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Genetic Study of Compositional and Physical Kernel Quality Traits in Diverse Maize

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Genetic Study of Compositional and Physical Kernel Quality Traits in Diverse Maize Genetic Study of Compositional and Physical Kernel Quality Traits in Diverse Maize (Zea mays L.) Germplasm DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Si Hwan Ryu, M.S. Graduate Program in Horticulture and Crop Science The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Richard C. Pratt, Advisor Dr. Joseph C. Scheerens Dr. Peter R. Thomison Dr. Margaret G. Redinbaugh Copyright by Si Hwan Ryu 2010 Abstract Grain quality traits of maize such as protein, oil, starch, and kernel size and density are essential for various end-uses; feed for animals, food for humans, and raw materials for industry. Kernel pigments like anthocyanins and carotenoids have numerous nutritional functions in animals and human beings. Increasing the levels of these compositional traits and pigments in kernels should increase the nutritional quality of maize. An investigation of protein content and its relationship with kernel physical traits and identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying these traits was conducted in a population arising from a cross between a low protein temperate dent inbred (B73) and a high protein tropical flint breeding line (H140). The QTL associated with these traits were determined by selective genotyping and the correlations among kernel traits were calculated. A preliminarily examination of QTL associated with oil and starch was also undertaken. Kernel pigment content of representative Arido-American land race maize accessions was evaluated and relationships between pigments, protein, and oil contents were determined. Reciprocal effects when high and low pigment containing progenies were crossed also were examined. Multiple regression analysis detected QTL for protein, density, and 100-kernel weight that explained 38 to 71%, 15 to 42%, 27 to 64% of phenotypic variation, ii respectively. Initial findings for oil and starch suggested that the QTL explained 13 to 64% and 38 to 80% of phenotypic variation, respectively. Starch content was negatively correlated with protein and oil, and these correlations were consistent across environments. Starch content was negatively correlated with kernel density and protein content was also negatively correlated with 100-kernel weight. Protein content and kernel density were positively correlated. Our results indicate that certain desirable trait combinations may be easily selected, whereas other combinations will be much more difficult due to negative associations between them. Orange and yellow colored kernels contained large amounts of carotenoids and blue and purple colored kernels contained high anthocyanin concentrations. It was concluded that the Arido-American germplasm generally does not possess high carotenoid content, but does display high anthocyanin content which may provide health and nutritional benefits to those who consume it. Phenotypic correlations between carotenoid and oil content, and between carotenoid and protein content, were not consistent across populations, suggesting that simultaneous enhancement of these traits may be difficult in some populations. Carotenoids in reciprocal crosses were intermediate between the parents, or were more affected by the female parent, suggesting a dosage effect. Anthocyanin content of reciprocal crosses was not significantly different from that of their female parents, indicating a strong maternal effect. The selected high anthocyanin progenies from Arido-American grermplasm may serve as a germplasm resource for development of high anthocyanin temperate maize. iii Dedication This document is dedicated to my parents, wife, and sons. iv Acknowledgments It is with pleasure that I thank my advisor, Dr. Richard C. Pratt who provided, guided, and supported me during my graduate study. His advice as a mentor guided my family‟s life in USA and as a professor allowed me to pursue my research. I am extremely grateful to all my committee members, Dr. Joe Scheerens, Dr. Peter Thomison, and Dr. Margaret Redinbaugh for their valuable suggestions to my project, and for their positive criticism to my dissertation. I am thankful to Dr. Godfrey Asea for his guidance at the beginning on my QTL study, Mark Casey for his support in field research, Mark Jones for his help in DNA analysis, Dr. Edward Souza for his support of machine, Dr. Ann Chanon for her help in pigments analysis, Suzanne Nelson for collaboration and gift of seed stocks from collection in Native Seeds/SEARCH (NSS), Lindsay Werth, Benito Gutierrez, and Chris Lowen for field support in Arizona, Andrew Burt in Univ. of Guelph for advice of carotenoid analyses. I am also grateful to Dr. Hwang-Kee Min for his extraordinary support of my study abroad. I deeply thank my family. To my parents, for believing in me and unconditional support in my whole life. To my wife, Jaesook Noh, for her great support, love, and dedication. To my dearly beloved sons, Jongha and Wonha, for their strong friendship v and cheerful life making me happy. To my brother, sister, and their families for their assistance. Lastly, very special thanks to my mother-in-law who passed away during my study. vi Vita February 14, 1969 ..........................................Born – Chungju, S. Korea 1987................................................................Chungju High School, S. Korea 1994................................................................B.S. Agriculture, Chung Buk National University, S. Korea 1999................................................................M.S. Agriculture, Chung Buk National University, S. Korea 1996 to 2006 ..................................................Agricultural Researcher, Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, S. Korea 2007 to present ..............................................Graduate Research Associate, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: Horticulture and Crop Science vii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... v Vita .................................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xv Chapter 1: Background and Introduction ........................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Quantitative Trait Loci study of Maize Grain Quality Traits in a Temperate by Tropical Population Using Selective Genotyping .............................................................. 6 2.1. Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 7 2.3. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................... 10 2.3.1. B73 H140 (BH) population development and field evaluation .................... 10 2.3.2. Phenotypic trait analysis ................................................................................. 11 2.3.3. Genotypic analysis .......................................................................................... 12 viii 2.3.4. Statistical analysis............................................................................................ 12 2.4. Results and Discussion .............................................................................................. 13 2.4.1. QTL analysis.................................................................................................... 13 2.4.2. Kernel trait variation and correlations ............................................................. 18 Chapter 3: Variation of Kernel Anthocyanin and Carotenoid Content in Arido-American Land Races of Maize ........................................................................................................ 28 3.1. Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 28 3.2. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 29 3.3. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................... 32 3.3.1. Selection of accessions and field evaluation ................................................... 32 3.3.2. Harvest, milling and kernel oil and protein composition ................................ 32 3.3.3. Total carotenoid pigment analysis ................................................................... 33 3.3.4. Total anthocyanin pigment analysis ................................................................ 34 3.3.5. Statistical analysis............................................................................................ 35 3.4. Results .......................................................................................................................
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