An Automatic Conversion of Punjabi Text to Indian Sign Language
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A Human-Editable Sign Language Representation for Software Editing—And a Writing System?
A human-editable Sign Language representation for software editing—and a writing system? Michael Filhol [email protected] LIMSI, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay Orsay, France Abstract To equip SL with software properly, we need an input system to rep- resent and manipulate signed contents in the same way that every day software allows to process written text. Refuting the claim that video is good enough a medium to serve the purpose, we propose to build a repres- entation that is: editable, queryable, synthesisable and user-friendly—we define those terms upfront. The issue being functionally and conceptually linked to that of writing, we study existing writing systems, namely those in use for vocal languages, those designed and proposed for SLs, and more spontaneous ways in which SL users put their language in writing. Ob- serving each paradigm in turn, we move on to propose a new approach to satisfy our goals of integration in software. We finally open the prospect of our proposition being used outside of this restricted scope, as a writing system in itself, and compare its properties to the other writing systems presented. 1 Motivation and goals The main motivation here is to equip Sign Language (SL) with software and foster implementation as available tools for SL are paradoxically limited in such digital times. For example, translation assisting software would help respond arXiv:1811.01786v1 [cs.CL] 5 Nov 2018 to the high demand for accessible content and information. But equivalent text-to-text software relies on source and target written forms to work, whereas similar SL support seems impossible without major revision of the typical user interface. -
Expanding Information Access Through Data-Driven Design
©Copyright 2018 Danielle Bragg Expanding Information Access through Data-Driven Design Danielle Bragg A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2018 Reading Committee: Richard Ladner, Chair Alan Borning Katharina Reinecke Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Computer Science & Engineering University of Washington Abstract Expanding Information Access through Data-Driven Design Danielle Bragg Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Richard Ladner Computer Science & Engineering Computer scientists have made progress on many problems in information access: curating large datasets, developing machine learning and computer vision, building extensive networks, and designing powerful interfaces and graphics. However, we sometimes fail to fully leverage these modern techniques, especially when building systems inclusive of people with disabilities (who total a billion worldwide [168], and nearly one in five in the U.S. [26]). For example, visual graphics and small text may exclude people with visual impairments, and text-based resources like search engines and text editors may not fully support people using unwritten sign languages. In this dissertation, I argue that if we are willing to break with traditional modes of information access, we can leverage modern computing and design techniques from computer graphics, crowdsourcing, topic modeling, and participatory design to greatly improve and enrich access. This dissertation demonstrates this potential -
Analysis of Notation Systems for Machine Translation of Sign Languages
Analysis of Notation Systems for Machine Translation of Sign Languages Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours) of Rhodes University Jessica Jeanne Hutchinson Grahamstown, South Africa November 2012 Abstract Machine translation of sign languages is complicated by the fact that there are few stan- dards for sign languages, both in terms of the actual languages used by signers within regions and dialogue groups, and also in terms of the notations with which sign languages are represented in written form. A standard textual representation of sign languages would aid in optimising the translation process. This area of research still needs to determine the best, most efficient and scalable tech- niques for translation of sign languages. Being a young field of research, there is still great scope for introducing new techniques, or greatly improving on previous techniques, which makes comparing and evaluating the techniques difficult to do. The methods used are factors which contribute to the process of translation and need to be considered in an evaluation of optimising translation systems. This project analyses sign language notation systems; what systems exists, what data is currently available, and which of them might be best suited for machine translation purposes. The question being asked is how using a textual representation of signs could aid machine translation, and which notation would best suit the task. A small corpus of SignWriting data was built and this notation was shown to be the most accessible. The data was cleaned and run through a statistical machine translation system. The results had limitations, but overall are comparable to other translation systems, showing that translation using a notation is possible, but can be greatly improved upon. -
Writing Signed Languages: What For? What Form? Donald A
Writing Signed Languages: What For? What Form? Donald A. Grushkin American Annals of the Deaf, Volume 161, Number 5, Winter 2017, pp. 509-527 (Article) Published by Gallaudet University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/aad.2017.0001 For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/648961 Access provided by University of Connecticut @ Storrs (9 Jun 2017 21:07 GMT) 18991-AAD161.5_Winter2017 2/9/17 2:54 PM Page 509 Grushkin, D. A. (2017). Writing signed languages: What for? What form? American Annals of the Deaf, 161 (5), 509–527. WRITING SIGNED LANGUAGES : W HAT FOR ? WHAT FORM ? IGNED LANGUAGES around the world have tended to maintain an “oral,” unwritten status. Despite the advantages of possessing a written form of their language, signed language communities typically resist and reject attempts to create such written forms. The present article ad - dresses many of the arguments against written forms of signed lan - guages, and presents the potential advantages of writing signed languages. Following a history of the development of writing in spoken as well as signed language populations, the effects of orthographic types upon literacy and biliteracy are explored. Attempts at writing signed lan - guages have followed two primary paths: “alphabetic” and “icono - graphic.” It is argued that for greatest congruency and ease in developing biliteracy strategies in societies where an alphabetic script is used for the spoken language, signed language communities within Sthese societies are best served by adoption of an alphabetic script for DONALD A. G RUSHKIN writing their signed language. Keywords: writing, written signed the development of a conventionally GRUSHKIN IS A PROFESSOR , D EAF STUDIES languages, biliteracy, Deaf education, accepted written system for signed lan - PROGRAM , C ALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY , orthography guages has yet to take place. -
A a Posteriori a Priori Aachener Förderdiagnostische Abbild
WSK-Gesamtlemmaliste (Stand: Januar 2017) A abgeleitetes Adverb Abklatsch a posteriori abgeleitetes Nominal Abkürzung a priori abgeleitetes Verb Abkürzungsprozess Aachener abgeleitetes Wort Abkürzungspunkt Förderdiagnostische abgerüstete Abkürzungsschrift Abbild Transliterationsvariante Abkürzungswort Abbildtheorie abgeschlossene Kategorie Ablativ Abbildung Abgeschlossenheit Ablativ, absoluter Abbildung, Beschränkung Abglitt einer ablative Abgraph Abbildung, Bild einer ablative case Abgrenzungssignal Abbildung, konzeptuelle ablativus absolutus abhängige Prädikation Abbildung-1 ablativus causae abhängige Rede Abbildungen, ablativus comitativus abhängige Struktur Komposition von ablativus comparationis abhängiger Fragesatz Abbildungsfunktion ablativus copiae abhängiger Hauptsatz Abbildungstheorie ablativus discriminis abhängiger Satz Abbreviation ablativus instrumenti abhängiges Morphem abbreviatory convention ablativus limitationis Abhängigkeit Abbreviatur ablativus loci Abhängigkeit, entfernte Abbreviaturschrift ablativus mensurae Abhängigkeit, funktionale Abbruchpause ablativus modi Abbruchsignal Abhängigkeit, gegenseitige ablativus originis Abc Abhängigkeit, kodierte ablativus pretii Abdeckung Abhängigkeit, ablativus qualitatis Abduktion konzeptuelle ablativus respectus Abecedarium Abhängigkeit, ablativus separativus sequenzielle abessive ablativus sociativus Abhängigkeitsbaum A-Bewegung ablativus temporis Abhängigkeitsgrammatik Abfolge Ablaut Abhängigkeitshypothese Abfolge, markierte Ablaut, qualitativer ability abfragen Ablaut, quantitativer -
Global Index with Hyperlinks to PDF Files
Index A allography, 129, 134, 136, 232, 233 alphabet, 89, 144–148, 150, 152, abbreviation, 14, 15, 32, 33, 60–63, 154, 155, 157, 166, 168– 76, 77, 91, 269, 282, 378, 170, 172, 177, 180, 182, 514, 631, 719, 819, 946, 185–187, 218, 223–230, 1078 232, 234–236, 241, 242, marker, 15 244, 429, 432, 463, 473, abjad, 51, 53, 54, 60, 76, 134, 178, 569, 763, 765, 807, 810, 180, 228, 625, 781, 807– 811, 822, 825, 829, 831, 811, 820, 822, 910, 1109 837, 841, 888, 907, 908, Abkhaz, 115 910, 916, 1109, 1112 abstract, 561, 563, 565, 567 a monument to hidebound object, 9 conservatism, 114 abugida, 54, 162, 163, 165, 177, Arabic, 910 180, 184, 228, 625, 807– Aramaic, 166 811, 818–820, 822 Armenian, 166, 185, 186 acrophonic, 208, 232 Bougainvillian, 837 principle, 168, 224, 232 Carian, 181, 182, 232, 233 acrostics, 1109, 1111–1113, 1116 consonantal, 208, 218, 810, Adobe, 441 811 Aegean, 807, 809 Coptic, 184, 775, 776, 778, 780 Aidarus, 980 Cyrillic, 115, 154, 1068, 1070, Ajami, 971 1080 Akkadian, 59, 116, 117, 216, 218, dual, 14 929, 1112 English, 825 al-Busiri, 980 Entlehnungs-, 150 al-Inkishafi, 977 Etruscan, 170, 171, 916 Albanian, 166, 373, 392 Georgian, 793 aleph, 466, 1114, 1115 Gothic, 166, 224 Algerian (typeface), 397 Greek, 115, 167–171, 182, 187, Algernon, 276, 278 225, 226, 230–232, 234, Alice in Wonderland, 350, 351 775–779, 781 alloglottoepy, 790 Hebrew, 231, 497 alloglottography, 790 history, 157 βʹ Index Korean, 807 476, 478, 479, 497, 498, Latin, 147, 151, 154, 171, 176, 530, 564, 568, 580, 622, 182, 300, 305, 443, 445, 625, 760, 810, 835, -
Movement and Location Notation for American Sign Language Sarah
Movement and Location Notation for American Sign Language Sarah Kelsall Bryn Mawr College This paper outlines a hybrid notational system for transcribing the movement and location parameters of signs in American Sign Language (ASL). This system is designed to aid in the translation of ASL to English. The paper begins by summarizing the current translation technology, focusing on the instrumentation-based approach favored by the New Jersey Institute of Technology. This approach uses a handshape recognizer and an inertial positioning system to identify the handshape, orientation, movement, and location components of ASL. The nonmanual component can not be measured with the current system. Of these five parameters, only handshape and orientation are defined adequately by existing notational systems for identification by instrument-based approaches. The accepted linguistic descriptions (the Stokoe and Movement-Hold systems) and several notational systems (HamNoSys, Labanotation, and Farris) are surveyed, focusing on the assets and deficits of their methods for representing movement and location with respect to the inertial positioning system. A hybrid notational system for movement and location parameters, based on the organization of data imposed by the instrumentation used in its collection, is outlined. 0.0 Introduction Design of the Inertial Positioning System component of the American Sign Language Translation System at the New Jersey Institute of Technology has highlighted the need for a more concise system for notating the phonetic parameters of movement and position of signs in American Sign Language (ASL). There are five parameters of signs in ASL, HANDSHAPE, LOCATION, ORIENTATION, MOVEMENT, and NONMANUALS, the complexity of which will be explained fully in section 3.1. -
The Use of a Filemaker Pro Database in Evaluating Sign Language Notation Systems Julie A
The Use of a FileMaker Pro Database in Evaluating Sign Language Notation Systems Julie A. Hochgesang Gallaudet University, Linguistics SLCC3206, 800 Florida Ave NE, Washington, DC 20002 USA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In this paper, FileMaker Pro has been used to create a database in order to evaluate sign language notation systems used for representing hand configurations. The database cited in this paper focuses on child acquisition data, particularly the dataset of one child and one adult productions of the same American Sign Language (ASL) signs produced in a two-year span. The hand configurations in selected signs have been coded using Stokoe notation (Stokoe, Casterline & Croneberg, 1965), the Hamburg Notation System or HamNoSys (Prillwitz et al, 1989), the revised Prosodic Model Handshape Coding system or PM (Eccarius & Brentari, 2008) and Sign Language Phonetic Annotation or SLPA, a notation system that has grown from the Movement-Hold Model (Johnson & Liddell, 2010, 2011a, 2011b, 2012). Data was pulled from ELAN transcripts, organized and notated in a FileMaker Pro database created to investigate the representativeness of each system. Representativeness refers to the ability of the notation system to represent the hand configurations in the dataset. This paper briefly describes the design of the FileMaker Pro database intended to provide both quantitative and qualitative information in order to allow the sign language researcher to examine the representativeness of sign language notation systems. Keywords: sign language, phonetics, phonology, child acquisition, transcription, notation, FileMaker Pro, database does not receive much attention. It is hoped that the same 1. Introduction type of investigation will be carried out for other aspects of transcription. -
WSK-Gesamtlemmaliste (Stand: Mai 2017)
WSK-Gesamtlemmaliste (Stand: Mai 2017) A abgeleitetes Verb Ablativ a posteriori abgeleitetes Wort Ablativ, absoluter a priori abgerüstete ablative Transliterationsvariante Aachener Förderdiagnostische ablative case abgeschlossene Kategorie Abbild ablativus absolutus Abgeschlossenheit Abbildtheorie ablativus causae Abglitt Abbildung ablativus comitativus Abgraph Abbildung, Beschränkung ablativus comparationis einer Abgrenzungssignal ablativus copiae Abbildung, Bild einer abhängige Prädikation ablativus discriminis Abbildung, konzeptuelle abhängige Rede ablativus instrumenti Abbildung-1 abhängige Struktur ablativus limitationis Abbildungen, Komposition abhängiger Fragesatz von ablativus loci abhängiger Hauptsatz Abbildungsfunktion ablativus mensurae abhängiger Satz Abbildungstheorie ablativus modi abhängiges Morphem Abbreviation ablativus originis Abhängigkeit abbreviatory convention ablativus pretii Abhängigkeit, entfernte Abbreviatur ablativus qualitatis Abhängigkeit, funktionale Abbreviaturschrift ablativus respectus Abhängigkeit, gegenseitige Abbruchpause ablativus separativus Abhängigkeit, kodierte Abbruchsignal ablativus sociativus Abhängigkeit, konzeptuelle Abc ablativus temporis Abhängigkeit, sequenzielle Abdeckung Ablaut Abhängigkeitsbaum Abduktion Ablaut, qualitativer Abhängigkeitsgrammatik Abecedarium Ablaut, quantitativer Abhängigkeitshypothese abessive Ablautausgleich ability A-Bewegung Ablautbildung Abjad Abfolge Ablautdoppelung Abklatsch Abfolge, markierte Ablautkombination Abkürzung abfragen Ablautreihe Abkürzungsprozess -
This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from Explore Bristol Research
This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Sutton-Spence, Rachel Title: The role of the manual alphabet and fingerspelling in British sign language. General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. THE ROLE OF THE MANUAL ALPHABET AND FINGERSPELLING IN BRITISH SIGN LANGUAGE RACHEL SUTTON-SPENCE A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. -
Tutorial for Deaf–Teaching Punjabi Alphabet Using Synthetic Animations
Tutorial for Deaf – Teaching Punjabi Alphabet using Synthetic Animations Lalit Goyal, Assistant Professor, Dr. Viahal Goyal, Associate Professor, DAV College, Jalandhar. Punjabi University, Patiala. [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Developing an automatic tool for educating these differently abled people have very limited students has become essential in today’s world of or no access to education and other information. computerization. For differently abled people, [1][2]. especially in India, where the resources are scares for educating them, it becomes essential to develop such technologies which give the In India, situation is worse; there are 5072914 opportunity to each and every individual to get the persons who suffer from hearing disability. education online and free of cost. Research work Among them, only 546826 hearing impaired has been done to create HamNoSys notation of persons are literate below primary education [3] atleast two words corresponding to each alphabet which accounts for only 10.78%. of Punjabi Language. The HamNoSys notation when used in JASigning animation tool produces the synthetic animation. The synthetic animations Sign language is different for different are better as compared to human videos in terms countries/regions as this language is not created of memory requirement, standardization, and but it is evolved by deaf people. So, depending flexibility. Synthetic animations can be modified on the region, the signs are different as well as as per the requirement whereas the human videos the grammar is also different depending on the cannot be modified. The only drawback that region. As far as Indian Sign Language is seems is, these synthetic animations may lack the natural non-manual component of sign. -
Introduction to Stokoe Notation
Introduction to Stokoe Notation NB: Emojis unfortunately were not available to DASL creators. Emojis are not part of the Stokoe Notation symbol set. They are only used for illustration here. written by Julie A. Hochgesang for Linguistics 101 at Gallaudet University created fall 2007, updated August 2015 !1 figure 1. representing the ASL sign ROOSTER with Stokoe Notation 3 Introduction: Stokoe-ing it An Introduction to Stokoe’s Notation System A notation system is necessary for observing sign language behavior. Without a way of writing down signs, especially the parts of signs, we can hardly analyze the structure of language. To begin to understand how a language works, adequate representation of a sign or parts of a sign is necessary. Other systems (e.g., glossing, signwriting, pictures, or videos) are not suitable for analysis of forms of signs themselves. These systems are not transparent (i.e., allows a person to immediately understand what is notated) or consistent (e.g., one gloss for a sign can mean different things for different people. DOG can elicit different variations of the sign, the fingerspelled version D-O-G, DOG (pat and snap), DOG (snap alone), and so on.). William Stokoe, arguably the father of sign language linguistics, along with co-authors of Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles (1965) Carl Croneberg and Dorothy Casterline, created a notation system.The sign is divided into three parts: location, handshape, and movement. In Stokoe Notation, these are called tabulation (location), designation (handshape) and signation (movement). A fourth part was added later, orientation. Sets of symbols were created to represent different possibilities for each part of the sign.