Syllabification and Stress Patterns in Hindko
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SYLLABIFICATION AND STRESS PATTERNS IN HINDKO HAROON-UR-RASHID (Regd. No. 85 /Gbab/ 89) Session 2011-14 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, MUZAFFARABAD, PAKISTAN SYLLABIFICATION AND STRESS PATTERNS IN HINDKO A dissertation submitted to the Department of English University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY HAROON-UR-RASHID DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, MUZAFFARABAD, PAKISTAN FEBRUARY 2015 CERTIFICATION It is to certify that the thesis entitled “SYLLABIFICATION AND STRESS PATTERNS IN HINDKO” submitted by Mr. Haroon-Ur-Rashid, Registered No. 85/Gbab/89 in the partial fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, at the University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzaffarabad has been satisfactory for the requirement of the degree. Supervisor: _______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Raja Nasim Akhtar Member: __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Nadeem Haider Bukhari Member: __________________________________________ Dr. Ayesha Sohail External Examiner: ___________________________________ Chairperson Department of English Dean Director Faculty of Arts Advance Studies & Research Dated: ____________________ Abstract The prime focus of this study is the description of syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko language with reference to Hazara Hindko, one of its dialects. It is an understudied dialect which has not been explored much on systematic grounds by linguists in past. The study is done to achieve four objectives. The first is to provide a comprehensive acoustic description of Hazara Hindko segments as systemic phonemic inventories (consonants and vowels) are not available. In addition, an accurate description syllabification and stress patterns is impossible without a systematic description at segmental level. The second is to describe in detail the syllable structure and syllabification pattern. The third is to describe the lexical stress pattern in monomorphemic words. And the fourth one is to account for the findings emerging out of syllabification and stress patterns in the theoretical framework of Optimality Theory. The first objective is achieved by presenting the phonemic analysis where needed and providing a comprehensive acoustic description of consonants and vowels which is based on experimental study that involves 10 Hindko native speakers. The study identifies and establishes 30 consonants, 9 oral vowels, 6 nasal vowels and 10 diphthongs that are distinguished acoustically. The second objective is achieved by offering an in depth description of Hazara Hindko syllable structure and syllabification pattern. This divulges that Hazara Hindko has an obligatory vowel followed by an optional vowel V (V), preceded and followed by optional consonants (C) (C) V (V) (C) (C). This discloses that Hazara Hindko tolerates onset and coda clusters. These clusters obey sonority sequencing principle. There are four likely word structures in Hazara Hindko which are monosyllabic, disyllabic, tri-syllabic and tetra-syllabic. Monosyllabic words can observe only heavy (VV or VC) or super heavy (VVC) rhyme. The study further demonstrates that Hazara Hindko makes use of three types of syllable weight namely: light, heavy and ii super heavy. Light syllables are not observed word finally. The description of lexical stress in monomorphemic words illustrates that Hindko is a quantity-sensitive unbounded rhythmic right headed language. Stress is taken by the super heavy syllable irrespective of its occurrence in words, otherwise penultimate syllable is assigned stress. In case of a tie in terms of syllable weight, extrametricality comes to play. The last objective is achieved by providing an Optimality theoretic account of syllabification and stress patterns in Hazara Hindko. This specifies that Hazara Hindko violates markedness constraints and to observe the well-formedness of the syllable structure, it ranks higher the faithfulness constraints. In connection with lexical stress, the analysis suggests that PK-PROM constraint dominates the hierarchy of the relevant constraints when the final and the antepenult being super heavy take the stress: PK-PROM ˃˃ ALL-Ft-RIGHT ˃˃ RHTYPE-T, NONFINALITY ˃˃ PARSE- σ. ALL-Ft-RIGHT dominates the other related constraints when penult is stressed: ALL-Ft-RIGHT ˃˃ RHTYPE-T, NONFINALITY ˃˃ PARSE- σ. This work adds to investigation on Hindko by recording the syllabification and stress patterns systematically. Hopefully, this work will serve as a basis for future linguists who will be interested in working further on Hindko Phonology. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Almighty Allah Who blessed me the patience to take the long journey of perusing doctoral dissertation. This wouldn’t be a reality without the generous cooperation and support of certain individuals. The first and foremost, I would like to pay rich tributes to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Raja Nasim Akhtar for the guidance, support and encouragement during this work. Actually, I had been doing research since my M.A. with him. He always attempted to inculcate such skills that are prerequisite to become an independent researcher. I have no doubt in claiming that he was successful. I owe special thanks to Dr. Abdul Qadir Khan for the guidance and support he extended to me during this work. My special thanks also go to Prof. Dr. Nadeem Haider Bukhari, who in the capacity of the Chairman and then the Dean, for the cooperation and encouragement. Thanks to Dr. Ayesha Sohail, Mr. Naveed Sarwar and Mr. Nauman Hameed. I am highly obliged to the team of PALEAP project who enabled me to take a visit to SJSU, California; USA which helped me a lot as I was able to seek technical advice and guidance to improve my thesis. My sincere and special thanks to Dr. Daniel Silverman for addressing the technical aspects of the dissertation and the encouragement. I express deepest gratitude to Dr. Roula S. for the support and advice, Dr. Reiko for setting guidelines in acoustic part of the work and Dr. Ohala M. for going through my thesis despite her busy schedule and passing quick comments. This visit enabled me to seek guidance from Dr. Paul Kiparsky at Stanford University. My special thanks to him for the encouragement and useful discussion. I sincerely pay rich tributes to all these individuals for the help and guidance they offered to me in connection with the dissertation. As a whole, this experience contributes in developing me as a teacher and researcher. iv I owe thanks to Dr. Saeed Arif Shaw, Dr. M. Riaz, Dr. Ayaz Arif, Mr. Khurum, Mr. Atif Abbasi, Mr Azhar Mateen, Dr. Humayun Shaheen, Mr. Amer Farooq, Dr. Majid Abbasi, Dr. Sardar M. Nasim Khan, Dr. M. Rafique, Mr. Zafeer K., Dr. Ghulam Murtaza and Mr. Javed Iqbal for being instrumental and supportive throughout this research work. My thanks also go to the informants of this study who spared time. I would like to pay tributes to all those who helped me anyway. I have no words to thank my late mother for the prayers that are always with me. My special thanks go to my father for the continuous encouragement and prayers for my success. My wife and children had to suffer a lot and do a lot during this long journey. I am highly obliged to them. v Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Raja Nasim Akhtar for his services to the department of English and contribution to my success And My parents and wife whose prayers always bring me success vi Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iv List of Figures xv List of Tables xviii List of Symbols for Phonemic Transcription xxii List of Abbreviations and Symbols xxiv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 The Hindko Language 2 1.1.1 Historical background of Hindko 2 1.1.2 Language Family 2 1.1.3 Native Speakers of Hindko 5 1.1.4 Status of Hindko 6 1.1.5 An Overview of Previous Works………. 7 1.2 Statement of the Problem 7 1.3 Objectives 8 1.4 Significance of the Study 9 1.5 Delimitation 9 1.6 Optimality Theory (OT) as a Theoretic Framework 9 1.6.1 OT Principles 10 1.6.2 Mechanics of OT 11 1.6.3 Constraints in OT 12 vii 1.6.4 Representational Conventions in OT 13 1.7 Research Methodology 16 1.7.1 Data Collection Methods 16 1.7.2 Data Analysis 17 1.8 Organization of Dissertation 19 2 HINDKO CONSONANTS 20 2.0 Introduction 20 2.1 Consonantal Scheme 20 2.1.1 Minimal Pairs 21 2.1.2 Distribution of Phonemes 23 2.1.2.1 Stops 23 2.1.2.2 Fricatives 26 2.1.2.3 Affricates 27 2.1.2.4 Nasal, Liquid and Glide Segments 27 2.1.3 Consonant Gemination 29 2.1.3.1 Gemination in other Languages 31 2.1.3.2 An Experiment of Articulating Geminates.. 32 2.1.3.3 Gemination Rules for Hindko Consonants 36 2.2. Hindko Consonants their Acoustic Properties 39 2.2.1 Introduction 39 2.2.2 Methodology 39 2.2.2.1 Participants 39 2.2.2.2 Stimuli 40 2.2.2.3 Process of Data Collection 41 2.2.3 Results 41 viii 2.2.3.1 Stops 42 2.2.3.2 Fricatives 56 2.2.3.3 Affricates 62 2.2.3.4 Nasals 64 2.2.3.5 Liquids 66 2.2.3.6 Glides 69 3 HINDKO VOWELS 73 3.0 Introduction 73 3.1. Vowel Systems 73 3.1.1 Acoustic Study of Hindko Vowels 73 3.1.2 Methodology 74 3.1.2.1 Participants 74 3.1.2.2 Stimuli 74 3.1.2.3 Procedure 74 3.2 Oral Vowels 75 3.2.1 Acoustic Analysis of Vowels 76 3.2.2 Temporal Properties 76 3.2.3 Features of Vowel Formants 81 3.2.4 Space of Vowels 86 3.2.5 Description of Hindko Vowels 88 3.2.5.1 Front Vowels 88 3.2.5.2 Central Vowels 89 3.2.5.3 Back Vowels 90 3.2.6 Summary 91 ix 3.3 Nasal Vowels 92 3.3.1 Acoustic Analysis of Nasal Vowel Segments