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Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian

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Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Epidamnus S tr Byzantium ym THRACE on R Amphipolis A . NI PROPONTIS O Eion ED Thasos Cyzicus C Stagira Aegospotami A Acanthus CHALCIDICE M Lampsacus Dascylium Potidaea Cynossema Scione Troy AEOLIS LY Corcyra SA ES Ambracia H Lesbos T AEGEAN MYSIA AE SEA Anactorium TO Mytilene Sollium L Euboea Arginusae Islands L ACAR- IA YD Delphi IA NANIA Delium Sardes PHOCISThebes Chios Naupactus Gulf Oropus Erythrae of Corinth IONIA Plataea Decelea Chios Notium E ACHAEA Megara L A Athens I R Samos Ephesus Zacynthus S C Corinth Piraeus ATTICA A Argos Icaria Olympia D Laureum I Epidaurus Miletus A Aegina Messene Delos MESSENIA LACONIA Halicarnassus Pylos Sparta Melos Cythera Rhodes 100 miles 160 km Crete Map 1 Greece. xvii W h i t 50 km e D r i n I R. D rin L P A E O L N IA Y Bylazora R . B S la t R r c R y k A . m D I A ) o r x i N a ius n I n n ( Epidamnus O r V e ar G C d ( a A r A n ) L o ig Lychnidus E r E P .E . R o (Ochrid) R rd a ic s u Heraclea u s r ) ( S o s D Lyncestis d u U e c ev i oll) Pella h l Antipatria C c l Edessa a Amphipolis S YN E TI L . G (Berat) E ( AR R DASS Celetrum Mieza Koritsa E O O R Beroea R.Ao R D Aegae (Vergina) us E A S E on Methone T m I A c Olynthus S lia Pydna a A Thermaic . H I R R S ELIMEA Dium I IE T IA P P H B MT. Gulf A O E L N A LYMPUS L RH O EN IA M ER E O P L Corcyra O TH Dodona ES S SA Larisa S R L I . Y S Peneus EPIRUS Map 2 Macedonia. xviii Large ancient city Small ancient city Histr RUPEL Modern names iani A 160 km J n a e U 80 miles R B Istria S c O or d D is B a s t a r ci Getae Callatis e ub n a D Mo Triballi ra va Odessus PONTUS xix MT. HAEMUS I EUXINUS Autariatae SHIPKA L MT. SCOMBRUS Ardiaei Cabyle I Agrianes Apollonia ARDAN D T UNAX L M . D Pautalia Hebrus n lo ri D Scupi Philippopolis THRACE MT. Maedi Bessi Salmydessus Y Paeones Odr SCARDUS ysae Razlog Lissus Petra BOSPHORUS dani Astibus ADRIATIC Bylazora R MACEDONIA SEA Dar Stobi N Antigoneia estus MT Byzantium BITHYNIA n . RHODOPE o Taulantii g MT. ORBELUS RUPEL Perinthus Dyrrachium ri Sapaei E St Calchedon (Epidamnus) I ry P Ax m ANGAEUMM Philippi Abdera Lychnidus on T. Maronea ius Cypsela PROPONTIS Neapolis Aenus Caeni S Edessa Pella Amphipolis Thasos Cardis Lysimacheia Cius Apollonia Thessalonica HELLESPONT Parium Pelion Beroea Myrleia Stagira Samothracia Chersonese Lampsacus Cyzicus Map 3 The Balkan area. A AGRIANES ?DAPARRI Dr I LAEAEI ilon I Pautalia N (Kjustendil) Hebrus Tranupara A (Kratovo) Philippoupolis PA I D MA AE AB R Pelagia EO GR ED A NES D I Astibus Str PENESTAE ym I on Uscana E ASTRAEA RA AT NIA SINTI S ULANTI DOBERUS Doberus TA Alcomenae GO n Philippopolis ATINTANI igo Lake (Akhladhokhori) Er Ptasias Ne LA E st S. Erasmus Damastini P A R O R A us A PE Cen INI xi usu H Lychnidus BISA u xx s RT Lake Philippi Lake ?AST Heraclea s Cercinitis PA RA Lychnitis E Lyncestis LT Neapolis A Lu s AE u d r us A Lake ia o (Nigrita) S R US s d I Begorritis e Aps T E Pella h Amphipolis B A c E E O NC tr R Edessa Lete ?D aeu A (Korista) s LY S u A s S Pelium EORFAE c i A a Apollonia Stratonici D d Beroea Eor Aenea Aegeae ANTHEMU IS Methone CR DICE Acanthus EST OU ALCI Ao OR PI Pydna SI S CH us liacmon S PAR Olynthus Ha ER AU Potidaea CHAONIA A E IA Dium A A I S ME Frontier of Philip’s Macedonia S S ELI O L IA Gold or silver mines O A B r T E Heracleum M a YM A c PH H 60 km h AEA PERR t us h ne u Pe s Peneus 40 miles Map 4 Macedonia’s frontiers and Philip’s mines. E Olbia YTHA SC Danube Istrus Aral S a c a e Sea Shipka Trojan agetae ILLYRIA Pass Pass He Black Sea ass Philippopolis brus M MACEDONIAPhilippi Sinope Pellium Pella IBERIA EP THRACIA Byzantium PAPHAGONES Caspian IR Aegeae Amphipolis BITH Heracleia Sea US Dium Granicus YN Pontica SA Alexandria Sestus IA lys Amisus GE Zelea E SI C Eschate Abydus TIN Ha yru PON ANE IA Ancyra s Dahae Maracanda Cyropolis Mytilene HELLESRYG Gordium AL Bukhara IANA PH BA SOGD Corinth Chios LYDIA PHRYGIA CAPPADOCIA es NI Nautaca Rock of Chorienes Megalopolis ax O Athens Sardis Celaenas A xu Ephesus NI Ar s Sagalassus ME Alexandria Rock of Miletus CARIA AR Sparta Halicarnassus PISIDIA in Margiana Sogdiana Aspendus Laranda Cilician Gates Al Kharum Termessus PA (Merv) IA CILI llus Ti BACTR M Tarsus Ma g Ly C Drapsace s CI ad Bactra/ Rhodes PH A Issus ri cu us A NA s Phaselis s s MARGIA E Indus YL Alexandria i Zariaspa A Khawek Pass essu hu Soli Zadracarta CANI t D lm IA Gaugamela Susia Crete an adissum A HYR S Te X MES Mardi PART Massaga H I Arbela MEDIA YA ARIA Aornus Salamis E C Tapuri EA Shibat Pass uphr O Hecatompylus M Alexandria Cyprus Aracus PO o s sEcbatana Rhagae Peucela Citium Alexandria in Aria A in Caucaso Marathus at TA Celones P Taxila es Caspian Gates Artacoana? (Herat) A i xxi M Tripolis IA en e d i Sidon R MI a e R c Bucephalia Cyrene t e r r a SY Bagistane Tabae? A sa n e a n S e a Tyrus Damascus A P CY i As RENAI Nicaea CA Opis CHOSIA Phrada/ ARA Paraetonium Susa NA Alexandria in Sangal Alexandria Babylon Prophthasia IA Gaza Hierosolyma BABYLONIA NG Arachosia Ux A (Kandahar) Malli ii DR Pelusium Malli town Qattara SUSIANA Persian Bolan Pass Memphis Heliopolis Abiaspes Ammonium Alexandria Gates Pasargadae depression Alexandria in India (Siwah Oasis) (Charax) Sodrae Persepolis Kingdom of AEGYPTUS PERSIS Alexandria Musicanus Ma in Carmania Ni P e rd IA e i N ta le r s i a i ARABIA ARMA Harmozia C Pura Or GEDROSIA Alexandria Kingdom of n s G u l Bhambacia ie Sambus R e Bagisara f Patala d Cocala Arab INDIA S e Elephantine a Arabian Voyage of Nearchus Sea 800 km 600 miles Map 5 Alexander’s empire. Philip II and the Rise of Macedonia enemy line the first five ranks of the battalions would lower their sarissas to charge (Figure 10). The sheer length of the sarissa allowed the Macedonian troops to impale their enemies, whose short swords came nowhere near them, thereby thwarting the close-formation hoplite fighting. Even when the two lines actually did meet the Macedonians’ armor of a cuirass, leg greaves, small shield over one shoulder, a short sword, and an iron, Figure 10 Macedonian phalanx formation carrying sarissas. From N. G. L. Hammond, Alexander the Great: King, Commander and Statesman, 2nd ed. (Bristol: 1989), p. 84. 35 Philip II and the Rise of Macedonia and families to various attendants and even prostitutes, were banned from traveling with Macedonian troops. The slow-moving carts carry- ing provisions and equipment that oxen had previously pulled were also abandoned and replaced by faster-moving pack animals such as mules and horses. The end result was an army that could march quickly and effortlessly regardless of terrain or weather conditions. Philip’s military reforms did not happen overnight but, rather, con- tinued throughout his reign. In about 350 he formed an engineering corps, headed by Polyeides (or Polyidus) of Thessaly, who was designing new siege machinery, including the torsion catapult. This was akin to a spring-loaded crossbow that fired arrows farther and faster than the traditional mechanically drawn catapult (Figure 11).22 Philip first used the torsion catapult at his siege of Byzantium in 340, and the weapon enabled Alexander to take many walled cities and force others into capit- ulation. In fact two of Polyidus’s students, Diades and Charias, accom- panied Alexander on his campaigns. Philip also integrated regular and specialist troops from the areas he conquered into his army. For example, after his campaign in Illyria in 358 Figure 11 Mechanical bow and torsion catapult. 37 The Downfall of Greece 0 1/4 1/2 1 miles Contour interval 50 metres 204 M T. A K O N T I O N Ce phis sus ALEXANDER ANX AL AN PH emon I a NI H D DO II SACREDBAN CE d Moun CHAERONEA III ACROPOLIS S Kapraina TIAN BOEO Ligh PHILIP MA TRE t Arme CEN d ANS ATHENL S III HO Gree III Ath. II & III k AC light TR Ar PE me as d l Mo Hagia Paraskeve Kerata PassS 401 398 Phase I Macedonians advance; Greeks stationary Phase II Philip retreats, his centre and le advancing ; Athenians, Centre and Boeotians advance to le front, but the Sacred Band stands rm Phase III Alexander charges, the centres engage, and Philip drives the Athenian wing up the Haemon valley Map 6 Battle of Chaeronea. the Athenians in hand-to-hand fighting as they expected, he began to lead his wing sideways to the right, and the rest of his line followed suit.
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