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THE SMOKING COMPLEX in the PREHISTORIC SOUTHWEST By The smoking complex in the prehistoric Southwest Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Simmons, Ellin A. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 00:29:48 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/552017 THE SMOKING COMPLEX IN THE PREHISTORIC SOUTHWEST by Ellin A* Simmons A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 6 8 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library• Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: /// A- APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: ^ 7 ' T. PATRICK CULBERT Date Associate Professor of Anthropology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge those people who have given par­ ticular assistance during the writing of this thesis, especially my committee members. Dr. T. Patrick Culbert, Chairman, Dr. William A. Longacre, and Dr. Raymond H. Thompson who all provided valuable , comments and criticism. Dr. Thompson should receive special thanks for suggesting the topic. George Gumerman was generous with his library and his knowledge of Southwestern archaeology. I thank Mrs. Hazel Gillie for typing the manuscript and Miss Valerie Jackson for the illustrations. Finally, I cannot begin to thank my husband, Mike, for his many suggestions, insights and continual encouragement that led to the completion of this study. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF T A B L E S ....................................... ' • • viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS................................... ix ABSTRACT ......................................... * * * x 1. INTRODUCTION...................... .. ............. 1 2. EXPLANATION OF T Y P E S .................................. 5 The Types ........................................... 9 Tubular Pipes .......... 9 Short Cylindrical Pipes .................... 11 Trumpet-Shaped Tubular Pipes Conical! P i p e s ........ Shouldered Conical Pipes . Elbow P i p e s .................................... l£ Effigy P i p e s ..................................... 15 3. TUBULAR P I P E S ........................................... 16 Stone Tubular P i p e s ............................ 16 Interior F o r m .................................. 16 Exterior Characteristics .......... » 19 Surface Treatment ............................ • 21 P o l i s h i n g ................ 22 Incising .................. 23 Painting ..................................... 2k Other Decoration...................... 26 Evidence of S m o k i n g ........................ 27 Provenience ..................................... 27 Archaeological Association ....................... 3h Areal and Temporal Distribution .............. 35 Clay Tubular Pipes ............... U7 Interior Form ......................... l|8 Exterior Characteristics.................... U9 Surface Treatment .......................... 50 Polishing ....................................... $0 Slipping.......... 51 Painting .................. 5l Incising . ; ................................... 52 iv V TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued Page Other Decoration.......... 52 Evidence of Smoking ............................. 53 Provenience ...... ........................ 5U Archaeological Association ............ ..... 57 Areal and Temporal Distribution ......... 58 Bone Tubular P i p e s .......... .. ................. 6? Interior F o r m ........ ......................... 6? Surface Treatment .......................... 68 Evidence.of Smoking ............................ 68 Provenience .................................. 68 Areal and Temporal Distribution................ 69 Wood Tubular P i p e ................................... 69 Corn Cob P i p e .............................. .. ' 72 U. TRUMPET-SHAPED TUBULAR P I P E S ............................. 7U Clay . ............................................... Ik Interior F o r m ................................... 7U Surface Treatment ............................. 75 Evidence.of Smoking ............................. 75 Provenience ..................................... 76 Areal arid Temporal Distribution.............. 76 SHORT CYLINDRICAL P I P E S ................................. 79 Stone Short Cylindrical P i p e s ...................... 79 Interior Form ...................... 79 Exterior Characteristics ........ 81 Surface T r e a t m e n t ........................ 83 Evidence,of Smoking ............................. 83 Provenience ......... ................ • 8U Archaeological Association . ................ 85 Areal and Temporal D i s t r i b u t i o n ................ 86 Clay Short Cylindrical Pipes . 91 interior Form ................................... 91 Surface Treatment . ......................... 92 Evidence, of Smoking ............................. 9U Provenience.......................... 9U Areal and Temporal Distribution ......... 95 6. CONICAL P I P E S .............. ................... 97 Clay Conical P i p e s .......... 97 Interior F o r m ................................... 97 Surface T r e a t m e n t ............ 99 TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued Page Polishing......................................... 99 Incising and Painting . ............... 99 Other Decoration ................................... 100 Evidence of Smoking ....... ................ 100 Provenience .......... ...... ............ • 101 Areal and Temporal Distribution............... 103 Stone Conical Pipes .................. 110 Interior Form ................ 110 Surface Treatment.............................. 112 Polishing.................. ...................... H 2 I n c i s i n g ................ 113 Evidence of Stocking ...... ........ ..... 113 Provenience................ * .................... lilt Areal and Temporal Distribution ............ 115 Wood Conical Pipes .............. 117 7. SHOULDERED CONICAL PIPES ................................... 120 Clay ............................................. 120 Interior Form ........................ ...... 120 Surface Treatment . ............ ......... 121 Evidence of Smoking ............................... 122 Provenience ............... ............ 122 Areal and Temporal Distribution .......... 122 8. ELBOW PIPES ................................................. 125 Clay Elbow Pipes ................... 126 Surface Treatment ........ .............. 126 Polishing........................................... 127 Painting ..................... 127 Slipping ......................................... 128 Evidence of Smoking ........ ........... 128 Provenience • ...................... ....... 129 Areal and Temporal Distribution........ .. • . • • 131 Stone Elbow Pipes ................................ 137 Surface Treatment............ 137 Polishing........................................ 137 Other Decoration ................ ........ 138 Evidence of Smoking .................... ••... 138 Provenience ...................... 139 Areal and Temporal Distribution • ........ .... UtO vii TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued Page 9. EFFIGY PIPES . , 1U3 Clay . 1U3 10. UNUSUAL FORMS , Ui6 11. THE CLOUDBLOWER 1U8 12. SUMMARY . 1 # Types . ................... 1 # Tubular Pipes ............ 1# Trumpet-Shaped Tubular Pipes 163 Short Cylindrical Pipes . 165 Conical Pipes ....... 169 Shouldered Conical Pipes . , 171 Elbow Pipes ........ 173 Effigy Pipes ............ 175 Pipe Development in the Southwest 175 LIST OF REFERENCES........ .. 183 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Numbers of Pipes by Types and Material . ............... 6 2. Tubular Pipes: S t o n e ................................. 36 3. Tubular Pipes: C l a y ..................................... 59 U. Tubular Pipes: Bone ..................................... 70 5. Tubular Pipes: W o o d ..................................... 71 6. Tubular Pipe: Com C o b .................. 73 7# Trumpet-Shaped Tubular Pipes: C l a y .............. 78 8. Short Cylindrical Pipes: Stone ......................... 87 9. Short Cylindrical Pipes: C l a y .................... 96 10. Conical Pipes: C l a y ....................................... 10lt 11. Conical Pipes: Stone ................................... 116 12. Conical Pipes: Wood . ................................... U 9 13. Shouldered Conical Pipes: C l a y ......................... 12U ill. Elbow Pipes: C l a y ................ 133 l5< Elbow Pipes: Stone ........................................lUl 16. Effigy Pipes: C l a y ....................................... Hill viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Map of Traditional Southwestern Culture Groups Around A.D.
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