A Late Pueblo II Period "Surge" of Kayenta Ceramics into Southern Utah?
Bill Lipe Washington State University and Donna Glowacki University of Notre Dame
with contribu ons by Jesse Clark, Washington State Univ.
Annual Mee ng of the Society Sosi B/W for American Archaeology Jar Sacramento, March 31, 2011 Arizona State Parks Volunteer Program web site Does the Kayenta-dominated Clay Hills Phase represent: -Popula on movement from south of the San Juan? -Or a shi in po ery procurement by an already resident popula on? Why did the Clay Hills phase begin and end when it did? How widely do similar po ery complexes occur north of the San Juan River? We shall examine these ques ons
Graphic by Sue Matson from both Cedar Mesa and regional perspec ves The Big Regional Picture The widespread presence of late Pueblo II Kayenta tradi on po ery north of the San Juan has been discussed for years (e.g., Lister and Lister 1961; Lister 1964; Aikens 1966; Lipe 1970, 1981; Geib 1996; Lyneis 1996, McFadden 1997; Baadsgaard and Janetski 2005; Allison 2010)
The late PII Clay Hill Complex on Cedar Mesa is dominated by Sosi and Dogoszhi B/W, with lesser amounts of Black Mesa and Flagstaff B/W. Also, Tusayan B/R with lesser amounts of Citadel and Tusayan Polychrome. This complex also occurs in a number of other locales in southern Utah.
Pueblo III period Kayenta po ery has a much reduced spa al distribu on in SE Utah Todie Spring, Cedar Mesa No. of Pueblo II and III Kayenta
Occurrences by PLSS Section Price ! ! Utah ! 1 - 2 ! Colorado ! ! 3 - 12 ! 13+ New Arizona Mexico
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a Presence-absence occurrences of diagnos c PII-III K Kayenta types at sites N. of the San Juan. Data aggregated by sec on Non- Diagnos c Kayenta
PII-III Kayenta Diagnos cs
Occurrences, by ceramic tradi on, in IMACS sites that have any Kayenta po ery. Kayenta rela onships appear strong with M.V. tradi on sites to the east and Virgin tradi on sites to the west Some loca ons (in blue) where late PII Kayenta po ery is common. We’ll start with Cedar Mesa and Piute Mesa
Needles District
Coombs and Lampstand Sites
Natural Blanding Bridges Cedar Comb Kaiparo- Red Rock Ridge wits Plateau Mesa Plateau Bluff
Piute Mesa Utah Arizona Black Mesa Cedar Mesa Composi onal Analysis Donna Glowacki is using temper and INAA to compare samples of Sosi B/W and Tusayan Corrugated from Cedar Mesa and Piute Mesa, as well as clay samples from those two areas Very Preliminary Results: •Temper is more similar within than between the CM and PM po ery samples Sosi B/W jar, ASM “Wall of Po ery” online exhibit •Both areas had access to Chinle clays as well as other sources
•Preliminary sta s cs yield groups with members from both CM and PM, as well as groups confined predominantly to one or the other area
•At present, we cannot exclude the possibility that the same Kayenta types were manufactured locally on both Cedar Mesa and Piute Mesa.
•The results show promise for finer-grained inferences based on more rigorous sta s cal analyses. Cedar Mesa Distribu onal Analysis
Closest late PII Kayenta popula on centers (e.g., Piute Mesa) lie to the SW. However, on Cedar Mesa, Clay Hills sites and Kayenta sherds have a “center of gravity” NE of other occupa ons. End of Clay Hills phase coincides with the mid-1100s drought
Cu ng and near-cu ng tree-ring dates from Cedar Mesa and Natural Bridges
Reconstructed stream flow for Colorado River at Lees Ferry (Meko et al. 2007) Needles District
Coombs and Lampstand Sites
Natural Blanding Bridges Cedar Comb Kaiparo- Red Rock Ridge wits Plateau Mesa Plateau Bluff
Piute Mesa Black Mesa Utah Arizona What was happening in the Kayenta home area at the me of the Kayenta “surge” on Cedar Mesa? Late PII Kayenta Popula on Boom, S. of San Juan
Percentage of total B/W po ery, 215 sites PII-III Po ery Frequencies, Popula on, N. Black Mesa Piute Mesa Survey (Stein 1966) (Powell 2002; a er Plog 1986) Needles District
Coombs and Lampstand Sites
Natural Blanding Bridges Cedar Comb Kaiparo- Red Rock Ridge wits Plateau Mesa Plateau Bluff
Piute Mesa Black Mesa Utah Arizona What was happening in Late PII in the Red Rock Plateau? s e Pueblo III 30 Anasazi Tree Ring Dates (Berry 1982) 30 Sit ed t Pueblo Pueblo II Pueblo IV
Da Basketmaker II Basketmaker III 15 15 ng i Number of
e R C-14 Dates e r T 0 0 0 500 1000 1500 Cedar Mesa and the Red Rock Plateau Years A.D.
es Cedar Mesa
t 1000 1000
500 ? 500
tion Estima B.M. II .M. III
B P. II/III
opula 0 0 P 0 500 1000 1500 Years A.D. es Red Rock Plateau ( Lipe 1966, 1970) 25 25 w
10 y Hollo 10 ! lethla
B.M. II K 0 Horse 0 0 500 1000 1500 Years A.D. Number of Habitaion Sit Graphic by Sue Matson •The Red Rock Plateau occupa on was even more episodic than for Cedar Mesa •Ceramics of the RRP Klethla phase of the RRP and the CM Clay Hills phase are similar, but C.H. includes some Mesa Verde tradi on po ery as well Figure XII-9 Comparison of Cedar Mesa, Red Rock Plateau and Berry’s Anasazi Sequences. •Both phases have Sosi and Dogoszhi B/W w/lesser amounts of Black Mesa and Flagstaff B/W. Tusayan B/R common; lesser amounts of Citadel and Tusayan Polychrome
Matson, Lipe, and Haase Chapter XII Figures, March 31, 2010 – 9 The Red Rock Plateau, Glen Canyon Area
• No Early PII Pueblo occupa on; li le evidence of Fremont occupa on
• Klethla phase (AD 1100-1150) represents repopula on of the area
• Klethla has virtually no Mesa Verde tradi on po ery
• Probable occupa onal hiatus mid-to-late 1100s Inference: Popula on that occupied the RRP in late PII came from Kayenta area; made and/or imported Kayenta po ery Site in Moqui Canyon Next, the Kaiparowits Plateau
Needles District
Coombs and Lampstand Sites
Natural Blanding Bridges Comb Kaiparo- Red Rock Cedar Mesa Ridge wits Plateau Plateau Bluff
Piute Mesa Utah Arizona Kaiparowits Plateau (view from Glen Canyon)
USGS image -Pueblo II sites with Fremont, Virgin Branch, and Kayenta po ery present in region, with Fremont earliest -In late PII, many small new sites established on higher parts of the Plateau -Po ery at these sites dominated by Sosi-Dogoszhi styles; how much assignable to Kayenta versus Virgin Branch types is disputed The Boulder Valley and Circle Cliffs Area
Needles District
Coombs and Lampstand Sites Natural Blanding Bridges
Cedar Comb Kaiparo- Red Rock Ridge wits Plateau Mesa Plateau Bluff
Piute Mesa Utah Arizona Coombs Site, Boulder, Utah—ca. 6700 . eleva on
Lister and Lister 1961
• Black Mesa, Sosi, Dogoszhi B/W styles; some Flagstaff • Tusayan B/R, some polychromes •Local igneous temper for majority of vessels •Small amounts Fremont B/W ( Ivie Creek); Mancos and McElmo B/W •9 T-R dates cluster in late 1160s; latest is 1169+vv •Was Boulder Valley a refuge during the mid-1100s drought? Coombs se lers were familiar w/ making Kayenta po ery Lampstand Ruins •6400 . eleva on, Circle Cliffs area, ca. 25 km ENE of Coombs
•B/W predominantly Sosi and Dogoszhi; smaller amounts of Black Mesa
•Orange ware predominantly Tusayan B/R, small amount of polychrome
Por on of the •Gray ware up to 50% “Coombs Variety”; Lampstand Ruins also a few C.V. white and O.W. sherds (Baadsgaard and Janetski 2005) •No intrusive Fremont, Virgin Branch or Mesa Verde sherds
•Radiocarbon dates consistent with AD Strong case for brief 1100s occupa on se lement by a Kayenta •Fremont Durfey site 25 km N; da ng may group slightly overlap w/Lampstand Concluding Comments •Reliable precipita on in the 1000s--early 1100s promoted popula on growth S of the San Juan; dispersed se lement led to rapid territorial expansion to N
•Red Rock Plateau, Cedar Mesa, and Boulder-Circle Cliffs area received late PII Kayenta immigrants •Earlier popula ons either were absent, withdrew, were integrated into new Kayenta se lements, and/or occupied complementary adap ve niches
•L. PII Kayentans interacted with M.V. groups to the E. and Virgin groups to the W.
•During the mid 1100s drought, the “northern Kayenta” retreated or merged with neighboring Mesa Verde, Virgin Branch or Fremont popula ons Postscript (for Steve Lekson) This sash, of Mexican macaw feathers, yucca fiber cordage, and a Southwest- ern Abert’s Squirrel pelt, was found in the Needles district, in or near Canyonlands Na onal Park. An AMS date of 920+/-35 years calibrates to AD 1101+/-49 years (late PII)
Was this cached en route from Chaco to a Fremont group, carried perhaps by a Kayenta courier?
Photo courtesy of Kent Frost and the Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum Acknowledgments:
James Allison Kyle Bocinsky Jesse Clark Natalie Fast Joel Janetski Kevin Jones Daniel Larson Arie Leeflang R.G. Matson Sue Matson Brad Newbold Richard Talbot Debbie Wes all Thomas Windes References Aikens, C. Melvin 1966 Virgin-Kayenta Cultural Rela onships. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 79. Salt Lake City Allison, James R. 2010 The End of Farming in the "Northern Periphery" of the Southwest. In Leaving Mesa Verde: Peril and Change in the Thirteenth- Century Southwest, edited by T. A. Kohler, M. D. Varien, and A. M. Wright, pp. 128-155. University of Arizona Press, Tucson Baadsgaard, Aubrey and Joel C. Janetski 2005 Exploring Forma ve Strategies and Ethnicity in South-Central Utah: Excava ons at Lampstand Ruins and the Durfey Site. Brigham Young University Museum of Peoples and Cultures, Technical Series No. 00-3. Provo, UT Geib. Phil R. 1996 Glen Canyon Revisited. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 119. Salt Lake City Lipe, William D. 1970 Anasazi Communi es in the Red Rock Plateau, Southeastern Utah. In Reconstruc ng Prehistoric Pueblo Socie es, edited by W. A. Longacre, pp 84-139. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque 1981 Kayenta Ceramics North of the San Juan: Mobile Pots or Po ers? Presented at the Annual Mee ng of the SAA, San Diego, CA Lister, Florence 1964 Kaiparowits Plateau and Glen Canyon Prehistory. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 71. Salt Lake City Lister, Robert H. and Florence C. Lister 1961 The Coombs Site: Part III, Summary and Conclusions. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 41, Part III. Salt Lake City Lyneis, Margaret M. 1996 Pueblo II-Pueblo III Change in Southwestern Utah, the Arizona Strip, and Southern Nevada. In The Prehistoric Pueblo World, AD 1150-1350, edited by Michael A. Adler, pp. 11-28. University of Arizona Press, Tucson McFadden, Douglas A. 1997 Forma ve Se lement on the Grand Staircase-Escalante Na onal Monument: A Tale of Two Adapta ons. In Learning from the Land: GS-E Nat’l Mon. Science Sympos. Proceedings, edited by L.M. Hill, pp. 91-102. BLM Utah State Office, Salt City Meko, D.M., C.A. Woodhouse, CA. Baisan, T. Knight, J.J. Lukas, M.K. Hughes, and M.W. Salzer 2007 Medieval Drought in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Geophysical Research Le ers, Vol. 34, L10704 Powell, Shirley 2002 The Puebloan Florescence and Dispersion: Dinnebito and Beyond, A.D. 800-1150. In Prehistoric Culture Change on the Colorado Plateau: Ten Thousand Years on Black Mesa, edited by S.Powell and F. E. Smiley, pp. 79-117. University of Arizona Press, Tucson Stein, Mary Anne 1966 An Archaeological Survey of Paiute Mesa, Arizona. Unpublished MA thesis, Dept. of Anthropology, U. of Oklahoma, Norman