A Linguistic Comparison: Two Notation Systems for Signed
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500 Natural Sciences and Mathematics
500 500 Natural sciences and mathematics Natural sciences: sciences that deal with matter and energy, or with objects and processes observable in nature Class here interdisciplinary works on natural and applied sciences Class natural history in 508. Class scientific principles of a subject with the subject, plus notation 01 from Table 1, e.g., scientific principles of photography 770.1 For government policy on science, see 338.9; for applied sciences, see 600 See Manual at 231.7 vs. 213, 500, 576.8; also at 338.9 vs. 352.7, 500; also at 500 vs. 001 SUMMARY 500.2–.8 [Physical sciences, space sciences, groups of people] 501–509 Standard subdivisions and natural history 510 Mathematics 520 Astronomy and allied sciences 530 Physics 540 Chemistry and allied sciences 550 Earth sciences 560 Paleontology 570 Biology 580 Plants 590 Animals .2 Physical sciences For astronomy and allied sciences, see 520; for physics, see 530; for chemistry and allied sciences, see 540; for earth sciences, see 550 .5 Space sciences For astronomy, see 520; for earth sciences in other worlds, see 550. For space sciences aspects of a specific subject, see the subject, plus notation 091 from Table 1, e.g., chemical reactions in space 541.390919 See Manual at 520 vs. 500.5, 523.1, 530.1, 919.9 .8 Groups of people Add to base number 500.8 the numbers following —08 in notation 081–089 from Table 1, e.g., women in science 500.82 501 Philosophy and theory Class scientific method as a general research technique in 001.4; class scientific method applied in the natural sciences in 507.2 502 Miscellany 577 502 Dewey Decimal Classification 502 .8 Auxiliary techniques and procedures; apparatus, equipment, materials Including microscopy; microscopes; interdisciplinary works on microscopy Class stereology with compound microscopes, stereology with electron microscopes in 502; class interdisciplinary works on photomicrography in 778.3 For manufacture of microscopes, see 681. -
An Animated Avatar to Interpret Signwriting Transcription
An Animated Avatar to Interpret SignWriting Transcription Yosra Bouzid Mohamed Jemni Research Laboratory of Technologies of Information and Research Laboratory of Technologies of Information and Communication & Electrical Engineering (LaTICE) Communication & Electrical Engineering (LaTICE) ESSTT, University of Tunis ESSTT, University of Tunis [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—People with hearing disability often face multiple To address this issue, different methods and technologies barriers when attempting to interact with hearing society. geared towards deaf communication have been suggested over The lower proficiency in reading, writing and understanding the the last decades. For instance, the use of sign language spoken language may be one of the most important reasons. interpreters is one of the most common ways to ensure a Certainly, if there were a commonly accepted notation system for successful communication between deaf and hearing persons in sign languages, signed information could be provided in written direct interaction. But according to a WFD survey in 2009, 13 form, but such a system does not exist yet. SignWriting seems at countries out of 93 do not have any sign language interpreters, present the best solution to the problem of SL representation as it and in many of those countries where there are interpreters, was intended as a practical writing system for everyday there are serious problems in finding qualified candidates. communication, but requires mastery of a set of conventions The digital technologies, particularly video and avatar-based different from those of the other transcriptions systems to become a proficient reader or writer. To provide additional systems, contribute, in turn, in bridging the communication support for deaf signers to learn and use such notation, we gap. -
Journal of Education O U JOURNAL of EDUCATION Boston University School of Education NONPROFIT R
J Journal of Education O U JOURNAL OF EDUCATION Boston University School of Education NONPROFIT R ORGANIZATION N Two Silber Way U.S. POSTAGE A L Founded in 1875 Boston, MA 02215 PAID BOSTON, MA O PERMIT NO. 1839 F E D Volume 196 • Number 1 • 2016 U C A T I O CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY N Letter from the Editor Roselmina Indrisano Close Reading and Far-Reaching Classroom Discussion: Fostering a Vital Connection Catherine Snow and Catherine O’Connor Deaf Students as a Linguistic and Cultural Minority: Shifting Perspectives and Implications for Teaching and Learning Michael Higgins and Amy M. Lieberman V o l u Rethinking Teaching and Learning Mathematics for Social Justice from a Critical m e Race Perspective 1 9 Gregory V. Larnell, Erika C. Bullock, and Christopher C. Jett 6 • N Teaching Young Dual Language Learners to Be Writers: Rethinking Writing Instruction u m Through the Lens of Identity b e Christopher J. Wagner r 1 • 2 “I’ve Known Rivers”: A Reflection on the Synergy of Multigenre, Multimodal Texts 0 1 Elizabeth Richter 6 ESSAY BOOK REVIEWS Academic/Professional Texts Laura Kyser Callis and Daniel J. Osborn Books for Young Readers Laura Jiménez, Elizabeth Nolan, and Roselmina Indrisano B o s t o n U n i v e r s i t y S c h o o l o f E d u c a t i o n Boston University School of Education JOURNAL OF EDUCATION volume 196, number 1, 2016 Cultural and Linguistic Diversity Letter from the Editor vii Roselmina Indrisano Close Reading and Far-Reaching Classroom Discussion: Fostering a Vital Connection 1 Catherine Snow and Catherine O’Connor Deaf Students as a Linguistic and Cultural Minority: Shifting Perspectives and Implications for Teaching and Learning 9 Michael Higgins and Amy M. -
A New Rule-Based Method of Automatic Phonetic Notation On
A New Rule-based Method of Automatic Phonetic Notation on Polyphones ZHENG Min, CAI Lianhong (Department of Computer Science and Technology of Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084) Email: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: In this paper, a new rule-based method of automatic 2. A rule-based method on polyphones phonetic notation on the 220 polyphones whose appearing frequency exceeds 99% is proposed. Firstly, all the polyphones 2.1 Classify the polyphones beforehand in a sentence are classified beforehand. Secondly, rules are Although the number of polyphones is large, the extracted based on eight features. Lastly, automatic phonetic appearing frequency is widely discrepant. The statistic notation is applied according to the rules. The paper puts forward results in our experiment show: the accumulative a new concept of prosodic functional part of speech in order to frequency of the former 100 polyphones exceeds 93%, improve the numerous and complicated grammatical information. and the accumulative frequency of the former 180 The examples and results of this method are shown at the end of polyphones exceeds 97%. The distributing chart of this paper. Compared with other approaches dealt with polyphones’ accumulative frequency is shown in the polyphones, the results show that this new method improves the chart 3.1. In order to improve the accuracy of the accuracy of phonetic notation on polyphones. grapheme-phoneme conversion more, we classify the Keyword: grapheme-phoneme conversion; polyphone; prosodic 700 polyphones in the GB_2312 Chinese-character word; prosodic functional part of speech; feature extracting; system into three kinds in our text-to-speech system 1. -
Sign Languages Are Written Languages
SignWriting: Sign Languages Are Written Languages By Valerie Sutton & Adam Frost Center for Sutton Movement Writing (CSMW) [email protected] • [email protected] Abstract SignWriting is one of the world’s scripts, ISO Center for Sutton Movement Writing 15924 Sgnw, recognized by the ISO on October http://www.MovementWriting.org 10, 2006: Lucinda O’Grady Batch, a Deaf native American ISO Codes for Recognized Scripts Sign Language user, together with Valerie http://unicode.org/iso15924/iso15924-codes.html Sutton, founded the Deaf Action Committee for SignWriting in 1988, to encourage input from The SignWriting Spatial Alphabet is a daily Deaf people who are writing their native sign writing system for any sign language in the languages for the first time in history. world. It is used by thousands of people SignWriting is a successful writing system worldwide, in some 40 countries. It can be because of the influence and use by skilled written by hand as a daily script, or typed by signers. It is evolving naturally as more and computer, making it possible to publish books more people write, and as Deaf children learn it and web sites in written sign languages. in schools. 1. Introduction 2. Purpose & Background Sign Languages are becoming written languages SignWriting is an alphabet for writing body because of SignWriting. movement, and was not developed for linguistic research, although linguistic research labs do use Software can be accessed freely. Thousands of SignWriting to study how signers write their people create their own SignWriting dictionaries language. and long documents written in the handshapes, movements and facial expressions of their native History of SignWriting sign languages, directly on the web: www.signwriting.org/library/history/index.html SignPuddle Software Online SignWriting was not developed with a prior http://www.SignBank.org/signpuddle knowledge of any one sign language, but was instead developed as a writing tool for writing The SignWriting Central Web Site provides how the body looks while signing. -
A Human-Editable Sign Language Representation for Software Editing—And a Writing System?
A human-editable Sign Language representation for software editing—and a writing system? Michael Filhol [email protected] LIMSI, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay Orsay, France Abstract To equip SL with software properly, we need an input system to rep- resent and manipulate signed contents in the same way that every day software allows to process written text. Refuting the claim that video is good enough a medium to serve the purpose, we propose to build a repres- entation that is: editable, queryable, synthesisable and user-friendly—we define those terms upfront. The issue being functionally and conceptually linked to that of writing, we study existing writing systems, namely those in use for vocal languages, those designed and proposed for SLs, and more spontaneous ways in which SL users put their language in writing. Ob- serving each paradigm in turn, we move on to propose a new approach to satisfy our goals of integration in software. We finally open the prospect of our proposition being used outside of this restricted scope, as a writing system in itself, and compare its properties to the other writing systems presented. 1 Motivation and goals The main motivation here is to equip Sign Language (SL) with software and foster implementation as available tools for SL are paradoxically limited in such digital times. For example, translation assisting software would help respond arXiv:1811.01786v1 [cs.CL] 5 Nov 2018 to the high demand for accessible content and information. But equivalent text-to-text software relies on source and target written forms to work, whereas similar SL support seems impossible without major revision of the typical user interface. -
Writing the Smile: Language Ideologies In, and Through, Sign Language Scripts ⇑ Erika Hoffmann-Dilloway
Language & Communication 31 (2011) 345–355 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Language & Communication journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/langcom Writing the smile: Language ideologies in, and through, sign language scripts ⇑ Erika Hoffmann-Dilloway Oberlin College, Department of Anthropology, 305 King, 10 North Professor Street, Oberlin, OH 44074, United States article info abstract Article history: This article explores the relationship between language ideology and script by detailing an Available online 25 June 2011 emerging set of practices for writing sign languages. Though sign languages have often been considered un-writable, signers worldwide are increasingly producing written sign Keywords: language texts using Sutton SignWriting (SW), a writing system originally developed for Signed languages dance notation. After comparing SW to Stokoe Notation, a sign language script developed Writing systems by a prominent sign language linguist, this article draws on texts produced by SW users, Language ideologies and the metalinguistic discussion of these texts on an email listserve, to demonstrate that use of SW allows its users to articulate and challenge dominant, and often tacit, ideologies about the nature of language and writing. Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction ‘‘If you’re reading a book on history, do you really need to see the smile when the author mentions America?’’ The above question may seem confusing, as readers might wonder how a smile, a visual phenomenon not usually treated as a part of language, can be ‘‘seen’’ in writing. While this question may seem to be precluded by the nature of writing sys- tems designed to represent sound, this is a relevant concern for those writing sign languages using Sutton SignWriting (SW), a visually iconic writing system that represents movements of the body and face. -
The Romantext Format: a Flexible and Standard Method for Representing Roman Numeral Analyses
THE ROMANTEXT FORMAT: A FLEXIBLE AND STANDARD METHOD FOR REPRESENTING ROMAN NUMERAL ANALYSES Dmitri Tymoczko1 Mark Gotham2 Michael Scott Cuthbert3 Christopher Ariza4 1 Princeton University, NJ 2 Cornell University, NY 3 M.I.T., MA 4 Independent [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Absolute chord labels are performer-oriented in the sense that they specify which notes should be played, but Roman numeral analysis has been central to the West- do not provide any information about their function or ern musician’s toolkit since its emergence in the early meaning: thus one and the same symbol can represent nineteenth century: it is an extremely popular method for a tonic, dominant, or subdominant chord. Accordingly, recording subjective analytical decisions about the chords these labels obscure a good deal of musical structure: a and keys implied by a passage of music. Disagreements dominant-functioned G major chord (i.e. G major in the about these judgments have led to extensive theoretical de- local key of C) is considerably more likely to descend by bates and ongoing controversies. Such debates are exac- perfect fifth than a subdominant-functioned G major (i.e. G erbated by the absence of a public corpus of expert Ro- major in the key of D major). This sort of contextual in- man numeral analyses, and by the more fundamental lack formation is readily available to both trained and untrained of an agreed-upon, computer-readable syntax in which listeners, who are typically more sensitive to relative scale those analyses might be expressed. This paper specifies degrees than absolute pitches. -
Greek Alphabet ( ) Ελληνικ¿ Γρ¿Μματα
Greek alphabet and pronunciation 9/27/05 12:01 AM Writing systems: abjads | alphabets | syllabic alphabets | syllabaries | complex scripts undeciphered scripts | alternative scripts | your con-scripts | A-Z index Greek alphabet (ελληνικ¿ γρ¿μματα) Origin The Greek alphabet has been in continuous use for the past 2,750 years or so since about 750 BC. It was developed from the Canaanite/Phoenician alphabet and the order and names of the letters are derived from Phoenician. The original Canaanite meanings of the letter names was lost when the alphabet was adapted for Greek. For example, alpha comes for the Canaanite aleph (ox) and beta from beth (house). At first, there were a number of different versions of the alphabet used in various different Greek cities. These local alphabets, known as epichoric, can be divided into three groups: green, blue and red. The blue group developed into the modern Greek alphabet, while the red group developed into the Etruscan alphabet, other alphabets of ancient Italy and eventually the Latin alphabet. By the early 4th century BC, the epichoric alphabets were replaced by the eastern Ionic alphabet. The capital letters of the modern Greek alphabet are almost identical to those of the Ionic alphabet. The minuscule or lower case letters first appeared sometime after 800 AD and developed from the Byzantine minuscule script, which developed from cursive writing. Notable features Originally written horizontal lines either from right to left or alternating from right to left and left to right (boustophedon). Around 500 BC the direction of writing changed to horizontal lines running from left to right. -
Figured-Bass Notation
MU 182: Theory II R. Vigil FIGURED-BASS NOTATION General In common-practice tonal music, chords are generally understood in two different ways. On the one hand, they can be seen as triadic structures emanating from a generative root . In this system, a root-position triad is understood as the "ideal" or "original" form, and other forms are understood as inversions , where the root has been placed above one of the other chord tones. This approach emphasizes the structural similarity of chords that share a common root (a first- inversion C major triad and a root-position C major triad are both C major triads). This type of thinking is represented analytically in the practice of applying Roman numerals to various chords within a given key - all chords with allegiance to the same Roman numeral are understood to be related, regardless of inversion and voicing, texture, etc. On the other hand, chords can be understood as vertical arrangements of tones above a given bass . This system is not based on a judgment as to the primacy of any particular chordal arrangement over another. Rather, it is simply a descriptive mechanism, for identifying what notes are present in addition to the bass. In this regime, chords are described in terms of the simplest possible arrangement of those notes as intervals above the bass. The intervals are represented as Arabic numerals (figures), and the resulting nomenclatural system is known as figured bass . Terminological Distinctions Between Roman Numeral Versus Figured Bass Approaches When dealing with Roman numerals, everything is understood in relation to the root; therefore, the components of a triad are the root, the third, and the fifth. -
Expanding Information Access Through Data-Driven Design
©Copyright 2018 Danielle Bragg Expanding Information Access through Data-Driven Design Danielle Bragg A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2018 Reading Committee: Richard Ladner, Chair Alan Borning Katharina Reinecke Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Computer Science & Engineering University of Washington Abstract Expanding Information Access through Data-Driven Design Danielle Bragg Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Richard Ladner Computer Science & Engineering Computer scientists have made progress on many problems in information access: curating large datasets, developing machine learning and computer vision, building extensive networks, and designing powerful interfaces and graphics. However, we sometimes fail to fully leverage these modern techniques, especially when building systems inclusive of people with disabilities (who total a billion worldwide [168], and nearly one in five in the U.S. [26]). For example, visual graphics and small text may exclude people with visual impairments, and text-based resources like search engines and text editors may not fully support people using unwritten sign languages. In this dissertation, I argue that if we are willing to break with traditional modes of information access, we can leverage modern computing and design techniques from computer graphics, crowdsourcing, topic modeling, and participatory design to greatly improve and enrich access. This dissertation demonstrates this potential -
Books About Deaf Culture
Info to Go Books about Deaf Culture 1 Books about Deaf Culture The printing of this publication was supported by federal funding. This publication shall not imply approval or acceptance by the U.S. Department of Education of the findings, conclusions, or recommendations herein. Gallaudet University is an equal opportunity employer/educational institution, and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, sex, national origin, religion, age, hearing status, disability, covered veteran status, marital status, personal appearance, sexual orientation, family responsibilities, matriculation, political affiliation, source of income, place of business or residence, pregnancy, childbirth, or any other unlawful basis. 2 Books about Deaf Culture There are many books about the culture, language, and experiences that bind deaf people together. A selection is listed in alphabetical order below. Each entry includes a citation and a brief description of the book. The names of deaf authors appear in boldface type. Abrams, C. (1996). The silents. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. A hearing daughter portrays growing up in a close Jewish family with deaf parents during the Depression and World War II. When her mother begins to also lose her sight, the family and community join in the effort to help both parents remain vital and contributing members. 272 pages. Albronda, M. (1980). Douglas Tilden: Portrait of a deaf sculptor. Silver Spring, MD: T. J. Publishers. This biography portrays the artistic talent of this California-born deaf sculptor. Includes 59 photographs and illustrations. 144 pages. Axelrod, C. (2006). And the journey begins. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. Cyril Axelrod was born into an Orthodox Jewish family and is now deaf and blind.