Ancient World ANCIENT NARRATIVE

    Ephesiaca a Paraliterary Love-Story from the Ancient World ANCIENT NARRATIVE

    Xenophon’s Ephesiaca A Paraliterary Love-Story from the Ancient World ANCIENT NARRATIVE Supplementum 22 Editorial Board Gareth Schmeling, University of Florida, Gainesville Stephen Harrison, Corpus Christi College, Oxford Heinz Hofmann, Universität Tübingen Massimo Fusillo, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila Ruurd Nauta, University of Groningen Stelios Panayotakis, University of Crete Costas Panayotakis (review editor), University of Glasgow Advisory Board Jean Alvares, Montclair State University Alain Billault, Université Paris Sorbonne – Paris IV Ewen Bowie, Corpus Christi College, Oxford Jan Bremmer, University of Groningen Koen De Temmerman, University of Ghent Stavros Frangoulidis, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki Ronald Hock, University of Southern California, Los Angeles Irene de Jong, University of Amsterdam Silvia Montiglio, Johns Hopkins University John Morgan, University of Wales, Swansea Michael Paschalis, University of Crete Judith Perkins, Saint Joseph College, West Hartford Tim Whitmarsh, University of Cambridge Alfons Wouters, University of Leuven Maaike Zimmerman, University of Groningen Website www.ancientnarrative.com Subscriptions and ordering Barkhuis Kooiweg 38 9761 GL Eelde the Netherlands [email protected] www.barkhuis.nl Xenophon’s Ephesiaca A Paraliterary Love-Story from the Ancient World by Aldo Tagliabue BARKHUIS & GRONINGEN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GRONINGEN 2017 Book design: Barkhuis Cover design: Nynke Tiekstra, Coltsfootmedia, Rotterdam Image on cover: “Incontro tra Anzia e Abrocome alle feste di Diana”, Jacopo Amigoni (attributed), ca. 1743 ISBN 9789492444127 Copyright © 2017 the author All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec- tronical, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written per- mission from the author.
  • Pleasure and Instruction in the Prologue of Longus

    Pleasure and Instruction in the Prologue of Longus

    SYMBOLAE PHILOLOGORUM POSNANIENSIUM GRAECAE ET LATINAE XIX• 2009 pp. 95-114. ISBN 978-83-232-2153-1. ISSN 0302-7384 ADAM MICKIEWICZUNIVERSITYPRESS, POZNAŃ BRUCE DUNCAN MACQUEEN Department of Comparative Literature, University of Silesia pl. Sejmu Śląskiego 1, 40-032 Katowice Poland PLEASURE AND INSTRUCTION IN THE PROLOGUE OF LONGUS’ DAPHNIS AND CHLOE ABSTRACT . Bruce Duncan MacQueen, Pleasure and instruction in the Prologue of Longus’ “Daphnis and Chloe”. The present study attempts to demonstrate that the ancient Greek novel Daphnis and Chloe system- atically explores the problem expressed by Horace in the phrase docere et delectare, and that this purpose is announced in the Prologue. The functions of prologues as such are briefly reviewed. After a consideration of the prologues of the remaining ancient Greek novels, the Prologue of Longus’s Daphnis and Chloe is analyzed line by line. Longus uses the Prologue, then, to establish a series of dialectical tensions that operate throughout the novel, allowing it to delight and instruct at the same time. Key words: ancient Greek novel, Eros, paradox, paideia, hunting. INTRODUCTION A paradox often repeated, like a metaphor, eventually loses the shock value that makes it useful as a figure of speech. To use the terminology of cognitive psychology, it comes to be “overlearned,” repeated without reflec- tion at particular moments when the requisite prompt occurs. Its very fa- miliarity makes it fade into the background, where it ceases to draw atten- tion to itself. We have been told since childhood, for example, to “turn the other cheek,” so we repeat the phrase automatically and almost entirely ignore it in practice, since it no longer demands our attention.
  • Artaxerxes II

    Artaxerxes II

    Artaxerxes II John Shannahan BAncHist (Hons) (Macquarie University) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Ancient History, Macquarie University. May, 2015. ii Contents List of Illustrations v Abstract ix Declaration xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Conventions xv Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 THE EARLY REIGN OF ARTAXERXES II The Birth of Artaxerxes to Cyrus’ Challenge 15 The Revolt of Cyrus 41 Observations on the Egyptians at Cunaxa 53 Royal Tactics at Cunaxa 61 The Repercussions of the Revolt 78 CHAPTER 2 399-390: COMBATING THE GREEKS Responses to Thibron, Dercylidas, and Agesilaus 87 The Role of Athens and the Persian Fleet 116 Evagoras the Opportunist and Carian Commanders 135 Artaxerxes’ First Invasion of Egypt: 392/1-390/89? 144 CHAPTER 3 389-380: THE KING’S PEACE AND CYPRUS The King’s Peace (387/6): Purpose and Influence 161 The Chronology of the 380s 172 CHAPTER 4 NUMISMATIC EXPRESSIONS OF SOLIDARITY Coinage in the Reign of Artaxerxes 197 The Baal/Figure in the Winged Disc Staters of Tiribazus 202 Catalogue 203 Date 212 Interpretation 214 Significance 223 Numismatic Iconography and Egyptian Independence 225 Four Comments on Achaemenid Motifs in 227 Philistian Coins iii The Figure in the Winged Disc in Samaria 232 The Pertinence of the Political Situation 241 CHAPTER 5 379-370: EGYPT Planning for the Second Invasion of Egypt 245 Pharnabazus’ Invasion of Egypt and Aftermath 259 CHAPTER 6 THE END OF THE REIGN Destabilisation in the West 267 The Nature of the Evidence 267 Summary of Current Analyses 268 Reconciliation 269 Court Intrigue and the End of Artaxerxes’ Reign 295 Conclusion: Artaxerxes the Diplomat 301 Bibliography 309 Dies 333 Issus 333 Mallus 335 Soli 337 Tarsus 338 Unknown 339 Figures 341 iv List of Illustrations MAP Map 1 Map of the Persian Empire xviii-xix Brosius, The Persians, 54-55 DIES Issus O1 Künker 174 (2010) 403 333 O2 Lanz 125 (2005) 426 333 O3 CNG 200 (2008) 63 333 O4 Künker 143 (2008) 233 333 R1 Babelon, Traité 2, pl.
  • Xetex Output 2007.09.06:0922

    Xetex Output 2007.09.06:0922

    i ``variants5'' --- 2007/9/6 --- 9:22 --- page 129 --- #127 i i i The Copyist as Novelist Multiple Versions in the Ancient Greek Novel M. Sanz Morales No book is ever published without some variant in each copy. Scribes take a secret oath to omit, interpolate, vary. Jorge Luis Borges, The Babylon Lottery 1. Purpose The present essay has two objectives: on the one hand, to show the ex- istence of multiple versions in the textual transmission of several of the Greek novels that have come down to us; on the other, to investigate the causes for such multiplicity. This shall require that this case of multiple versions be placed in relationship with other similar cases of works which do not pertain to the genre of the novel, but yet are related to it, which in turn will lead to certain consequences in the field of literary studies.1 2. Greek novels and their multiple versions The genre of the Greek novel developed in the first centuries of our era, a period in which the Greek-speaking world was a part of the Roman Em- pire. The only five novels which have survived in their entirety all belong to this period, as well as the quite numerous papyrus fragments of other novels which have been lost. The peak of the genre seems to have been somewhere around the second or third century A. D., judging from the probable date of many of these novels.2 As for their literary form, the 1 This article is a part of a research project (HUM2005-03090) financed by the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia of Spain and FEDER.
  • The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks

    The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks

    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC.
  • Demetrius Poliorcetes and the Hellenic League

    Demetrius Poliorcetes and the Hellenic League

    DEMETRIUSPOLIORCETES AND THE HELLENIC LEAGUE (PLATE 33) 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND D JURING the six years, 307/6-302/1 B.C., issues were raised and settled which shaped the course of western history for a long time to come. The epoch was alike critical for Athens, Hellas, and the Macedonians. The Macedonians faced squarely during this period the decision whether their world was to be one world or an aggregate of separate kingdoms with conflicting interests, and ill-defined boundaries, preserved by a precarious balance of power and incapable of common action against uprisings of Greek and oriental subjects and the plundering appetites of surrounding barbarians. The champion of unity was King Antigonus the One- Eyed, and his chief lieutenant his brilliant but unstatesmanlike son, King Demetrius the Taker of Cities, a master of siege operations and of naval construction and tactics, more skilled in organizing the land-instruments of warfare than in using them on the battle field. The final campaign between the champions of Macedonian unity and disunity opened in 307 with the liberation of Athens by Demetrius and ended in 301 B.C. with the Battle of the Kings, when Antigonus died in a hail of javelins and Demetrius' cavalry failed to penetrate a corps of 500 Indian elephants in a vain effort to rescue hinm. Of his four adversaries King Lysimachus and King Kassander left no successors; the other two, Kings Ptolemy of Egypt and Seleucus of Syria, were more fortunate, and they and Demetrius' able son, Antigonus Gonatas, planted the three dynasties with whom the Romans dealt and whom they successively destroyed in wars spread over 44 years.
  • The Influence of Achaemenid Persia on Fourth-Century and Early Hellenistic Greek Tyranny

    The Influence of Achaemenid Persia on Fourth-Century and Early Hellenistic Greek Tyranny

    THE INFLUENCE OF ACHAEMENID PERSIA ON FOURTH-CENTURY AND EARLY HELLENISTIC GREEK TYRANNY Miles Lester-Pearson A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2015 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11826 This item is protected by original copyright The influence of Achaemenid Persia on fourth-century and early Hellenistic Greek tyranny Miles Lester-Pearson This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of St Andrews Submitted February 2015 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Miles Lester-Pearson, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 88,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2010 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September 2011; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2010 and 2015. Date: Signature of Candidate: 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
  • Occupy Sanhedrin Brochure

    Occupy Sanhedrin Brochure

    Sarah Zell Young is the 4th annual Hadassah-Brandeis Institute (HBI) Artist-in Residence. The 2012 HBI Artist-in-Residence Program is made possible thanks to the generous support of Carol Spinner at Sarah Zell Young Avoda Arts and Arnee and Walter Winshall. About the Hadassah-Brandeis Institute Occupy Sanhedrin The Hadassah-Brandeis Institute develops fresh ways of thinking about Jews and gender worldwide by producing and promoting scholarly research and artistic projects. March 29 - May 18, 2012 About the Women’s Studies Research Center The Women’s Studies Research Center (WSRC) is a place where research, art and activism converge. The Kniznick Gallery is committed to feminist exhibitions of artistic excellence that reflect the activities of the Women's Studies Research Center Scholars and engage communities within and beyond Brandeis University. About Occupy Sanhedrin & As Old as the World The term Sanhedrin refers to the Great Court of ancient Israel during the Second Temple Period. It was composed of 71 men, one chief justice referred to as the Nasi (prince), one assistant chief justice, the Av Beit Din (Patriarch of the rabbinic court) and 69 general members. This judicial body made binding decisions about all aspects of Jewish life in and beyond Jerusalem. The Great Sanhedrin is a prime example of an exclusively male space—not only in its physical gathering of 71 men, but in the scope of influence these men had in making decisions that ruled over all bodies. We learn about the Sanhedrin in the Talmud, an elaborate six-volume documentation of laws derived from interpretations of the Bible.
  • Introduction

    Introduction

    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82391-3 - Narrative and Identity in the Ancient Greek Novel: Returning Romance Tim Whitmarsh Excerpt More information Introduction true romance Habrocomes, my child, I am not a settler or a native Sicilian but an elite Spartan, from one of the powerful families there, and very pros- perous. When I was a young man and enrolled among the ephebes, I fell in love with a citizen girl by the name of Thelxinoe, and Thelxinoe returned my love. We met at a time when an all-night festival was being held in the city, with a god’s guidance, and enjoyed the pleasure that our meeting had promised. For a while we used to meet in secret, and swore repeatedly to each other that our relationship would last till death. But one of the gods must have been spiteful. While I was still classed among the ephebes, Thelxinoe’s parents agreed to her marriage to a young man called Androcles, who had by this time also fallen in love with her. At first, the girl had to invent all sorts of excuses to put off the wedding, but in the end she was able to arrange a meeting with me, and she agreed to elope from Sparta with me by night. We both dressed up as young men, and I even cut Thelxinoe’s hair, on the very night before her wedding. Escaping from the city we came to Argos, then Corinth, where we boarded a ship and sailed for Sicily. When the Spartans learned of our escape, they condemned us to death.
  • The Court of Alexander the Great As Social System

    The Court of Alexander the Great As Social System

    Originalveröffentlichung in Waldemar Heckel/Lawrence Tritle (Hg.), Alexander the Great. A New History, Malden, Mass. u.a. 2009, S. 83-98 5 The Court of Alexander the Great as Social System Gregor Weber In his discussion of events that followed Alexander ’s march through Hyrcania (summer 330), Plutarch gives a succinct summary of the king ’s conduct and reports the clash of his closest friends, Hephaestion and Craterus (Alex. 47.5.9-11).1 The passage belongs in the context of Alexander ’s adoption of the traditions and trap ­ pings of the dead Persian Great King (Fredricksmeyer 2000; Brosius 2003a), although the conflict between the two generals dates to the time of the Indian campaign (probably 326). It reveals not only that Alexander was subtly in tune with the atti­ tudes of his closest friends, but also that his changes elicited varied responses from the members of his circle. Their relationships with each other were based on rivalry, something Alexander - as Plutarch ’s wording suggests - actively encouraged. But it is also reported that Alexander made an effort to bring about a lasting reconcili ­ ation of the two friends, who had attacked each other with swords, and drawn their respective troops into the fray. To do so, he had to marshal “all his resources ” (Hamilton 1969; 128-31) from gestures of affection to death threats. These circumstances invite the question: what was the structural relevance of such an episode beyond the mutual antagonism of Hephaestion and Craterus? For these were not minor protagonists, but rather men of the upper echelon of the new Macedonian-Persian empire, with whose help Alexander had advanced his con ­ quest ever further and exercised his power (Berve nos.
  • Interpreting the Heroine of a Greek Romance Isabelle Kennedy

    Interpreting the Heroine of a Greek Romance Isabelle Kennedy

    Charicleia’s Dream: Interpreting the Heroine of a Greek Romance Isabelle Kennedy Raposo Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Prerequisite for Honors in Classics April 2019 © Isabelle Raposo 2019 Introduction Dreams, Oracles, and Interpretation This thesis will analyze the ways in which Charicleia, the heroine of Heliodorus’ Aethiopica, is ​ ​ characterized, using an oracular dream as a guide to interpretation. About the Aethiopica ​ The Aethiopica, or “An Ethiopian story,” is the only known work of Heliodorus of ​ ​ Emesa, composed about 350 A.D. Little is known about the life of Heliodorus apart from the information he provides at the end of the Aethiopica: “[the Aethiopica’s] author is a Phoenician ​ ​ ​ ​ of Emesa, of the race of the Sun—the son of Theodosius, Heliodorus” (277). Emesa stood on the same ground as the modern city of Homs, Syria, and was known for the local cult of the god ‘LH’GBL or Elahagabal.1 The church historian Sokrates refers to a bishop named Heliodorus, living in Thessaly around 385, who may have started the practice of married men entering the church becoming celibate.2 Synopsis Persinna, the queen of Ethiopia, conceives a child while consorting with her husband Hydaspes and looking at a wall painting of Andromeda. The child is born white as a result, in spite of both of her parents’ having dark skin, and Persinna embroiders the story of her conception on a ribbon. Gathering the ribbon and some unique jewels, she sends the child to be exposed. Sisimithres, a sage who is an advisor to the Ethiopian court, finds the baby and takes her to be raised by shepherds outside the Ethiopian capital city of Meroe.
  • Mercenaries, Poleis, and Empires in the Fourth Century Bce

    Mercenaries, Poleis, and Empires in the Fourth Century Bce

    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts ALL THE KING’S GREEKS: MERCENARIES, POLEIS, AND EMPIRES IN THE FOURTH CENTURY BCE A Dissertation in History and Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies by Jeffrey Rop © 2013 Jeffrey Rop Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2013 ii The dissertation of Jeffrey Rop was reviewed and approved* by the following: Mark Munn Professor of Ancient Greek History and Greek Archaeology, Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Gary N. Knoppers Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies, Religious Studies, and Jewish Studies Garrett G. Fagan Professor of Ancient History and Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies Kenneth Hirth Professor of Anthropology Carol Reardon George Winfree Professor of American History David Atwill Associate Professor of History and Asian Studies Graduate Program Director for the Department of History *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines Greek mercenary service in the Near East from 401- 330 BCE. Traditionally, the employment of Greek soldiers by the Persian Achaemenid Empire and the Kingdom of Egypt during this period has been understood to indicate the military weakness of these polities and the superiority of Greek hoplites over their Near Eastern counterparts. I demonstrate that the purported superiority of Greek heavy infantry has been exaggerated by Greco-Roman authors. Furthermore, close examination of Greek mercenary service reveals that the recruitment of Greek soldiers was not the purpose of Achaemenid foreign policy in Greece and the Aegean, but was instead an indication of the political subordination of prominent Greek citizens and poleis, conducted through the social institution of xenia, to Persian satraps and kings.