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Acomita an 371.Qxp THE I-40, EXIT 102 ACOMITA INTERCHANGE STUDY: Research Design and Data Recovery Plan for Six Archaeological Sites (LA 54902, LA 89019, LA 89020, LA 108511, LA 145685, and LA 149868), Cibola County, New Mexico Stephen S. Post and Charles A. Hannaford Office of Archaeological Studies Museum of New Mexico AN 371 2005 OFFICE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL AFFAIRS The I-40, Exit 102 Acomita Interchange Study: Research Design and Data Recovery Plan for Six Archaeological Sites (LA 54902, LA 89019, LA 89020, LA 108511, LA 145685, and LA 149868), Cibola County, New Mexico STEPHEN S. POST AND CHARLES A. HANNAFORD With Contributions by Nancy J. Akins Jeffrey L. Boyer Pamela J. McBride James L. Moore Mollie S. Toll C. Dean Wilson ARCHAEOLOGY NOTES 371 SANTA FE 2005 NEW MEXICO ADMINISTRATIVE SUMMARY This data recovery plan was prepared by the tectural remains and artifact scatter . Excavation Museum of New Mexico, Office of Archaeological may yield information on the or ganization of agri- Studies (OAS), at the request of the New Mexico cultural-based subsistence behaviors between A.D. Department of Transportation (NMDOT). It pro- 1000 and 1 150 in the Acoma Province and the vides a cultural-historical, theoretical, and method- periphery of the San Jose drainage basin. ological context for the archaeological investiga- LA 89019 is multicomponent with an artifact tion of portions of six archaeological sites, LA scatter dating from late Paleoindian to Pueblo II 54902, LA 89019, LA 89020, LA 108511, LA period and a Territorial period foundation with a 145685, and LA 149868, which occur within two light scatter of artifacts located within an undulat- proposed design alternatives for the propose I-40 ing and intermittently deflated and stable Exit 102 improvement project (Alternative dune/bedrock setting. Alternative 3 will af fect a 3–Single Point Urban Interchange, and Alternative narrow strip of the prehistoric component along 5–Compressed Diamond Interchange Shifted the existing I-40 right-of-way . Alternative 5 will West). The project is located between I-40 Mile affect 66 percent of the site area including Posts (MP) 101.34 and 102.83 in the eastern por- Paleoindian, Early and Middle Archaic, Pueblo II, tion of the Pueblo of Acoma, Cibola County, New and late Territorial period components. Excavation Mexico. The project will be funded by the Federal may yield information on changing hunting and Highway Administration (FHWA), NMDOT, and gathering practices and or ganization on the mar- the Pueblo of Acoma. Initial field surveys were gins of a lar ge mammal migratory route along the conducted in two phases by archaeologists from Rio San Jose, and Acoma Province Anasazi sea- Marron and Associates, Inc. of Albuquerque, New sonal subsistence patterns centered on agriculture Mexico, and OAS gratefully recognizes Kenneth and foraging. The late Territorial period compo- Brown, Marron and Associates, Inc., for supplying nent reflects pastoral subsistence pattern within the electronic copies of much of the introductory sec- shifting sociopolitical boundaries of Acoma tions and site descriptions that are included in the Pueblo and the community of Cubero. data recovery plan (M. E. Brown and K. L. Brown LA 89020 is an elongated sherd and lithic arti- 2005). This data recovery plan conforms with the fact scatter with Late Archaic and Pueblo III requirements of the New Mexico and federal (Kowina phase) components. Less than 5 percent statutes as they may apply to archaeological inves- of the site will be af fected by Alternative 3 con- tigations conducted on state, Indian, and private struction. Most of the potential site area within the lands with federal, state, and Acoma Tribe funding. I-40 eastbound on-ramp is covered or removed by LA 54902 is a small site consisting of a Pueblo water run-of f and modern alluviation from high- II period artifact scatter and linear configuration of way drainage patterns. Small-scale excavation sandstone slabs that may represent the remains of a may yield artifact assemblages that can be com- fieldhouse or seasonally occupied structure founda- pared with technological characteristics of contem- tion. A field check, combined with interpretation of poraneous assemblages from other sites, if tempo- aerial and spatial imagery , indicates that only the rally diagnostic artifacts are recovered. Alternative 5 construction may af fect the southern LA 108511 is a spatially extensive, low densi- portion of the site, which is characterized by a very ty sherd and lithic artifact scatter within an ancient light surface artifact scatter . Limited hand excava- floodplain. The dispersed artifact scatter dating tion with a spatially extensive backhoe excavation from the Pueblo II period (Pilares phase) appears program is recommended to determine if deeply to result from berm construction, underground util- buried cultural deposits underlie the surface archi- ity installation, and borrow pit activities that have ii brought buried cultural resources to the surface. LA 149868 is a multicomponent Pueblo II These surface artifacts may not directly reflect pre- fieldhouse with a sherd and lithic artifact scatter historic activities and behaviors, however , they and three historic era features probably dating indicate the presence of subsurface cultural from the late Territorial period and associated with deposits. Pueblo II farmers practiced a land-exten- activities at LA 89019, which was located only 60 sive settlement pattern that provided access to m to the east. Alternative 5 construction would farmlands distant from permanent villages. affect the north portion of the site, which is prima- Construction of an Alternative 5 access road does rily a dispersed prehistoric artifact scatter in inter- not affect the surface artifact scatter. However, the mittently stable and deflated dune and sandstone potential for subsurface deposits and features from bedrock settings. Cultural deposit depth should be fieldhouse occupations or other seasonal activities variable and the contextual integrity of the cultural may be encountered both within and outside the deposits is unknown. Some artifacts may be con- existing site boundary . A program of subsurface temporaneous with the main prehistoric compo- backhoe excavation and subsequent hand excava- nent, while others remain from low intensity, short tions of features in the vicinity of LA 108511 may duration activities. Excavations may yield data on yield data on Pueblo II subsistence technology, set- intermittent, low intensity use of this area for farm- tlement, and organization. ing and diurnal foraging by Anasazi farmers. LA 145685 is a small site located along the The following research design and data recov- south side of the I-40 eastbound on-ramp. It is ery plan provides cultural-historical and environ- described as a Pueblo I sherd and lithic artifact mental context, site descriptions, an assessment of scatter of which only a small portion may be data potential of site areas within proposed affected by Alternative 3 construction. A site visit Alternatives 3 and 5 construction and research revealed a small stabilized dune area within a mod- questions with a site-specific and regional scales. ern, highway-related drainage swale that may have Field data recovery and laboratory analysis meth- contextual integrity. Excavation may yield limited ods link the archaeological site data potential to the information in the organization of Pueblo I subsis- appropriate research questions and scales of analy- tence and ceramic technology. sis and interpretation. MNM Project No. 41.808 NMDOT Project No. IM-040-2(58)102 (I-40/Exit 102 Interchange Project) CN 2763 NMCRIS No. 95951 iii iv CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . .1 ARTIFACT ANALYSES AND RESEARCH ISSUES 83 Chronometrics by J. L. Moore . .83 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING . .9 Chipped Stone Artifacts by J. L. Moore . .86 Physiography and Geology . .9 Ground Stone Artifacts by J. L. Moore . .88 Soils . .9 Native Ceramics by C. D. Wilson, J. L. Moore, and Climate . .11 E. Blinman . .89 Surface Water . .11 Botanical Remains by M. S. Toll, P. McBride, Vegetation . .11 and J. L. Moore . .92 Fauna . .12 Euroamerican Artifacts by C. A. Hannaford . .93 Faunal Remains by N. J. Akins . .94 CULTURE HISTORY . .13 Human Remains by Nancy J. Akins . .96 Paleoindian Period (10,000–5500 B.C.) . .13 Archaic Period (5500 B.C.–A.D. 400) . .14 REFERENCES CITED . .99 Puebloan Period (100 B.C.–A.D. 1540) . .15 Historic Period (A.D. 1540–Present) . .20 APPENDIXES PREVIOUS RESEARCH . .27 1. Site Summary and Legal Description . .111 2. Alternative 3 with Site Locations . .114 TRADITIONAL CULTURAL PROPERTIES . .31 3. Alternative 5 with Site Locations . .115 4. Acomita Landowners . .116 SITE DESCRIPTIONS . .33 LA 54902 . .33 FIGURES LA 89019 . .35 LA 89020 . .40 1. Project Vicinity Map . .2 LA 108511 . .43 2. Aerial photograph of Alternative 3 . .3 LA 145685 . .45 3. Aerial photograph of Alternative 5 . .4 LA 149868 . .46 4. Land status with Alternatives 3 and 5 . .5 5. LA 54902 site map . .34 RESEARCH DESIGN AND DATA RECOVERY 6. LA 89019 site map . .36 PLAN . .51 7. LA 89019 historic structure plan map . .38 Introduction . .51 8. LA 89020 site map . .41 9. LA 108511 site map . .44 RESEARCH DESIGN AND ORIENTATION . .55 10. LA 145685 site map . .46 Late Paleoindian-Archaic Period . .55 11. LA 149868 site map . .47 Pueblo Period . .64 Historic Period Component . .70 TABLES DATA RECOVERY FIELD METHODS . .73 1. Recorded sites within project APE . .28 General Field Methods . .73 2. Recorded site components on the Cubero Quad . .29 Special Methods: Structures, Features, and 3. Surface artifact assemblage, LA 54902. .35 Extramural Areas . .74 4. Recorded artifact sample, LA 89019 . .39 Special Situations . .76 5. Surface artifact assemblage, LA 89020 . .42 6. Surface artifact assemblage, LA 145685 . .46 DATA RECOVERY STRATEGIES FOR LA 54902, 7. Surface artifact assemblage, LA 149868 . .48 LA 89019, LA 89020, LA 108511, LA 145685, AND LA 149868 FOR ALTERNATIVES 3 AND 5 .
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