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Les Manuscrits Pālis Dans Leur Environnement Et Le Cas Particulier De Leur Gestion Dans Les Bibliothèques Françaises

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Les Manuscrits Pālis Dans Leur Environnement Et Le Cas Particulier De Leur Gestion Dans Les Bibliothèques Françaises Diplôme de conservateur de bibliothèque Les manuscrits pālis dans leur environnement et le cas particulier de leur gestion dans les bibliothèques françaises Mémoire d’étude / janvier 2009 Jacqueline LEE-FUNG-KAÏ Sous la direction d’Aurélie BOSC Conservateur de bibliothèque Tutorat scientifique de Jacqueline FILLIOZAT Membre honoraire de l’Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient école nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques Remerciements Toute ma gratitude va à Jean-Louis Guébourg, professeur des universités, pour son soutien constant. J’exprime ma profonde reconnaissance à Jacqueline Filliozat pour son aide et ses conseils précieux. Je remercie Raymond Delambre pour l’intérêt qu’il a porté à mon travail. LEE-FUNG-KAÏ Jacqueline | DCB | Mémoire d’étude | janvier 2009 - 3 - Droits d’auteur réservés. LEE-FUNG-KAÏ Jacqueline | DCB | Mémoire d’étude | janvier 2009 - 4 - Droits d’auteur réservés. Résumé : Les manuscrits pālis constituent un vaste corpus de textes religieux et profanes, dont la réalisation matérielle recourt à des techniques propres au Sri Lanka et aux pays bouddhistes de la péninsule indochinoise. La langue pāli, dialecte du Nord-Ouest de l’Inde, est peu à peu devenue la langue liturgique du bouddhisme méridional. Si la production des manuscrits pālis a duré jusqu’à la première moitié du XXe siècle, l’état actuel de leur conservation dans leurs pays d’origine est inquiétant. Parallèlement, les bibliothèques occidentales possèdent de riches collections de manuscrits pālis en meilleur état. Descripteurs : Manuscrits pālis Manuscrits pālis - - Bibliothèques - - France Abstract : The Pāli manuscripts deal with a wide range of religious and profane texts and refer to techniques particular to Sri Lanka and Buddhist countries of the Indochinese Peninsula countries for their material realization. The Pāli language, a dialect from Northwest India, became the liturgical language used by southern Buddhism. If the production of Pāli manuscripts lasted until the first half of 20th century, the state of their preservation in their home lands is distressing. On the other hand, some public libraries in Western countries store substantial collections of relatively well-preserved Pāli manuscripts. Keywords : Manuscripts, pāli Manuscripts, pāli - - Libraries - - France LEE-FUNG-KAÏ Jacqueline | DCB | Mémoire d’étude | janvier 2009 - 5 - Droits d’auteur réservés. Droits d’auteurs Droits d’auteur réservés. Toute reproduction sans accord exprès de l’auteur à des fins autres que strictement personnelles est prohibée. LEE-FUNG-KAÏ Jacqueline | DCB | Mémoire d’étude | janvier 2009 - 6 - Droits d’auteur réservés. Table des matières INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................9 1ÈRE PARTIE. LE PĀLI : LANGUE ET LITTÉRATURE....................................... 11 1. LE PĀLI, UNE LANGUE SACRÉE ORIGINAIRE DE L’INDE............................................. 11 1.1. Les aspects culturels de la diffusion du bouddhisme................................... 11 1.1.1. Le rôle de l’empereur bouddhiste Aśoka dans le développement de l’écriture en Inde............................................................................................... 11 1.1.2. La transmission de l’enseignement du Bouddha....................................... 12 1.2. L’origine incertaine du pāli ....................................................................... 13 1.3. Le pāli, une langue aux écritures diverses...................................................... 13 1.3.1. La diversité linguistique des pays bouddhistes méridionaux .................... 14 1.3.2. Des systèmes graphiques dérivés des écritures indiennes......................... 14 1.4. La transcription du pāli en caractères latins.................................................. 17 1.4.1. L’apport d’Eugène Burnouf (1801-1852)................................................. 17 1.4.2. Le rôle éminent de la Pali Text Society ................................................... 18 1.4.3. La romanisation du pāli ........................................................................... 18 1.5. La notation informatique du pāli et des écritures du Sud-Est asiatique .......... 19 2. LA LITTÉRATURE EN PĀLI....................................................................................... 20 2.1. Le Tipiṭaka ou Triple Corbeille...................................................................... 20 2.1.1. Le Vinayapiṭaka : la Corbeille de la discipline ........................................ 20 2.1.2. Le Suttapiṭaka : la Corbeille des textes.................................................... 21 2.1.3. L’Abhidhammapiṭaka : la Corbeille de la doctrine................................... 21 2.2. La littérature post-canonique......................................................................... 22 2ÈME PARTIE. LES MANUSCRITS PĀLIS, UN PATRIMOINE EN DANGER..... 23 1. LA FABRICATION DES SUPPORTS DANS LES DIFFERENTS PAYS BOUDDHISTES............. 23 1.1. Les techniques d’origine indienne.................................................................. 23 1.2. Les techniques d’origine chinoise .................................................................. 26 1.3. Les autres types de supports........................................................................... 27 2. TYPES D’ECRITURE ET MANUSCRITS........................................................................ 27 2.1. L’écriture sur ôles.......................................................................................... 27 2.2. L’écriture sur papier...................................................................................... 30 3. LE CONDITIONNEMENT DES MANUSCRITS SUR ÔLES ................................................. 31 4. DES MANUSCRITS PALIS DIVERSEMENT CONSERVES ................................................. 35 4.1. Des manuscrits pālis fortement dégradés dans leurs pays d’origine ............... 35 4.1.1. Facteurs environnementaux ..................................................................... 35 4.1.2. Facteurs politiques .................................................................................. 35 4.1.3. La représentation du patrimoine religieux dans les mentalités.................. 36 4.1.4. Facteurs économiques.............................................................................. 36 4.2. Une conservation différente en pays tempéré riche et en pays tropical pauvre37 4.2.1. De bonnes conditions de conservation en pays riche................................ 37 4.2.2. La conservation traditionnelle ................................................................. 38 4.2.3. Quelle conservation pour les pays tropicaux ? ......................................... 39 4.2.3. Les recommandations de l’EFEO............................................................. 40 5. LE MARCHÉ DES MANUSCRITS PĀLIS ....................................................................... 41 6. PERSPECTIVES DE PRÉSERVATION ET DE VALORISATION DES MANUSCRITS PĀLIS ...... 43 6.1. Une prise de conscience des pays concernés .................................................. 43 LEE-FUNG-KAÏ Jacqueline | DCB | Mémoire d’étude | janvier 2009 - 7 - Droits d’auteur réservés. 6.1.1. Un manque de moyens matériels et financiers ......................................... 43 6.1.2. Des déclarations d’intention non suivies d’effet ...................................... 44 6.1.3. Des initiatives locales soutenues par l’aide internationale........................ 44 6.2. Des initiatives internationales aux résultats inégaux...................................... 46 6.2.1. L’échec d’un programme de conservation des archives cambodgiennes... 46 6.2.2. L’action efficace du Fonds pour l’édition des manuscrits du Cambodge (FEMC)............................................................................................................. 46 6.2.3. Une initiative privée : The Fragile Palm Leaves Foundation.................... 47 6.2.4. Sources d’information et initiatives de valorisation ................................. 48 3ÈME PARTIE. UN EXEMPLE PARTICULIER : LES COLLECTIONS DE MANUSCRITS PĀLIS DANS LES BIBLIOTHÈQUES FRANÇAISES.................. 51 1. LES COLLECTIONS FRANÇAISES .............................................................................. 51 1.1. Les collections de la Bibliothèque nationale de France.................................. 51 1.1.1. Une politique d’acquisition dès le XVIIe siècle....................................... 51 1.1.2. Accroissement des collections de la BnF : essai de chronologie .............. 52 1.1.2.1. L’origine des collections................................................................... 52 1.1.2.2. L’apport des Missions Etrangères de Paris........................................ 52 1.1.2.3. Le rôle des orientalistes .................................................................... 53 1.2. Les collections de l’Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient............................... 54 1.2.1. Une institution de recherche implantée en Asie ....................................... 54 1.2.2. Les collections de l’EFEO....................................................................... 54 1.3. Les autres collections françaises.................................................................... 56 1.3.1. Les collections des institutions privées, des bibliothèques d’études et des musées .............................................................................................................. 56 1.3.1.1.
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