Samuel Filipe Gomes Pascoal

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Samuel Filipe Gomes Pascoal Samuel Filipe Gomes Pascoal A Espada e o Crisântemo: para uma aproximação ao Nō Moderno em Yukio Mishima Dissertação realizada no âmbito do Mestrado em Estudos de Teatro, orientada pela Professora Doutora Isabel Morujão Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto Setembro de 2015 A Espada e o Crisântemo: para uma aproximação ao Nō Moderno em Yukio Mishima Samuel Filipe Gomes Pascoal Dissertação realizada no âmbito do Mestrado em Estudos de Teatro, orientada pela Professora Doutora Isabel Morujão Membros do Júri Professor Doutor Jorge Deserto Faculdade de Letras - Universidade do Porto Professora Doutora Alexandra Moreira da Silva Université Sorbonne Nouvelle – Paris III Dra. Reiko Kikuchi (na qualidade de especialista em língua japonesa) Faculdade de Letras - Universidade do Porto Professora Doutora Isabel Morujão Faculdade de Letras – Universidade do Porto Classificação obtida: 19 (dezanove) valores À minha avó materna, Maria da Glória de Jesus, que, à semelhança da própria avó materna de Mishima, me legou a sua paixão e inclinação para o teatro, bem como outros tantos valores humanos. E, ainda, à memória de Manuela Guerra, um crisântemo de espada em riste. Índice Agradecimentos…………………………………………………………………….........9 Resumo………………………………………………………………………………....12 Abstract………………………………………………….…………………………..… 13 Introdução: razões para uma abordagem a Yukio Mishima e ao seu Nō Moderno I. A origem do fascínio………………………………………………………….14 II. Renovar repertórios dramatúrgicos: o Oriente………………………………. 15 III. Aproximação a Mishima: do texto à cena……………………………………16 A ESPADA 1. Yukio Mishima: uma vida em mise-en-scène .............................................................. 19 2. Shingeki: um novo e complexo capítulo na história do teatro japonês ........................ 28 3. Um teatro que se escreve ao ser vivido 3.1 O teatro vivido: a personificação da máscara……………………………….34 3.2 O teatro escrito: o eremita e o antídoto da imortalidade…………………….40 4. A receção da literatura mishimiana no Japão e no Mundo 4.1. O talento de um homo patrioticus aos olhos do Japão e do Mundo………...48 4.2 Yukio Mishima em Portugal………………………………………………...54 O CRISÂNTEMO 5. Reconstruíndo um templo de beleza: uma reflexão sobre o mecanismo de modernização do Nō Moderno de Mishima 5.1 Uma introdução ao teatro Nō…………………………………………………….67 5.2 Sobre o Nō Moderno e da vontade em reerguer o brilho do passado……………71 6. Mecanismos de modernização em Senhorita Aoi 6.1 Introdução…………………………………………………………………..84 6.2 O Conto de Genji revisitado e revivido por dois dramaturgos……………..84 6.3 Reflexão sobre alguns dos mecanismos de modernização em Senhorita Aoi 6.3.1 O princípio da inevitabilidade e da irreversibilidade do mal: a questão da culpabilidade e dos karmas………………………………………….91 6.3.2 Em torno do final trágico: "La Beauté c'est la Mort"………………..94 7 6.3.3 Personagens e seu discurso: um triângulo amoroso recontado pelas trevas……………………………………………………………………97 6.3.4 A utopia poética do amor: uma poeticidade que advoga o sinistro….100 7. Mecanismos de modernização em Hanjo 7.1 Introdução…………………………………………………………………105 7.2 Hanjo: a história verídica que inspirou a ficção…………………………..105 7.3 Reflexão sobre alguns dos mecanismos de modernização em Hanjo 7.3.1 O princípio da inevitabilidade e da irreversibilidade do mal: na teia de uma loucura indomável……………………………………….……….109 7.3.2 Em torno do final trágico: um novo leque de Outono……………....113 7.3.3 Personagens e seu discurso: ondas que batem em rochas…………..117 7.3.4 A utopia poética do amor: a estética da incompletude……………...120 Considerações finais:o epílogo que perdeu as graças de uma dissertação .................... 124 Para: Mishima Yukio (Minami-magome 4-32-B, Ōta-ku, Tóquio) …………………..129 Referências bibliográficas ............................................................................................. 132 Anexos Anexo I ..................................................................................................................... 138 Anexo II .................................................................................................................... 140 Anexo III…………………………………………………………………………...142 Anexo IV…………………………………………………………………………...145 Anexo V……………………………………………………………………………146 Anexo VI…………………………………………………………………………...158 Anexo VII………………………………………………………………………….176 Anexo VIII…………………………………………………………………………199 Anexo IX…………………………………………………………………………...216 Anexo X……………………………………………………………………………235 Anexo XI…………………………………………………………………………...239 8 Agradecimentos Ao contemplar o nascimento do Sol do cume do majestoso Monte Fuji, após uma extenuante escalada, o coração rejubila-se em êxtase. Mas essa emoção que nos invade a alma intensifica-se ao desviarmos o olhar da beleza alaranjada do recém-nascido astro, para apreciarmos a altitude a que nos encontramos, lembrando-nos da razão de ali estarmos. Na verdade, atingir o cume foi o menos interessante. Quem nos enrijeceu, fortaleceu e amadureceu, quem nos desafiou, intimidou e lacerou, quem justificou a natureza hercúlea das nossas idoneidades, tantas vezes descredibilizadas e julgadas esmorecidas pelo pessimismo e outros desalentos, foi a árdua escalada. Interesso-me mais por ela do que pela completude do galardão, pois deleitei-me vendo a meu lado esses alpinistas motivacionais e inspiradores que, acreditando em mim, me encaminharam para o pico nevado do Fuji-sama. Assim sendo, a minha gratidão estende-se de Portugal, passando pelo Brasil, até ao Japão. Começo pela minha claque familiar, em especial os meus pais, Adriana e Augusto Pascoal, que sempre se revelaram arquétipos da qualidade parental, nunca sufocando a voz inquietadora dos meus sonhos, para que que também eles pudessem voar comigo. Não há palavras que possam transmitir o verdadeiro sentimento de gratidão que devo à minha orientadora, Prof. Doutora Isabel Morujão, a primeira docente desta casa a manifestar admiração e confiança no possível potencial dos meus estudos em dramaturgia japonesa, e que transcendeu a qualidade de pedagoga, para me dedicar, sem hesitações, a qualidade da sua amizade. A translucidez do seu humanismo e prontidão, a paixão que revela pelo seu ofício, a criatividade e perspicácia das suas ideias, apreciações e visões, a sua mente aberta, tudo isso louvo; e tudo isso me inspirou e confirmou a minha razão de escolha da sua pessoa para me orientar. Creio que esta demanda pelas veias ancestrais e modernas da dramaturgia Nō, e pelo enigma que foi Yukio Mishima, a entusiasmou tanto como a mim. Jamais esquecerei a amizade de Osamu Masuda, bem como o seu contributo para esta dissertação. Agradeço-lhe do fundo do coração por me ter oferecido as peças de Nō Moderno de Mishima em japonês (mal quis acreditar, assim que lhes toquei!), o que me permitiu traduzir Senhorita Aoi e Hanjo a partir da língua original. Agradeço, ainda, o apoio à tradução prestado por Karina Kanazawa e Akiyo Matsumoto. Sem os seus conhecimentos nativos da língua japonesa jamais poderia ter solucionado certos dilemas com que me deparei durante o processo extenuante (porém prazeroso) das duas traduções. E não poderia esquecer o apoio moral e, também à tradução, da Marta Leite, amiga inesquecível, devoradora de literatura como eu, levada para o Brasil por ventos de maior ambição, deixando para trás um rasto de saudades. Estou profundamente agradecido ao diretor artístico do Teatro Nacional S. João, Nuno Carinhas, à tradutora Inês Pedrosa e aos atores Joana Metrass e Elmano Sancho, pelos 9 depoimentos fornecidos para esta dissertação. Um especial agradecimento é devido ao ator e encenador Paulo Lage, outro aficionado de Mishima, que, além do depoimento fornecido, me ofertou vários materiais sobre a sua encenação de Hanjo, e com quem mantive uma conversa estimulante sobre Mishima. Endereço, com especial carinho, um agradecimento à minha professora de língua japonesa, Prof. Doutora Kuniko Ukai, da Universidade do Minho, que revelou entusiasmo por este meu trabalho e que, através da nossa conversa sobre Mishima e a sua obra, me proporcionou a perspetiva japonesa que eu procurava sobre a temática. E não poderia deixar de mencionar a colaboração do meu grandioso amigo Sérgio Pires, cuja erudição e conversas me inspiram a todo o instante. Agradeço-lhe por me ter contagiado com o vírus da literatura, e que, tal como eu, sempre se mostrou um aficionado pela história e cultura orientais. Que a maravilha e memória de todos os momentos partilhados se perpetue para lá dos nossos epílogos. Um agradecimento sentido ao apoio e colaboração da minha querida “irmã” Alexandra Moura, alegria sempre tão presente na minha vida. A sua integridade, o poder dos seus conselhos, a energia contagiante, o carinho que lhe escorre de cada palavra e gesto, os momentos que já partilhámos e os que estão para vir, fazem com que a nossa amizade única se traduza na canção “Itsumo nando demo” (“Sempre comigo”), de Kimura Yumi. Ainda hoje procuro as palavras certas de gratidão e perdão (pelo tempo que não lhe consegui dedicar) para a minha “Fallen Angel” (como diriam os Alphaville) Joana Guerra, leitora em primeira mão destas páginas. A sua paciência para com o meu trabalho, o seu amor, carinho, apoio e extraordinária cumplicidade escoltaram-me do início ao fim desta jornada. Agradeço-lhe as conversas e reflexões sobre Mishima (sempre tão úteis). Que entremos no aeroporto da Felicidade e embarquemos no avião da Memória, rumo à Eternidade. Agradeço, ainda, a Manuela e António Guerra, pela confiança, apreço e hospitalidade que me forneceram em Portonovo (Sanxenxo), que me foi tão profícuo
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