DOCSLIB.ORG

Polish Territorial Defence Force

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Polish Territorial Defence Force FACULTY OF SOCIAL STUDIES Modern Army for Modern Times or a Private Paramilitary? Polish Territorial Defence Force Master thesis BC. MARTIN FORNŮSEK Supervisor: Monika Gabriela Bartoszewicz, MA, MLitt, PhD Department of Political Science Conflict and Democracy Studies Brno 2020 MODERN ARMY FOR MODERN TIMES OR A PRIVATE PARAMILITARY? POLISH TERRITORIAL DEFENCE FORCE Bibliografický záznam Autor: Bc. Martin Fornůsek Fakulta sociálních studií Masarykova univerzita Katedra politologie Název práce: Moderní armáda pro moderní dobu, nebo soukromí paramilitanti? Polské Síly územní obrany Studijní program: Konfliktní a demokratická studia (angl.) Studijní obor: Conflict and Democracy Studies Vedoucí práce: Monika Gabriela Bartoszewicz, MA, MLitt, PhD Rok: 2020 Počet stran: 113 Klíčová slova: Polsko, ozbrojené síly, armáda, polovojenská skupina, územní obrana, Rusko, hybridní válka, Právo a Spravedlnost 2 MODERN ARMY FOR MODERN TIMES OR A PRIVATE PARAMILITARY? POLISH TERRITORIAL DEFENCE FORCE Bibliographic record Author: Bc. Martin Fornůsek Faculty of Social Studies Masaryk University Department of Political Science Title of Thesis: Modern Army for Modern Times or a Private Paramilitary? Polish Territorial Defence Force Degree Programme: Conflict and Democracy Studies (Eng.) Field of Study: Conflict and Democracy Studies (Eng.) Supervisor: Monika Gabriela Bartoszewicz, MA, MLitt, PhD Year: 2020 Number of Pages: 113 Keywords: Poland, armed forces, military, paramilitary, territorial defence, Russia, hybrid warfare, Law and Justice 3 MODERN ARMY FOR MODERN TIMES OR A PRIVATE PARAMILITARY? POLISH TERRITORIAL DEFENCE FORCE Abstrakt Nový druh polských ozbrojených sil, Síly územní obrany, byly označeny jak za obranný nástroj proti ruskému hybridnímu válečnictví, tak za soukromou polovojenskou skupinu úřadující strany Právo a Spravedlnost. Tato magisterská práce má za cíl co nejlépe definovat Síly územní obrany v kontextu odborné literatury a polské historie a určit, co je jejich strategickým, politickým a vojenským cílem za použití dvou teoretických modelů. Jeden model je konstruován jako jednotka proti vnějším hrozbám, druhý model proti vnitřním. Výsledky vykazují silnější korelaci s druhým modelem a odhalují výrazné politické motivace při vytvoření této jednotky. 4 MODERN ARMY FOR MODERN TIMES OR A PRIVATE PARAMILITARY? POLISH TERRITORIAL DEFENCE FORCE Abstract The new Polish military branch, the Territorial Defence Force, has been described both as a defensive tool against Russian hybrid warfare and as a private paramilitary force of the incumbent Law and Justice party. This master thesis seeks to best define the Territorial Defence Force in the context of expert literature and Polish history, and establish its strategic, political and military purpose using two theoretical models. One is designed for a unit aimed against external threats, the second against the internal ones. The results indicate a stronger correlation with the second model and reveal distinct political motivations behind the creation of the unit. 5 MODERN ARMY FOR MODERN TIMES OR A PRIVATE PARAMILITARY? POLISH TERRITORIAL DEFENCE FORCE Affidavit I hereby declare that I have created the master thesis on the topic of Modern Army for Modern Times or a Private Paramilitary? Polish Territorial Defence Force independently. All sources that I used to write this thesis were quoted in the text and are listed in the bibliography section. Place, 20nd November 2020 ....................................... Bc. Martin Fornůsek 7 MODERN ARMY FOR MODERN TIMES OR A PRIVATE PARAMILITARY? POLISH TERRITORIAL DEFENCE FORCE Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr. Monika G. Bartoszewicz for the invaluable advices, guidance and support while working on this thesis. I would also like to extend my thanks to my family and loved ones for their support during the whole course of my studies. Šablona DP 3.0.6-FSS (2019-11-29) © 2014, 2016, 2018, 2019 Masarykova univerzita 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents List of Abbreviations 13 Introduction 17 1 Theory: Conceptualization and Theoretical Models 20 1.1 Home guards, militias, paramilitaries? .......................................... 20 1.2 Model A: External threat unit ........................................................ 26 2.3 Model B: Internal threat unit ......................................................... 34 2 Methodology 43 3 Case Overview: Historical and Political Context 45 3.1 Paramilitarism in Polish history..................................................... 45 3.2 Territorial defence in Polish history .............................................. 50 3.3 Security context of the TDF .......................................................... 53 3.4 Political context of the TDF .......................................................... 56 3.5 Creation of the Territorial Defence Force ..................................... 60 4 Analysis 63 4.1 Model A: Analysis ......................................................................... 63 4.1.1 Cooperation with other security organizations...................... 64 4.1.2 Non-military and non-kinetic capabilities ............................. 66 4.1.3 Combat deployment and capabilities .................................... 68 4.1.4 Model A analysis: summary .................................................. 72 4.2 Model B: Analysis ......................................................................... 73 4.2.1 Position within the command structure ................................. 73 4.2.2 Isolation and rivalry .............................................................. 76 4.2.3 Local deployment .............. Chyba! Záložka není definována. 4.2.4 Special affiliation and ideology............................................. 83 4.2.5 Model B analysis: summary .................................................. 86 4.2 Models Comparison and Summary ............................................... 88 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Conclusions 91 Bibliography 96 12 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS List of Abbreviations AK – Armia Krajowa (Home Army) ARNG – Army National Guard BBC – British Broadcasting Corporation Bc. – bachelor BG – Border Guard CBRN – Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear CI – counter-insurgency Dr. – doctor EU – European Union FSB – Federal'naya sluzhba bezopasnosti (Federal Security Service) GRU – Glavnoye razvedyvatel'noye upravleniye (Main Intelligence Directorate) HQ – headquarters HW – hybrid warfare ISIS – Islamic State of Iraq and Syria KASP – Krašto apsaugos savanorių pajėgos (National Defence Volunteer Forces) KOR – Komitet Obrony Robotników (Committee for the Defence of Workers) KUL – Catholic University of Lublin 13 LGBTQ+ – Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, queer + MENA – Middle East and North Africa MoND – Ministry of National Defence MPECI – military, political, economic, civil and information instruments NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCO – non-commissioned officer NG – National Guard NRF – National Reserve Force ON – Obrona Narodową (National Defence) OTK – Obrona Terytorium Kraju (Territorial Defence Forces) PGM – pro-government militia PiS – Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (Law and Justice) PLN – Polish złoty PMESII – political, military, economic, social, information and infrastructural vulnerabilities PO – Platforma Obywatelska (Civic Platform) SA – Sturmabteilung (Storm Detachement) SG – Straż Graniczna (Border Guard) SKW – Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego (Military Counterintelligence Service) SRO – Stały Rejon Odpowiedzialności (Permanent Area of Responsibility) 14 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SWP – Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (Institute for International and Security Affairs) TDF – Territorial Defence Force US – United States USNG – United States National Guard V4 – Visegrád Four WOT – Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej (Territorial Defence Force) WOW – Wojska Obrony Wewnętrznej (Internal Defence Forces) WWI – World War One WWII – World War Two ZDC – Zespół Działań Cyberprzestrzennych 15 16 INTRODUCTION Introduction The creation of the fifth branch of the Polish Armed Forces under the patronage of the incumbent Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, PiS) sparked a vivid political discussion. The newly formed Territorial Defence Force (TDF or Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej, WOT)1 was established in 2016 as a mostly-volunteer military support formation, operating on home territory (Visegrad Group, 2016). This, as some called it, “new Polish paramilitary force” (Visegrad Group, 2016) has been lauded by its proponents as a new defence line against the Russian hybrid warfare (Mb/, 2016) and vilified by its opponents as PiS’s private army (Davies, 2016). This is all happening in a charged political climate, as the domestic opposition and the European Union accuse PiS of encroachment on Polish democracy (Przybylski, 2018, pp.52- 64), while the new phenomenon of European paramilitarism is described as a potential risk to liberal and democratic values (Mareš & Stojar, 2012, pp.159- 172). Just a few decades after the fall of the Eastern Bloc and after its former members embraced liberal democracy, Central-Eastern Europe, and Poland and Hungary in particular, are experiencing a revitalization of authoritarian tendencies, this time resurging through right-wing populism as “illiberal democracy” (Tóth, 2014). Though in both of these countries this happens concurrently with rising militarization of the society, this does not mean that it necessarily stems from the same source. Unlike Hungary, Poland is exposed to the pressure of ever-more assertive Russia, which is not
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Military Guide to Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century
    US Army TRADOC TRADOC G2 Handbook No. 1 AA MilitaryMilitary GuideGuide toto TerrorismTerrorism in the Twenty-First Century US Army Training and Doctrine Command TRADOC G2 TRADOC Intelligence Support Activity - Threats Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 15 August 2007 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. 1 Summary of Change U.S. Army TRADOC G2 Handbook No. 1 (Version 5.0) A Military Guide to Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century Specifically, this handbook dated 15 August 2007 • Provides an information update since the DCSINT Handbook No. 1, A Military Guide to Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century, publication dated 10 August 2006 (Version 4.0). • References the U.S. Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Country Reports on Terrorism 2006 dated April 2007. • References the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), Reports on Terrorist Incidents - 2006, dated 30 April 2007. • Deletes Appendix A, Terrorist Threat to Combatant Commands. By country assessments are available in U.S. Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Country Reports on Terrorism 2006 dated April 2007. • Deletes Appendix C, Terrorist Operations and Tactics. These topics are covered in chapter 4 of the 2007 handbook. Emerging patterns and trends are addressed in chapter 5 of the 2007 handbook. • Deletes Appendix F, Weapons of Mass Destruction. See TRADOC G2 Handbook No.1.04. • Refers to updated 2007 Supplemental TRADOC G2 Handbook No.1.01, Terror Operations: Case Studies in Terror, dated 25 July 2007. • Refers to Supplemental DCSINT Handbook No. 1.02, Critical Infrastructure Threats and Terrorism, dated 10 August 2006. • Refers to Supplemental DCSINT Handbook No.
    [Show full text]
  • Illicit Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts, Components and Ammunition To, from and Across the European Union
    Illicit Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts, Components and Ammunition to, from and across the European Union REGIONAL ANALYSIS REPORT 1 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Illicit Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts, Components and Ammunition to, from and across the European Union UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2020 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Illicit Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts, Components and Ammunition to, from and across the European Union REGIONAL ANALYSIS REPORT UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2020 © United Nations, 2020. All rights reserved, worldwide. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copy- right holder, provided acknowledgment of the source is made. UNODC would appreciate receiving a copy of any written output that uses this publication as a source at [email protected]. DISCLAIMERS This report was not formally edited. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC, nor do they imply any endorsement. Information on uniform resource locators and links to Internet sites contained in the present publication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issuance. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for the content of any external website. This document was produced with the financial support of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect
    [Show full text]
  • Limits of Civil Rights As a Guaranty of Political Neutrality Ilmars Dzenevs National Defence Academy of Latvia Baltic Defence College, Tartu, Estonia
    LATVIA’S MILITARY PERSONNEL: Limits of Civil Rights as a Guaranty of Political Neutrality Ilmars Dzenevs National Defence Academy of Latvia Baltic Defence College, Tartu, Estonia National Defence Academy, Latvia (Left) Baltic Defence College, Estonia (Right) Edited by Jason Warner, FMSO Open Source, Foreign Perspective, Underconsidered/Understudied Topics The Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, is an open source research organization of the U.S. Army. It was founded in 1986 as an innovative program that brought together military specialists and civilian academics to focus on military and security topics derived from unclassified, foreign media. Today FMSO maintains this research tradition of special insight and highly collaborative work by conducting unclassified research on foreign perspectives of defense and security issues that are understudied or unconsidered. The Baltic Defence College is a modern, multinational and English language based defense college in Tartu, Estonia with a Euro-Atlantic scope and regional focus. It educates and sustains professional development of officers and civil servants through high quality courses with a general focus on joint, interagency, and multinational general staff education. The college also conducts research to enhance the wider understanding of military and defense affairs in the Baltic security and defense community. Editor’s Background Jason Warner is a Sub-Saharan Africa analyst at the Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO), and a Ph.D. candidate in African/African-American Studies at Harvard University. Jason holds an M.A. in Government from Harvard University, a second M.A. in African Studies from Yale University and a B.A. (highest honors) in International Studies and French from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Single Sky Implementation (LSSIP) LATVIA
    EUROCONTROL Local Single Sky ImPlementation (LSSIP) LATVIA Year 2016 - Level 1 Document Title LSSIP Year 2016 for Latvia Infocentre Reference 17/01/30/123 Date of Edition 05/05/2017 LSSIP Focal Point Erika Neimane - [email protected] LSSIP Contact Person Luca Dell’Orto - [email protected] Status Released Intended for Agency Stakeholders Available in http://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/lssip Reference Documents LSSIP Documents http://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/lssip LSSIP Guidance Material http://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/lssip Master Plan Level 3 – Plan Edition http://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/european-atm-master- 2016 plan-level-3-implementation-plan Master Plan Level 3 – Report Year http://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/european-atm-master- 2015 plan-level-3-implementation-report European ATM Portal https://www.eatmportal.eu and http://www.atmmasterplan.eu/ STATFOR Forecasts http://www.eurocontrol.int/statfor Acronyms and abbreviations http://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/glossaries National AIP https://ais.lgs.lv/Latvian%20eAIP FAB Performance Plan https://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/ses-performance- scheme-reference-period-2-2015-2019 LSSIP Year 2016 Latvia Released Issue APPROVAL SHEET The following authority(ies) have approved all parts of the LSSIP Year 2016 document and their signature confirms the correctness of the reported information and reflects their commitment to implement the actions laid down in the European ATM Master Plan Level 3 Implementation Plan – Edition 2016 (also known as the ESSIP Plan). LSSIP Year 2016 Latvia Released Issue CONTENTS Chapter 1 National ATM Environment .................................................................... 4 1.1. Geographical Scope ....................................................................................................... 4 1.1.1. International Membership ............................................................................................... 4 1.1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Single Sky Implementation (LSSIP) LATVIA
    EUROCONTROL Local Single Sky ImPlementation (LSSIP) LATVIA Year 2014 - Level 1 DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION SHEET LSSIP for Latvia Infocentre Reference: 15/01/12-23 Document Identifier Edition: Year 2014 LSSIP Year 2014 Latvia Edition Date: 19/06/2015 LSSIP Focal Point - Erika NEIMANE E-mail: Head of ATM [email protected] Section LSSIP Contact Person - Luca DELL’ ORTO E-mail: Unit DPS/PEPR [email protected] Status Intended for Working Draft General Public Draft Agency Stakeholders Proposed Issue Restricted Audience Released Issue Accessible via: Internet (www.eurocontrol.int) Path: Y:\03 LSSIP\1. LSSIP States\Latvia (LV) - LDO\Year 2014\Released\LSSIP Year 2014 LV Released.doc LINKS TO REFERENCE DOCUMENTS 1 LSSIP Guidance Material http://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/guidance-material 2 ESSIP Plan Edition 2013 www.eurocontrol.int/pepr 3 ESSIP Report 2012 www.eurocontrol.int/pepr 4 STATFOR Forecasts http://www.eurocontrol.int/statfor 5 Acronyms and abbreviations http://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/glossaries 6 European ATM Master Plan https://www.atmmasterplan.eu/ 7 LSSIP Documents http://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/lssip 8 AIP of Latvia https://ais.lgs.lv/Latvian%20eAIP 9 FAB Performance Plan https://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/ses-performance-scheme-reference-period-1- 2012-2014 LSSIP Year 2014 Latvia Released issue APPROVAL SHEET The following authorities have approved all parts of LSSIP Year 2014 document and their signature confirms the correctness of the reported information and reflects their commitment to implement the actions laid down in the European Single Sky ImPlementation (ESSIP) Plan – Edition 2014. LSSIP Year 2014 Latvia Released issue TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Countering Russia and Chinese Cyber-Aggression
    Countering Russia and Chinese Cyber-Aggression Prospects for Transatlantic cooperation Franklin Holcomb Countering Russia and Chinese Cyber-Aggression CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHORS Executive Summary ......................................... 1 Franklin Holcomb is a Title VIII Fellow in the Introduction ....................................................... 1 Transatlantic Leadership program at CEPA with a Background ......................................................... 2 focus on Russian and Eastern European security Section 1: The Cyber Bear and Dragon ....... 3 and political analysis. Section 2: European Innovation and Before joining CEPA, Franklin worked as an analyst at the Institute for the Study of War Strengths in Cyber Defense ........................... 5 where he published multiple reports on Eastern Section 3: The United States and Europe ... 9 European security, particularly focused on the Endnotes .............................................................. 11 Russian invasion of Ukraine. He also worked as an academic assistant at the Baltic Defense College in Tartu, Estonia as part of his master’s degree studies. ABOUT CEPA Franklin graduated from Texas A&M University with a double major in Russian Language and The Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA) International Studies: Politics and Diplomacy. He works to reinvent Atlanticism for a more secure is finishing his master’s degree in Democracy future. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., and and Governance at the University of Tartu where led by seasoned transatlanticists and emerging he studied governance policy, including Estonia’s leaders from both sides of the Atlantic, CEPA e-Governance systems. His dissertation is brings an innovative approach to the foreign focused on the analysis of the militias of Estonia, policy arena. Our cutting-edge analysis and Latvia, and Lithuania. He has a deep interest in timely debates galvanize communities of cybersecurity, particularly as it relates to political influence while investing in the next generation and military activity in Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • GURPS High-Tech: Pulp Guns, Volume 1
    PULP GUNS, VOLUME 1 Written by HANS-CHRISTIAN VORTISCH Edited by PHIL MASTERS An e23 Sourcebook for GURPS® STEVE JACKSON GAMES Stock #37-1631 Version 1.0 – June, 2008 ® CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 3 Non-Repeating Pistols . 6 Exotic Shotgun Ammo . 23 GURPS High-Tech and This Book . 3 Pulp Guns Slang . 6 Shotgun Chokes . 24 Publication History. 3 Revolvers . 7 Submachine Guns. 26 About the Author. 3 Hammerless Handguns . 8 The Cutts Compensator . 30 Photo Acknowledgments . 3 Fitz Special . 9 AMMUNITION TABLES . .32 Driven to Tears . 10 EXPLOSIVES . .32 PULP-ERA FIREARMS . 4 Semiautomatic Pistols . 13 GUN CASES AND LOAD-BEARING FIREARMS AND THE LAW . .4 Flashlight Revolver. 13 EQUIPMENT . .33 SHOPPING SPREE . .5 The Boxed Cannon. 14 Shotguns . 22 WEAPON DESCRIPTIONS . .6 INDEX. 34 About GURPS Steve Jackson Games is committed to full support of Errata. Everyone makes mistakes, including us – but we GURPS players. Our address is SJ Games, P.O. Box 18957, do our best to fix our errors. Up-to-date errata sheets for all Austin, TX 78760. Please include a self-addressed, stamped GURPS releases, including this book, are available on our envelope (SASE) any time you write us! We can also be website – see below. reached by e-mail: [email protected]. Resources include: Internet. Visit us on the World Wide Web at www.sjgames.com for errata, updates, Q&A, and much Pyramid (www.sjgames.com/pyramid). Our online mag- more. To discuss GURPS with SJ Games staff and fellow azine includes new GURPS rules and articles. It also covers gamers, come to our forums at forums.sjgames.com.
    [Show full text]
  • Deterrence Dilemma in Latvia and Estonia: Finding the Balance Between External Military Solidarity and Territorial Defence
    Journal on Baltic Security , 2017; 3(2): 29–41 Research Article Open Access Māris Andžāns, Viljar Veebel* Deterrence Dilemma in Latvia and Estonia: Finding the Balance between External Military Solidarity and Territorial Defence DOI 10.1515/jobs-2017-0005 received September 30, 2017; accepted October 14, 2017. Abstract: While potential threats from Russia and NATO collective defence commitments are similar for Latvia and Estonia, both countries have adopted different approaches in the balancing exercise between territorial defence and military solidarity. Notwithstanding their differences, both are by their nature fully non-aggressive – without room for pre-emptive initiatives, extra territoriality or asymmetrical tools. Given that in a case of a hypothetical large-scale conventional attack both countries would almost entirely have to rest on the allies, external military solidarity is essential. Until the Ukraine crisis, both offered more military solidarity towards their NATO allies than the latter offered to them. As the result of the Ukrainian crisis, allies became more military-solidary with the Baltic nations, especially having established the Enhanced Forward Presence, while Estonian and especially Latvian contributions to international missions and operations dropped. Therefore, it is suggested that both countries increase their efforts to the allied international endeavours. Keywords: deterrence dilemma, military solidarity, Latvia, Estonia, NATO. 1 Introduction Russia’s aggression against Georgia in 2008 and Ukraine since 2014 have clearly demonstrated that Russia is ready to use military force against its neighbours. Due to these and other reasons arising from historical experience and Russia’s present behaviour, both Latvia and Estonia rank its neighbour, namely Russia, as the main source of potential threats across different sectors of national security.
    [Show full text]
  • Baltic Visions and Dilemmas of Territorial Defence After 16 Years In
    Zaleski, K., Sliwa, Z., & Veebel, V. (2020). Baltic visions and dilemmas of Journal territorial defence after 16 years in NATO. Journal of International Studies, 13(4), of International 184-196. doi:10.14254/2071-8330.2020/13-4/13 Studies © Foundation Baltic visions and dilemmas of territorial of International Studies, 2020 defence after 16 years in NATO © CSR, 2020 Papers Scientific Krzystof Zaleski WSB University, Dabrowa Gornica, Poland [email protected] Zdzislaw Śliwa Baltic Defence College, Tartu, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia [email protected] Viljar Veebel Baltic Defence College, Tartu, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia [email protected] ORCID 0000-0002-9122-0134 Abstract. The concepts of development of territorial defence forces and capabilities Received: are different within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and are June, 2020 1st Revision: closely linked with specific characteristics of respective nations. Moreover, it is October, 2020 linked with historic circumstances, culture, composition of society and other Accepted: specific domains. Changes in the internal and international security environment December, 2020 are further affecting decisions about selecting specific defence and deterrence models. The security on the Eastern Flank of the NATO has progressed visibly DOI: after 2014 events in Ukraine, causing investments into Estonian, Latvian and 10.14254/2071- Lithuanian territorial defence as a recognition of their value to support their 8330.2020/13-4/13 armed forces. The aim of the current research is to analyse the ongoing evolution of territorial defence forces of three Baltic countries in broader regional perspective in light of changed threat perception and risk assessments.
    [Show full text]
  • Citizen-Soldier Magazine Issue 4 Vol 1
    A Resource for the Soldiers and Families of the Army National Guard Citizen-Soldier CITIZEN-SOLDIERMAGAZINE.COM ISSUE 4 // VOL 1 Pennsylvania and Tennessee Soldiers Master Qualifications as Joint Members of the 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment | Page 22 TRICARE Dental BRIDGING THE GAP Take Advantage of Affordable South Carolina Army National Guard Dental Care That Can Help You Keep Champions the New Army National Compliant With Your PHA | Page 44 Guard Patriot Training Program | Page 6 page 6 MEMORIAL DAY CELEBRATE HONOR REMEMBER MAY 28, 2018 FEATURES BRIDGING THE GAP 6 The South Carolina Army National Guard’s 263rd Army Air Missile Defense Command is bridging the information gap as they prepare Soldiers for battle with the new Army National Guard Patriot Training Program. A REAL CALL OF DUTY 11 A former Army National Guard Soldier and World War II Veteran uses his action- packed memory from the past to help shape the scenery of a newer generation’s national pastime. (GUARD) MAN’S BEST FRIEND 19 Read one Soldier’s story of how she came to the rescue of a four-legged evacuee, searching for help in the aftermath of a natural disaster. FORTIFIED THROUGH TEAMWORK 22 Soldiers from the 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment use collaboration ISSUE 4 | VOL 1 and perseverance to complete qualification training in preparation for both NTC and an upcoming deployment to the Middle East. DELTA DELUGE 27 The Arkansas Army National Guard responds with speed and fervor to record-breaking and potentially recurring floods in the Northeast section of the State. FACILITATING EDUCATION – BYPASSING DEBT 39 The Idaho Army National Guard spotlights three Soldiers and how they used the National Guard Tuition Assistance Program to create their own legacy of education – debt-free.
    [Show full text]
  • Protection of Poland's Volhynian Ukrainian Minority, 1921-1939
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2009 The Failure of the Entente: Protection of Poland's Volhynian Ukrainian Minority, 1921-1939 Suzanne Elizabeth Scott Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES THE FAILURE OF THE ENTENTE: PROTECTION OF POLAND’S VOLHYNIAN UKRAINIAN MINORITY, 1921-1939 By SUZANNE ELIZABETH SCOTT A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2009 The members of the committee approve the thesis of Suzanne Elizabeth Scott defended on June 24, 2009. Edward Wynot Professor Directing Thesis Jonathan Grant Committee Member Robert Romanchuk Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii For Bernard Szabo iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There have been many, many people along the way who have helped with research and/or encouraged me. First and foremost, I would like to thank my committee members for the countless hours spent discussing sources and instructing me in Russian and Ukrainian. I would also like to thank the people who helped direct my research at various institutions. Vadim Altskan, the program coordinator for the International Archival Division in the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. bantered with me in Ukrainian and loaned me his copy of Shmuel Spector’s The Holocaust of Volhynian Jews, 1941-1944. Not an ideal “bed time story,” but vital for this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Pogrom Cries – Essays on Polish-Jewish History, 1939–1946
    Rückenstärke cvr_eu: 39,0 mm Rückenstärke cvr_int: 34,9 mm Eastern European Culture, 12 Eastern European Culture, Politics and Societies 12 Politics and Societies 12 Joanna Tokarska-Bakir Joanna Tokarska-Bakir Pogrom Cries – Essays on Polish-Jewish History, 1939–1946 Pogrom Cries – Essays This book focuses on the fate of Polish “From page one to the very end, the book Tokarska-Bakir Joanna Jews and Polish-Jewish relations during is composed of original and novel texts, the Holocaust and its aftermath, in the which make an enormous contribution on Polish-Jewish History, ill-recognized era of Eastern-European to the knowledge of the Holocaust and its pogroms after the WW2. It is based on the aftermath. It brings a change in the Polish author’s own ethnographic research in reading of the Holocaust, and offers totally 1939–1946 those areas of Poland where the Holo- unknown perspectives.” caust machinery operated, as well as on Feliks Tych, Professor Emeritus at the the extensive archival query. The results Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw 2nd Revised Edition comprise the anthropological interviews with the members of the generation of Holocaust witnesses and the results of her own extensive archive research in the Pol- The Author ish Institute for National Remembrance Joanna Tokarska-Bakir is a cultural (IPN). anthropologist and Professor at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish “[This book] is at times shocking; however, Academy of Sciences at Warsaw, Poland. it grips the reader’s attention from the first She specialises in the anthropology of to the last page. It is a remarkable work, set violence and is the author, among others, to become a classic among the publica- of a monograph on blood libel in Euro- tions in this field.” pean perspective and a monograph on Jerzy Jedlicki, Professor Emeritus at the the Kielce pogrom.
    [Show full text]