10SvnenhSre,NW,Wsigo,DC 03 0.6.80www.aei.org 202.862.5800 1150 Seventeenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 Khamenei him with chants of “God isgreat!” him withchantsof“God the IntelligenceMinistry, whereemployeesgreeted with reassert hisauthorityinthestruggleforpower the strategicallyimportantministrywasmeantto tional overrulingofthepresidentinfightover meetings fortwoweeks.Khamenei’s unconstitu- Ahmadinejad, whorefusedtoattendcabinet ing thatday. nejad didnotinviteMoslehitothecabinetmeet- of SupremeLeaderAliKhamenei. influential ministerofintelligenceandacloseally dismissing Hojjatal-EslamHeydarMoslehi,the sparked dinejad On April17,IranianpresidentMahmoudAhma- continual battlesbetweenthetwocivilianleadersofIslamicRepublic. leader andthepresidentislikelytocontinue.However, theIRGCmaybemainbeneficiaryof Should Ahmadinejadsurviveparliamentaryattemptsatimpeachment,theconflictbetweensupreme him andmobilizedtheIslamicRevolutionaryGuardsCorps(IRGC)torestrictAhmadinejad’s power. Ahmadinejad’s dismissalofIntelligenceMinisterHojjatal-EslamHeydarMoslehiadirectattackagainst trol overtheIntelligenceMinistryfromSupremeLeaderAliKhamenei.Khameneicorrectlyconsidered Iranian presidentMahmoudAhmadinejadrisksimpeachmentfollowinghisfailedattempttowrestcon- By AliAlfoneh Civilians Lose Ahmadinejad versusKhamenei:IRGCWins, Khamenei wasbluffing.Returning fromhistwo-week make uphismind.Ahmadinejadlikelyassumed to Khamenei replied,givingAhmadinejad aweek remained inthecabinet.“Doifyousodesire,” had reinstatedMoslehi media, FarsNewsAgencyreportedthatKhamenei hour afterAhmadinejad’s decreeappearedinthe at AEI. Ali Alfoneh([email protected]) isaresidentfellow On April20,Moslehitriumphantlyreturnedto Ahmadinejad. 5 and threatenedtoresignifMoslehi 4 On April25,Ahmadinejadmet a newpoliticalcrisisinIranby 2 —a movethatinfuriated 3 1 But Ahmadi- Less thanan 6 executives areinneedofstrongarms.” the state,andbringdignityuponit.Allleaders stand firmasadefensiveshield,advanceaffairsof and especiallythenation.Astrongpresidentcan president wouldleadtodignityoftheLeadership tion: “Iamconvincedthatastrongandpowerful home, leave, whichhecalled“distanceworking”from • • • • • Key pointsinthis Islamic the in power of arbiter important most the IRGC the made has leaders civilian the among conflict latest the not, or impeached is Ahmadinejad Whether Ahmadinejad’spower. restrict and minister intelligence the reinstate to Khamenei supported (IRGC) Corps Guards Revolutionary Islamic The Khamenei. Ali Leader Supremefrom Ministry Intelligence the over controlwrest to attempt failed his following impeachment risks Ahmadinejad Mahmoud President 7 Ahmadinejad provided a coded explana- Ahmadinejad providedacoded Republic. Outlook: No. 3 • May 2011 May • No.3 8 In other

Middle Eastern Outlook - 2 - words, Ahmadinejad’s power grab was not based on per- forced on him by others, dismissing an unprecedented sonal ambition but was for the sake of the regime. The eleven cabinet ministers.17 same day, to demonstrate presidential strength, Ahmadi- Ahmadinejad’s April 17 dismissal of Moslehi was the nejad refused Moslehi access to the cabinet meeting.9 culmination of his attempts to gain control over the Moslehi was also absent from the May 4 cabinet meeting.10 Intelligence Ministry. Khamenei, however, was likely Ahmadinejad soon realized he had overplayed his aware of Ahmadinejad’s efforts. Ahmadinejad had previ- hand, as attacks against him and his supporters increased ously attempted to restrain the supreme leader’s control thereafter. The Intelligence Ministry began filtering pro- over the Intelligence Ministry. On July 26, 2009, Ahmadi- Ahmadinejad websites.11 As many as twenty-nine nejad dismissed then–intelligence minister Hojjat al-Eslam Ahmadinejad confidantes—including Hojjat al-Eslam Mohseni Ezhehi, accusing him of “incompetence” in deal- Abbas Amiri-Far, Ahmadinejad’s candidate for the Intelli- ing with the popular unrest that engulfed after the gence Ministry—were arrested.12 Calls of “death to the June 12, 2009, presidential election.18 Some reports sug- opponent of jurist,” a slogan open to inter- gested that Ahmadinejad dismissed Ezhehi because his pretation,13 dominated even the Tehran Friday prayers. ministry had prepared a report to the supreme leader argu- All this activity energized Ahmadinejad’s political rivals, ing that the protest movement was not a foreign plot or a who viewed the rift as an opportunity to get rid of their velvet revolution.19 Ahmadinejad, with a team of intelli- old foe. Parliamentarians, led by parliamentary speaker gence analysts from the IRGC, reportedly told the Intelli- , threatened to impeach Ahmadinejad on sev- gence Ministry that the political activists arrested by the eral occasions,14 and Tehran mayor Mohammad-Bagher IRGC had already confessed to being foreign agents.20 Qalibaf started a relentless campaign against Ahmadine- In addition to the minister, Ahmadinejad also replaced a jad and through his news outlet number of senior ministry officials with IRGC officers.21 Shafaf News.15 Mashaei, the president’s confidante and To counter Ahmadinejad’s schemes, Khamenei, during former chief of staff, is also his choice for a presidential his much-publicized visit to the Intelligence Ministry on successor when his second term ends in 2013. March 5, 2011, told ministry employees: “Although the The presence of both Ahmadinejad and Moslehi at government appoints the directors of the Intelligence the May 8 cabinet meeting indicated that Ahmadinejad Ministry, intelligence and actions of this ministry are had submitted to Khamenei’s authority—for a time at related to the affairs of the entire country. Therefore, it least.16 That being said, the conflict is likely to continue [the Intelligence Ministry] should not lean toward move- through the remainder of Ahmadinejad’s presidency—if ments, [political] parties, and political individuals, but Ahmadinejad survives parliamentary attempts at impeach- should always move in the direction of guardianship [the ing him—and will doubtless escalate as Ahmadinejad supreme leader] and the Islamic revolution.”22 On April 17, supporters rally for the upcoming parliamentary elections 2011, Moslehi followed Khamenei’s advice by dismissing in 2011 and the following year’s presidential election. Hossein Abdollahian, Intelligence Ministry legal and par- liamentary affairs deputy, who owed his position to Ahmadinejad’s Purge Ahmadinejad and Mashaei.23 Immediately after Moslehi fired Abdollahian, Mashaei criticized the Intelligence The failed attempt to dismiss Moslehi is part of Ahmadi- Ministry’s alleged “intelligence and communications nejad’s wider campaign to cleanse his cabinet of senior weaknesses concerning regional affairs,”24 after which officials imposed on him by other power circles in the Moslehi resigned. Islamic Republic—essentially, to be the master of his own house. Entering the presidential palace in 2005, Ahmadi- Ahmadinejad’s Counter Ideology nejad faced the same challenge encountered by all his predecessors: though the president has the constitutional Ahmadinejad’s challenge to Khamenei’s authority is not prerogative to appoint and dismiss cabinet ministers, fac- limited to the issue of control over the Intelligence Min- tions in the regime challenge this authority. More often istry. Ahmadinejad also poses an ideological challenge to than not, these appointments are imposed on the presi- the regime, reflected in Mashaei. Ahmadinejad and dent by the supreme leader, former president Ayatollah Mashaei’s friendship dates back to when Ahmadinejad Ali-, or Larijani. Since 2005, served as an “adviser” (intelligence officer) to the gover- Ahmadinejad has systematically purged cabinet ministers nor of in 1979. Mashaei - 3 - founded the IRGC intelligence unit in neighboring Kur- course, be directed against Ahmadinejad. In the second distan Province during the same period,25 and their chil- part of the interview, Jafari warned against “a deviant cur- dren are married. rent” that has “infiltrated the regime,” but also said that There is a long history of enmity between Mashaei the was “hiding behind a popular figure and Khamenei. After his contested reelection in 2009, [Ahmadinejad].”34 On April 24, Jafari used equally Ahmadinejad appointed his old comrade first vice presi- nuanced tactics, praising Ahmadinejad and his cabinet’s dent.26 However, due to Mashaei’s history of making con- performance while simultaneously attacking “a deviant troversial statements—such as “the era of sovereignty of current” within the government.35 religion is over” and “the people of Israel are our friends”27— Within the IRGC, the harshest attacks against Khamenei wrote a handwritten note to Ahmadinejad Ahmadinejad were launched by the political-ideological demanding Mashaei’s dismissal.28 Ahmadinejad ignored commissars: Hojjat al-Eslam Ali Saidi, the supreme Khamenei’s order for an entire week but in the end leader’s representative to the IRGC, and his deputy, appointed Mashaei his chief of staff.29 Since then, Hojjat al-Eslam Mojtaba Zolnour. “Disobeying the Mashaei has used every possible opportunity to undermine command of the Guardian Jurist equals disobeying the the authority of Khamenei, the clerical class, and the commandment of God and the Imam of the Era,” ideology of the Islamic Republic. Mashaei’s concept of charged Saidi,36 while his deputy went so far as to “the school of Iran”30 is a nationalist discourse that chal- claim that Mashaei was the real president37 and warned lenges the internationalist aspirations of the Islamic that a president who does not seek legitimacy from the Republic, which call for the mobilization and unification guardian jurist is Taqout (one who revolts against God, of the entire umma (worldwide Islamic community of a Koranic reference to Satan).38 believers) without regard for modern political borders. Remarkably, as Ahmadinejad capitulated to Khamenei Ahmadinejad’s support for Mashaei and his pseudo- and acquiesced to Moslehi’s presence in the cabinet, nationalist discourse, even in the face of fierce clerical Javan and other IRGC mouthpieces continued to attack criticism, illustrates that Ahmadinejad no longer considers Ahmadinejad, insisting that “the new sedition” would clerical support an asset for his cabinet but a liability. raise fresh challenges to the guardian jurist.39 This indi- Ahmadinejad is trying to create a new ideology that legiti- cates the opportunism of the IRGC: the IRGC initially mizes the rise of veterans from the war against Iraq and managed to use the conflict between the president and seeks to marginalize the clerical class. the supreme leader to partially take over the Intelligence Ministry, but as soon as this goal was achieved it decided Opportunistic Revolutionary Guards to intervene on Khamenei’s behalf to preserve the balance between the president and the leader. In other words, the Ahmadinejad’s attempt to ensure that Mashaei succeeds IRGC has emerged as the final arbiter of power in the him as president has little prospect for success unless it Islamic Republic. enjoys IRGC support. For the time being, the IRGC seems to support Khamenei and not Ahmadinejad. Conclusion On April 20, 2011, Javan, one of several IRGC mouth- pieces, accused “a deviant current” of trying to “fabricate Thirty-two years after the revolution of 1979, public files” and “abusing the Intelligence Ministry” for political support for rule by the clergy in Iran has waned to purposes.31 The same day, chief Mohammad-Reza extraordinarily low levels. Ahmadinejad, who is well Naqdi warned the public against “those with apparent aware that clerical support is no longer an asset but a interest in Messianism [Mahdaviat] who may fight against liability, has chosen confrontation with Khamenei to the Guardianship [of the jurist].”32 On April 22, the mobilize the masses. Guards Day, IRGC chief Mohammad-Ali (Aziz) Jafari But there is no guarantee that Ahmadinejad’s tactics criticized Ahmadinejad indirectly by stressing that the will resonate with Iranian voters. The memory of the greatest worry of the late Grand Ayatollah Rouhollah fraudulent 2009 presidential election is still fresh. Khomeini, founder of the Islamic Republic, was “internal Ahmadinejad cannot even count on support from the enemies,” and that “the sedition of 2009” was founded on parliament, which is waiting to impeach him. Should the green movement’s “opposition to the issue of the Ahmadinejad—contrary to expectations—survive parlia- Guardianship of the Jurist.”33 The same criticism could, of mentary attempts at impeaching him, the IRGC may be - 4 - the greatest beneficiary of the conflict among the civilian 8. Ibid. leaders, further solidifying its position as the final arbiter 9. “Neshast-e Vazir-e Ettelaat Ba Barkhi Fozala-ye Qom” of power in the Islamic Republic. [The Intelligence Minister’s Meeting with Some of the Theolo- gians of Qom], Fars News (Tehran), May 1, 2011, www.farsnews Notes .com/newstext.php?nn=9002116264 (accessed May 1, 2011). 10. “Jalaseh-ye Heyat-e Dowlat” [Cabinet Meeting], Riasat-e 1. Presidency of the Islamic Republic of Iran, “Doktor Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran website (Tehran), May 4, 2011, Ahmadinejad ba Qaboul-e Estefa-ye Vazir-e Ettelaat Vey ra be http://president.ir/fa/?ArtID=27998 (accessed May 5, 2011). Onvan-e Moshaver-e Reis-Jomhour Dar Omour-e Ettelaati 11. “Saytha-ye Tim-e Filter- Mansoub Kard” [By Accepting the Intelligence Minister’s Resig- Shodand” [Websites of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s Team Were nation, Dr. Ahmadinejad Appoints Him Presidential Intelli- Filtered], Digarban (Tehran), April 20, 2011, www.digarban gence Adviser], news release, April 17, 2011, www.president.ir .com/node/912 (accessed May 3, 2011). /fa/?ArtID=27843 (accessed April 28, 2011). 12. “Gozineh-ye Jaryan-e Enherafi Bara-ye Vezarat-e Ettelaat 2. “Moslehi Dar Vezarat-e Ettelaat Mandani Shod” [Moslehi Rounamayi Shod” [The Candidate of the Deviant Movement Remains at the Intelligence Ministry], Fars News Agency for the Intelligence Ministry Was Presented], ATY News (Tehran), April 18, 2011, www.farsnews.net/newstext.php (Tehran), April 27, 2011, www.atynews.com/fa/pages/?cid ?nn=9001290001 (accessed April 28, 2011). =44291 (accessed May 3, 2011); “Yeki Digar az Avamel-e 3. “Takbir-ha-ye Por-Shour-e Personel-e Vezarat-e Ettelaat” Tahyeh-ye ‘Zohour Nazdik Ast’ Bazdasht Shod” [Another [Enthusiastic Takbirs of the Intelligence Ministry Employees], Element Involved in Production of ‘The Emergence Is Near’ Bultan News (Tehran), April 20, 2011, www.bultannews Was Arrested], Iranian Students News Agency (Tehran), May 2, .com/fa/news/45557/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C 2011, http://isna.ir/ISNA/NewsView.aspx?ID=News-1759948& %D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%B1% Lang=P (accessed May 3, 2011); “Bazdasht-e Gozineh-ye D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9 Ahmadinejad Bara-ye Vezarat-e Ettelaat” [Arrest of Ahmadine- %86%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8% jad’s Candidate for the Intelligence Ministry], Digarban News AA-%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9% (Tehran), May 2, 2011, www.digarban.com/node/982 (accessed D8%A7%D8%AA (accessed April 29, 2011). May 3, 2011); and Meisam Tavallaei, “Pardeh-Bardari Az Yek 4. “Gheibat-e Vazir-e Ettelaat Dar Safar-e Ostani-ye Dowlat Vagheiat” [Disclosing a Reality], Tavallaei (Tehran), May 6, be Kordestan” [Absence of the Intelligence Minister at the 2011, http://tavallaei.blogfa.com (accessed May 10, 2011). Provincial Visit to Kurdistan], Digarban News (Tehran), April 20, 13. “Shoar-ha-ye Payapey-e Namazgozaran-e Tehrani Dar 2011, www.digarban.com/node/913 (accessed April 29, 2011). Eteraz Be Jaryan-e Enherafi” [Continual Slogans of Tehranian 5. “Ahmadinejad Ba Rahbar-e Enqelab Didar Kard” Prayers in Protest against the Deviant Movement], Fars News [Ahmadinejad Met the Leader of the Revolution], Asr-e Iran Agency (Tehran), May 6, 2011, www.farsnews.net/newstext News (Tehran), April 26, 2011, www.asriran.com/fa/news .php?nn=9002160409 (accessed May 10, 2011). /163768/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C- 14. “Talash Bara-ye Raay-Giri-ye Mostaqim Darbareh-ye %D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7- Adam-e Kefayat-e Ahmadinejad” [Attempts at Organizing a %D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86% Vote on Ahmadinejad’s Competence], Digarban News D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AF%DB%8C (Tehran), May 5, 2011, www.digarban.com/node/996 (accessed %D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF May 5, 2011). (accessed May 10, 2011). 15. Shafaf News (Tehran), www.shafaf.ir (accessed May 21, 2011). 6. “Revayat-e Aqa-Tehrani Az Mohlat-e Rahbar-e Enqelab 16. “Hozour-e Ahmadinejad va Dar Jalaseh- Be Ahmadinejad Bara-ye Tasmim Darbareh-ye Estefa Ya . . .” ye Heiat-e Dowlat” [Ahmadinejad and Heydar Moslehi’s Pres- [The Tale of Aqa-Tehrani on the Leader of the Revolution’s ence at the Cabinet Meeting], Fars News Agency (Tehran), Deadline for Ahmadinejad to Resign Or . . .], Ayandeh News May 8, 2011, www.farsnews.net/newstext.php?nn=9002181579 (Tehran), May 5, 2011, http://ayandenews.com/news/27679 (accessed May 10, 2011). (accessed May 10, 2011). 17. For a survey of cabinet ministers purged by Ahmadine- 7. “Dowlat Ta Akhar Pa-ye Velayat-e Faqih Istadeh Ast” jad, see Ali Alfoneh, “All Ahmadinejad’s Men,” Middle East [The Government Will Always Be Loyal to the Guardianship of Quarterly 18, no. 2 (Spring 2011). the Jurist], Fars News (Tehran), May 1, 2011, www.farsnews 18. “Ezhehi Ham Barkenar Shod” [Ezhehi Too Was Sacked], .com/newstext.php?nn=9002116297 (accessed May 1, 2011). Mehr News (Tehran), July 26, 2009, www.mehrnews.com/fa - 5 -

/newsdetail.aspx?NewsID=918592 (accessed May 5, 2011). Files], Javan Online (Tehran), April 20, 2011, www.javanonline 19. “Ettelaat-e Movazi Rasman Jaygozin-e Vezarat-e Ettelaat .ir/Nsite/FullStory/?Id=351123 (accessed May 10, 2011). Mishavad” [Parallel Intelligence Officially Replaces the Intelli- 32. “Hoshdar-e Naqdi Be Fetneh-ye Ba’di” [Naqdi’s Warning gence Ministry], Gooya News (London), July 28, 2009, to the Next Sedition], Shafaf News (Tehran), April 20, 2011, http://akhbar.gooya.com/politics/archives/2009/07/091377.php www.shafaf.ir/fa/pages/?cid=53096 (accessed May 10, 2011). (accessed May 5, 2011). 33. “Sepah-e Pasdaran Javab-e Eqdam-e Doshman Dar Elayh- 20. Ibid. e Iran Ra Dar Abha-ye Dourdast Khahad Dad” [The Revolution- 21. Ibid. ary Guards Will Retaliate Enemy Actions against Iran in Distant 22. “Towsiyeh-ha-ye Rahbari Be Vezarat-e Ettelaat Az Zaban- Waters], Fars News Agency (Tehran), April 22, 2011, www.farsnews. e Moslehi” [The Leader’s Advice to the Intelligence Ministry net/newstext.php?nn=9001312352 (accessed May 10, 2011). According to Moslehi], Khabar Online (Tehran), March 5, 2011, 34. Ibid. www.khabaronline.ir/news-134802.aspx (accessed May 21, 2011). 35. “Tamam-e Dashteh-ha-ye Sepah Az Enqelab-e Eslami 23. “Ettelaat-e Movazi Rasman Jaygozin-e Vezarat-e Ettelaat Ast Na Az Iran va Maktab-e Iran” [Everything the Guards Mishavad” [Parallel Intelligence Officially Replaces the Intelli- Has Is Derived from and Not from the School of Iran], gence Ministry]. Ammariyon News (Tehran), April 24, 2011, www.ammariyon 24. “Vazir-e Ettelaat Dar Vezaratkhaneh Hazer Shod” [The .ir/fa/pages/?cid=9617 (accessed May 10, 2011). Intelligence Minister Appeared in the Ministry], Shargh 36. “Takhalof Az Farman-e Vali-ye Faqih Dar Hokm-e (Tehran), April 19, 2011, http://sharghnewspaper.ir/News Mokhalefat Ba Farman-e Khoda va Emam-e Zaman Ast” [Dis- /90/01/30/13677.html (accessed May 5, 2011). obeying the Command of the Guardian Jurist Equals Disobeying 25. “Zendeginameh” [Biography], Riasat-e Jomhouri-ye the Commandment of God and the Imam of the Era], Fars News Eslami-ye Iran (Tehran), n.d., www.president.ir/fa (accessed Agency (Tehran), April 27, 2011, www.farsnews.net/newstext January 31, 2011). .php?nn=9002060712 (accessed May 10, 2011). 26. “Matn-e Hokm-e Entesab-e Rahim-Mashaei Be Semat-e 37. “Zolnour: Mashaei Dar Sadad-e List-e Entekhabat Ast” Moaven-e Avval-e Reis-Jomhour” [The Test of Appointment of [Zolnour: Mashaei Is Preparing for Elections], Asr-e Iran News Rahim-Mashaei as First Vice President], Mehr News (Tehran), (Tehran), April 30, 2011, www.asriran.com/fa/news/164063 July 18, 2009, www.mehrnews.com/fa/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID /%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D =914029 (accessed May 18, 2011). 8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C- 27. “Mashaei: Amrikayi-ha Az Bartarin-e Mellat-ha” %D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D9% [Mashaei: The Americans, among the Greatest Nations], Alef 84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8% News (Tehran), July 19, 2008, http://alef.ir/content/view/29629 AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8 (accessed May 18, 2011). %A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%8C-%D9%85%D8%B5% 28. “Nameh-ye Rahbar-e Moazam-e Enghelab Be Reis- D9%84%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82% Jomhour Dar Mored-e Agha-ye Mashaei” [Letter of the Supreme D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8% Leader of the Revolution to the President concerning Mr. B1%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D9% Mashaei], Daftar-e Hefz Va Nashr-e Asar-e Hazrat-e Ayatollah 84-%D9%85%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9% Al-Ozma Khamenei website (Tehran), July 18, 2009, http://farsi 88-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D9% .khamenei.ir/message-content?id=7495 (accessed May 18, 2011). 85%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8% 29. “Esfandiar Rahim-Mashaei Moshaver va Reis-Daftar-e A7%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF Reis-Jomhour Shoad” [Esfandiar Rahim-Mashaei Appointed as (accessed May 10, 2011). Clerics attack associates of the presi- Adviser to and Chief of Staff of the President], Paygah-e Ettela- dent to send a message to the president without tarnishing the e-Resani-ye Dowlat website (Tehran), July 25, 2009, www.dolat presidency as an institution. .ir/nsite/fullstory/?id=179301 (accessed May 21, 2011). 38. “Bakhsh-e Payani-ye Sokhanrani-ye Hojjat al-Eslam 30. “Mashaei: Hadaf-e Ma Az in Pas Moarefi-ye Maktab-e Mojtaba Zolnour” [Final Part of Hojjat al-Eslam Mojtaba Iran Ast Na Maktab-e Eslam” [From Now, Our Goal Is to Prop- Zolnour’s Speech], Khabar Online (Tehran), May 3, 2011, agate the School of Iran Rather Than the School of Islam], http://khabaronline.ir/news-148453.aspx (accessed May 10, Aftab News (Tehran), August 4, 2010, www.aftabnews.ir 2011). /vdcf1jdycw6dxva.igiw.html (accessed May 19, 2011). 39. “Chalesh-e Mostamar” [Continual Challenge], Javan 31. “Jaryan-e Enherafi Be Donbal-e Parvandeh-Sazi-ye Online (Tehran), May 9, 2011, www.javanonline.ir/Nsite Amniati” [The Deviant Current Tries to Fabricate Security /FullStory/?Id=352434 (accessed May 10, 2011).