A Late Pueblo II Period "Surge" of Kayenta Ceramics into Southern ?

Bill Lipe Washington State University and Donna Glowacki University of Notre Dame

with contribuons by Jesse Clark, Washington State Univ.

Annual Meeng of the Society Sosi B/W for American Archaeology Jar Sacramento, March 31, 2011 State Parks Volunteer Program web site Does the Kayenta-dominated Clay Hills Phase represent: -Populaon movement from south of the San Juan? -Or a shi in poery procurement by an already resident populaon? Why did the Clay Hills phase begin and end when it did? How widely do similar poery complexes occur north of the San Juan River? We shall examine these quesons

Graphic by Sue Matson from both Cedar Mesa and regional perspecves The Big Regional Picture The widespread presence of late Pueblo II Kayenta tradion poery north of the San Juan has been discussed for years (e.g., Lister and Lister 1961; Lister 1964; Aikens 1966; Lipe 1970, 1981; Geib 1996; Lyneis 1996, McFadden 1997; Baadsgaard and Janetski 2005; Allison 2010)

The late PII Clay Hill Complex on Cedar Mesa is dominated by Sosi and Dogoszhi B/W, with lesser amounts of Black Mesa and Flagstaff B/W. Also, Tusayan B/R with lesser amounts of Citadel and Tusayan Polychrome. This complex also occurs in a number of other locales in southern Utah.

Pueblo III period Kayenta poery has a much reduced spaal distribuon in SE Utah Todie Spring, Cedar Mesa No. of Pueblo II and III Kayenta

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a Presence-absence occurrences of diagnosc PII-III K Kayenta types at sites N. of the San Juan. Data aggregated by secon Non- Diagnosc Kayenta

PII-III Kayenta Diagnoscs

Occurrences, by ceramic tradion, in IMACS sites that have any Kayenta poery. Kayenta relaonships appear strong with M.V. tradion sites to the east and Virgin tradion sites to the west Some locaons (in blue) where late PII Kayenta poery is common. We’ll start with Cedar Mesa and Piute Mesa

Needles District

Coombs and Lampstand Sites

Natural Blanding Bridges Cedar Comb Kaiparo- Red Rock Ridge wits Plateau Mesa Plateau Bluff

Piute Mesa Utah Arizona Black Mesa Cedar Mesa Composional Analysis Donna Glowacki is using temper and INAA to compare samples of Sosi B/W and Tusayan Corrugated from Cedar Mesa and Piute Mesa, as well as clay samples from those two areas Very Preliminary Results: •Temper is more similar within than between the CM and PM poery samples Sosi B/W jar, ASM “Wall of Poery” online exhibit •Both areas had access to Chinle clays as well as other sources

•Preliminary stascs yield groups with members from both CM and PM, as well as groups confined predominantly to one or the other area

•At present, we cannot exclude the possibility that the same Kayenta types were manufactured locally on both Cedar Mesa and Piute Mesa.

•The results show promise for finer-grained inferences based on more rigorous stascal analyses. Cedar Mesa Distribuonal Analysis

Closest late PII Kayenta populaon centers (e.g., Piute Mesa) lie to the SW. However, on Cedar Mesa, Clay Hills sites and Kayenta sherds have a “center of gravity” NE of other occupaons. End of Clay Hills phase coincides with the mid-1100s drought

Cung and near-cung tree-ring dates from Cedar Mesa and Natural Bridges

Reconstructed stream flow for Colorado River at Lees Ferry (Meko et al. 2007) Needles District

Coombs and Lampstand Sites

Natural Blanding Bridges Cedar Comb Kaiparo- Red Rock Ridge wits Plateau Mesa Plateau Bluff

Piute Mesa Black Mesa Utah Arizona What was happening in the Kayenta home area at the me of the Kayenta “surge” on Cedar Mesa? Late PII Kayenta Populaon Boom, S. of San Juan

Percentage of total B/W poery, 215 sites PII-III Poery Frequencies, Populaon, N. Black Mesa Piute Mesa Survey (Stein 1966) (Powell 2002; aer Plog 1986) Needles District

Coombs and Lampstand Sites

Natural Blanding Bridges Cedar Comb Kaiparo- Red Rock Ridge wits Plateau Mesa Plateau Bluff

Piute Mesa Black Mesa Utah Arizona What was happening in Late PII in the Red Rock Plateau? s e Pueblo III 30 Anasazi Tree Ring Dates (Berry 1982) 30 Sit ed t Pueblo Pueblo II Pueblo IV

Da Basketmaker II Basketmaker III 15 15 ng i Number of

e R C-14 Dates e r T 0 0 0 500 1000 1500 Cedar Mesa and the Red Rock Plateau Years A.D.

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opula 0 0 P 0 500 1000 1500 Years A.D. es Red Rock Plateau ( Lipe 1966, 1970) 25 25 w

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B.M. II K 0 Horse 0 0 500 1000 1500 Years A.D. Number of Habitaion Sit Graphic by Sue Matson •The Red Rock Plateau occupaon was even more episodic than for Cedar Mesa •Ceramics of the RRP Klethla phase of the RRP and the CM Clay Hills phase are similar, but C.H. includes some Mesa Verde tradion poery as well Figure XII-9 Comparison of Cedar Mesa, Red Rock Plateau and Berry’s Anasazi Sequences. •Both phases have Sosi and Dogoszhi B/W w/lesser amounts of Black Mesa and Flagstaff B/W. Tusayan B/R common; lesser amounts of Citadel and Tusayan Polychrome

Matson, Lipe, and Haase Chapter XII Figures, March 31, 2010 – 9 The Red Rock Plateau, Area

• No Early PII Pueblo occupaon; lile evidence of Fremont occupaon

• Klethla phase (AD 1100-1150) represents repopulaon of the area

• Klethla has virtually no Mesa Verde tradion poery

• Probable occupaonal hiatus mid-to-late 1100s Inference: Populaon that occupied the RRP in late PII came from Kayenta area; made and/or imported Kayenta poery Site in Moqui Canyon Next, the Kaiparowits Plateau

Needles District

Coombs and Lampstand Sites

Natural Blanding Bridges Comb Kaiparo- Red Rock Cedar Mesa Ridge wits Plateau Plateau Bluff

Piute Mesa Utah Arizona Kaiparowits Plateau (view from Glen Canyon)

USGS image -Pueblo II sites with Fremont, Virgin Branch, and Kayenta poery present in region, with Fremont earliest -In late PII, many small new sites established on higher parts of the Plateau -Poery at these sites dominated by Sosi-Dogoszhi styles; how much assignable to Kayenta versus Virgin Branch types is disputed The Boulder Valley and Circle Cliffs Area

Needles District

Coombs and Lampstand Sites Natural Blanding Bridges

Cedar Comb Kaiparo- Red Rock Ridge wits Plateau Mesa Plateau Bluff

Piute Mesa Utah Arizona Coombs Site, Boulder, Utah—ca. 6700 . elevaon

Lister and Lister 1961

• Black Mesa, Sosi, Dogoszhi B/W styles; some Flagstaff • Tusayan B/R, some polychromes •Local igneous temper for majority of vessels •Small amounts Fremont B/W ( Ivie Creek); Mancos and McElmo B/W •9 T-R dates cluster in late 1160s; latest is 1169+vv •Was Boulder Valley a refuge during the mid-1100s drought? Coombs selers were familiar w/ making Kayenta poery Lampstand Ruins •6400 . elevaon, Circle Cliffs area, ca. 25 km ENE of Coombs

•B/W predominantly Sosi and Dogoszhi; smaller amounts of Black Mesa

•Orange ware predominantly Tusayan B/R, small amount of polychrome

Poron of the •Gray ware up to 50% “Coombs Variety”; Lampstand Ruins also a few C.V. white and O.W. sherds (Baadsgaard and Janetski 2005) •No intrusive Fremont, Virgin Branch or Mesa Verde sherds

•Radiocarbon dates consistent with AD Strong case for brief 1100s occupaon selement by a Kayenta •Fremont Durfey site 25 km N; dang may group slightly overlap w/Lampstand Concluding Comments •Reliable precipitaon in the 1000s--early 1100s promoted populaon growth S of the San Juan; dispersed selement led to rapid territorial expansion to N

•Red Rock Plateau, Cedar Mesa, and Boulder-Circle Cliffs area received late PII Kayenta immigrants •Earlier populaons either were absent, withdrew, were integrated into new Kayenta selements, and/or occupied complementary adapve niches

•L. PII Kayentans interacted with M.V. groups to the E. and Virgin groups to the W.

•During the mid 1100s drought, the “northern Kayenta” retreated or merged with neighboring Mesa Verde, Virgin Branch or Fremont populaons Postscript (for Steve Lekson) This sash, of Mexican macaw feathers, yucca fiber cordage, and a Southwest- ern Abert’s Squirrel pelt, was found in the Needles district, in or near Canyonlands Naonal Park. An AMS date of 920+/-35 years calibrates to AD 1101+/-49 years (late PII)

Was this cached en route from Chaco to a Fremont group, carried perhaps by a Kayenta courier?

Photo courtesy of Kent Frost and the Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum Acknowledgments:

James Allison Kyle Bocinsky Jesse Clark Natalie Fast Joel Janetski Kevin Jones Daniel Larson Arie Leeflang R.G. Matson Sue Matson Brad Newbold Richard Talbot Debbie Wesall Thomas Windes References Aikens, C. Melvin 1966 Virgin-Kayenta Cultural Relaonships. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 79. Salt Lake City Allison, James R. 2010 The End of Farming in the "Northern Periphery" of the Southwest. In Leaving Mesa Verde: Peril and Change in the Thirteenth- Century Southwest, edited by T. A. Kohler, M. D. Varien, and A. M. Wright, pp. 128-155. University of Arizona Press, Tucson Baadsgaard, Aubrey and Joel C. Janetski 2005 Exploring Formave Strategies and Ethnicity in South-Central Utah: Excavaons at Lampstand Ruins and the Durfey Site. Brigham Young University Museum of Peoples and Cultures, Technical Series No. 00-3. Provo, UT Geib. Phil R. 1996 Glen Canyon Revisited. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 119. Salt Lake City Lipe, William D. 1970 Anasazi Communies in the Red Rock Plateau, Southeastern Utah. In Reconstrucng Prehistoric Pueblo Sociees, edited by W. A. Longacre, pp 84-139. University of Press, Albuquerque 1981 Kayenta Ceramics North of the San Juan: Mobile Pots or Poers? Presented at the Annual Meeng of the SAA, San Diego, CA Lister, Florence 1964 Kaiparowits Plateau and Glen Canyon Prehistory. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 71. Salt Lake City Lister, Robert H. and Florence C. Lister 1961 The Coombs Site: Part III, Summary and Conclusions. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 41, Part III. Salt Lake City Lyneis, Margaret M. 1996 Pueblo II-Pueblo III Change in Southwestern Utah, the Arizona Strip, and Southern Nevada. In The Prehistoric Pueblo World, AD 1150-1350, edited by Michael A. Adler, pp. 11-28. University of Arizona Press, Tucson McFadden, Douglas A. 1997 Formave Selement on the Grand Staircase-Escalante Naonal Monument: A Tale of Two Adaptaons. In Learning from the Land: GS-E Nat’l Mon. Science Sympos. Proceedings, edited by L.M. Hill, pp. 91-102. BLM Utah State Office, Salt City Meko, D.M., C.A. Woodhouse, CA. Baisan, T. Knight, J.J. Lukas, M.K. Hughes, and M.W. Salzer 2007 Medieval Drought in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Geophysical Research Leers, Vol. 34, L10704 Powell, Shirley 2002 The Puebloan Florescence and Dispersion: Dinnebito and Beyond, A.D. 800-1150. In Prehistoric Culture Change on the Colorado Plateau: Ten Thousand Years on Black Mesa, edited by S.Powell and F. E. Smiley, pp. 79-117. University of Arizona Press, Tucson Stein, Mary Anne 1966 An Archaeological Survey of Paiute Mesa, Arizona. Unpublished MA thesis, Dept. of Anthropology, U. of Oklahoma, Norman