A allography, 129, 134, 136, 232, 233 alphabet, 89, 144–148, 150, 152, abbreviation, 14, 15, 32, 33, 60–63, 154, 155, 157, 166, 168– 76, 77, 91, 269, 282, 378, 170, 172, 177, 180, 182, 514, 631, 719, 819, 946, 185–187, 218, 223–230, 1078 232, 234–236, 241, 242, marker, 15 244, 429, 432, 463, 473, abjad, 51, 53, 54, 60, 76, 134, 178, 569, 763, 765, 807, 810, 180, 228, 625, 781, 807– 811, 822, 825, 829, 831, 811, 820, 822, 910, 1109 837, 841, 888, 907, 908, Abkhaz, 115 910, 916, 1109, 1112 abstract, 561, 563, 565, 567 a monument to hidebound object, 9 conservatism, 114 abugida, 54, 162, 163, 165, 177, Arabic, 910 180, 184, 228, 625, 807– Aramaic, 166 811, 818–820, 822 Armenian, 166, 185, 186 acrophonic, 208, 232 Bougainvillian, 837 principle, 168, 224, 232 Carian, 181, 182, 232, 233 acrostics, 1109, 1111–1113, 1116 consonantal, 208, 218, 810, Adobe, 441 811 Aegean, 807, 809 Coptic, 184, 775, 776, 778, 780 Aidarus, 980 Cyrillic, 115, 154, 1068, 1070, Ajami, 971 1080 Akkadian, 59, 116, 117, 216, 218, dual, 14 929, 1112 English, 825 al-Busiri, 980 Entlehnungs-, 150 al-Inkishafi, 977 Etruscan, 170, 171, 916 Albanian, 166, 373, 392 Georgian, 793 aleph, 466, 1114, 1115 Gothic, 166, 224 Algerian (typeface), 397 Greek, 115, 167–171, 182, 187, Algernon, 276, 278 225, 226, 230–232, 234, Alice in Wonderland, 350, 351 775–779, 781 alloglottoepy, 790 Hebrew, 231, 497 alloglottography, 790 history, 157 βʹ Index
Korean, 807 476, 478, 479, 497, 498, Latin, 147, 151, 154, 171, 176, 530, 564, 568, 580, 622, 182, 300, 305, 443, 445, 625, 760, 810, 835, 905, 762, 999, 1068, 1070, 1077 907–910, 912, 913, 919, linear, 231 963–972, 977, 978, 980– Lycian, 233 983, 986, 1044, 1083– manual, 1060 1086, 1088–1094, 1097– North Italic, 146 1100, 1107 origins, 207, 217 classical, 1098 Otomaung, 825, 826, 829, Quranic, 217 831, 837, 840, 844 Arabism, 497 Phoenician, 146 Aramaic, 59–61, 76, 115, 164, 166, phonemic, 580 178, 179, 181, 206–209, proto-, 167, 182 211, 495, 787–794, 797, Roman, 111, 115, 154, 155, 174, 799, 912, 1113, 1114 177, 228, 650, 651, 832, arbitrariness, 742 844, 908 archaeology, 144, 146, 179, 225, Romanian, 1075 523, 544, 788, 791, 873, Russian, 1071 874, 929, 957, 1098 are you? Shavian, 905, 912, 914, 915 you are , 311 Ur-, 170 Arial (typeface), 420, 913 Venetic, 172, 186 Ariekan, 283, 310–312 vowelled, 208 Armazian, 792–794, 797 alphabetic, 120 Armenian, 155, 166, 182, 184–186, Altaic, 209 373, 392, 789, 810 Amharic, 373, 392 Arnold Böcklin (typeface), 398, Amiri (typeface), 969 399 amulet, 806 ARPA, 440 analogy, 742–744 Art, 561 Anatolian, 223, 226, 230, 232, 234, artificial intelligence, 96 929, 932, 939 artificial language learning, 215 Andika!, 967–971, 973, 974, 981– ASCII, 342–345, 423, 440, 441, 983 444, 504 ANRT, 439, 444–446, 452, 457 ASL, 1040, 1047–1049 ants, 566, 569 ASLphabet, 1049 apostrophe, 14, 28–30, 61, 269, asomtavruli, 791 276, 290, 293, 719, 720, association, 744 725–727 Assyrian, 202, 789, 906, 1112, 1113 special, 490 asterisk, 251, 254, 275, 717, 718, Apple, 441, 442 720, 726, 731, 863 Arabic, 14, 35, 36, 52, 54, 60, 111, ateji, 295, 307–309, 637 112, 114, 116, 117, 159, 173, Athapaskan, 116 203–207, 209–212, 217, attitudinal factor, 781 223, 265, 267, 350, 373, audibility, 86, 87, 96 377, 392, 394, 398, 410, Austroasiatic, 115 Index γʹ
Austronesian, 111, 829 C awareness, 84, 99 Ayka (typeface), 430 Cafe (typeface), 397 Azeri, 111 Cambria (typeface), 913, 914 S.O.S. Aztec, 810, 812, 816, 817, 820 Canapés , 309 Aśoka, 178, 179 Carian, 181, 182, 212, 226, 228, 232, 233, 235 Catalan, 373, 392 B Catholicism, 74, 721, 724, 730, 837 Caucasian, 115, 166, 182, 787, 799 B B B, 323 Northwest, 115 BabelStone Naxi (typeface), 995 cave painting, 1110 Bajuni, 972, 978 Celtiberian, 182 Bakery (typeface), 397 Celtic, 184 Bamum, 174, 827, 828 cenemic, 48, 53, 625 Bantu, 111, 115 CETI, 516, 519, 523 Bastian Balthazar Bux, 284, 285, chaos hypothesis, 181, 226 320–324 character component, 278, 279, Bauhaus, 316 648–651, 657, 660, 664, 668, 669, 675–677 BCCWJ, 586–588, 602, 603, 636 Charlie Gordon, 276–278 Beatles, 11 chat communication, 20 Behistun, 160–164 chatbot, 344 Berber, 204, 205, 210, 212, 217, chereme, 1048 1097 Cherokee, 111, 112, 114, 173, 174, Kabyle, 210, 212, 217 181, 184, 185, 530, 626, biliteracy, 113 826 Blackletter (typeface), 303, 373, Chi-square test, 746 378 Chihiro, 1117, 1118 , 328 Chimwiini, 210, 211, 969 boldface, 203, 205, 211, 212, 216, Chinese, 14, 25, 26, 35, 37–39, 301, 319, 324, 325, 347, 41, 48, 49, 51–57, 63, 64, 348, 374, 832, 1057, 1092 66–68, 70–72, 75, 76, 108, Book Antiqua (typeface), 914 109, 112–115, 118, 128, Bookman (typeface), 397 134, 159, 175, 176, 201, Bosnian, 373 209, 216, 223, 230, 300, Bougainville, 825, 826, 829, 830, 373, 393, 459, 530, 580, 832, 833, 835–838, 840, 582, 636, 645–651, 654, 844, 845 657–659, 664, 668, 675– brackets, 13 677, 683–685, 687, 711, braille, 631 712, 781, 805, 810, 818, Bronze Age, 945–947, 960 823, 851, 906, 966, 986– brute-force attack, 931–933, 941 992, 994, 998, 1000, 1001, Brāhmī, 178–180, 208, 209, 217 1109, 1116, 1117 Bulgarian, 165, 373, 392, 910 Middle, 71, 72 δʹ Index
Old, 48, 55, 56, 216 congruence, 744 chirography, 441, 446 connector, 1084, 1088–1090, CIA, 338, 339 1092, 1093 cipher, 182, 624, 625, 633, 832, connotation, 72–75, 137, 276, 303, 844 362, 365, 373, 384, 390, script, 832 402, 407, 411, 418, 422, clicks, 115 432, 491, 501, 521, 530, clitic, 28 535, 538, 596, 605, 740, Cloister Black (typeface), 303 742, 906, 1085, 1086, coda, 203, 216, 629, 645, 646, 654, 1088, 1090, 1092, 1104 664–668, 671–673, 677, consonant, 61, 105, 113, 159, 162, 757 163, 177, 205–215, 218, Codex Mendoza, 812 228, 622, 629, 631, 718, codification, 4 751, 755, 758, 759, 763– Codman’s Paradox, 1030 765, 769, 777, 779, 807, cognition, 84, 86, 89, 94, 103, 810, 811, 820–822, 829, 104, 106–108, 116–119, 910–912, 916, 935, 936, 132, 134, 137, 223, 225, 939, 999, 1071, 1077 228–230, 235, 261, 265, affixal, 214 341, 362, 366, 404, 429, ambisyllabic long, 629 442, 491, 523, 528, 546, coda, 216, 664 565, 585, 615, 732, 742– conjunct, 180 744, 775, 776, 778, 806, double, 758 883, 886, 940, 985, 986, final, 232 1000, 1010, 1041–1043, full, 207 1045, 1049, 1083, 1088, geminate, 213 1089 high-frequency, 744 coherent discrimination, 907 initial, 177, 482, 746 coherent thought, 12 intervocalic, 33 Comic Sans (typeface), 405 labial, 105 comics, 16 low-frequency, 744 comma, 6, 12, 15, 17, 21, 29, 126, middle, 217 321, 530, 714, 717, 719, nasalized, 998, 999 720, 722, 723, 726, 727, null, 209 729, 730, 732, 874, 967, palatalised, 1071 1056, 1075, 1084–1086, pharyngeal, 491 1089–1091, 1093 prenasalised, 977 community of practice, 776 retroflex, 999 Comoro Islands, 967, 971 romance, 759, 764 complete thought, 12 root, 217 componentness, 712 subscript, 819 conceptual, 561, 742 uvular, 998 conceptualism, 9 vocalized, 810 concrete, 561, 565, 567 voiced, 998, 999 conditions of well-formedness, 8 voiceless obstruent, 629 Index εʹ
weak, 808, 916 dash, 251, 254, 269, 277, 293, 299, content, 742 517, 728, 732, 1052, 1086, contingency coefficient, 746 1090, 1091 continuum, 95 double, 1086, 1089–1091 Cooper Black (typeface), 399 em-dash, 325 copresence, 86, 87, 96 en-dash, 726 Coptic, 182, 184, 775–781 deafness, 1042 Coreguaje, 116 decimal point, 15 correlation, 744 decipherment, 85, 169, 181, 445, correspondence, 744 514, 515, 522–525, 528, 530, 534, 535, 541, 544, cotemporality, 86, 87, 96 545, 791, 812, 821, 848, Courier New (typeface), 905, 912, 852, 858, 868, 869, 878, 914 879, 883, 888, 928–933, COVID-19, 223, 501, 506, 508, 511, 938, 941, 945–947, 1043, 639, 825, 826, 829, 837, 1044, 1050, 1085, 1097, 855, 1026 1105–1107, 1109 Cratylos, 1115 deep, 756 Cree, 218 definition of writing, 119 critical period, 107 (deleted), 342 Croatian, 373, 714, 721, 724, 726 deliteracy, 964 cryptanalysis, 523, 931, 932 Demotic, 182, 184, 775–781 Cthulhu, 534 Devanagari, 105, 109, 112, 223, cultural heritage, 964 373, 819, 821 cuneiform, 57, 59, 114, 116, 117, Dhivehi, 108, 117 160–164, 167, 178, 207, diachronic, 760 444, 818, 821, 851, 1109– diadocal movement, 1030 1111, 1113, 1114 dichotomy, 92 Cyrillic, 114, 115, 154, 155, 173, 182, differentiation, 821 223, 267, 305, 373, 442, digital 810, 823, 905, 908–910, arena, 96 912, 915, 920, 971, 1067– era, 87 1073, 1075–1077, 1079, media, 88 1080 digitisation Czech, 305, 373, 539, 724, 725, 732 full, 966 Czechoslovak, 93 digraph, 115, 768 DIN (typeface), 368, 378, 388 distinctiveness, 907 D Dongba (typeface), 987 dongba, 821, 985–1003 dada, 244, 334, 856
Dutch, 111, 138, 295, 318, 344, 373, 344, 373, 375, 377, 392, 724, 725, 727, 730, 758 394, 427, 441, 503, 530, 540, 544, 546, 580, 592, E 622, 624–626, 628, 633, 634, 647, 648, 653, 659, Earth chauvinism, 533 664, 714, 724, 726–728, École Estienne, 304 730, 741, 755, 757, 758, economic theory, 562 825, 832, 837, 840, 860, economists, 562 862, 876, 890, 905, 907– efficiency, 907 912, 914–916, 965, 968, Egyptian, 53, 57, 155, 207, 208, 969, 972, 975, 981, 982, 218, 224, 496, 775–777, 987–989, 994, 1001, 1033, 779, 781, 807, 809, 810, 1040, 1048, 1068, 1075, 817, 818, 820, 821, 851, 1084, 1089, 1098, 1117 877, 907, 936, 966, 1001, Middle, 916 1097, 1098, 1100, 1106 Old, 739–742, 745, 746, 748, Electroharmonix (typeface), 110 750, 751 electronic era, 87 Enlightenment, 713, 715, 716, 725, ELIZA, 343 726, 728–732 ellipsis, 16 equality, 744 ʔlqym, 490 equivalence, 744 םיקלא Embassytown, 283, 310, 312 error, 6 emblem, 480, 809, 810, 812–814, Ersu Shaba, 985 816–820, 822, 885 Estonian, 373, 392 EMERGE, 565 Ethiopic, 212 Emergence, 566 ETI, 514–516, 521, 523–527, 530– eminent sign, 242 532, 534, 535, 538, 539, emoji, 348, 419, 424, 432, 442, 542–544, 546, 547 446, 459, 501–511 Etruscan, 155, 156, 170–172, 184, Emojipedia, 503, 506 203, 226, 446, 459, 461, emoticon, 419, 422–425, 428, 429, 472, 473, 916 432, 435, 502, 823 exclamation mark, 5 ∅ (empty set), 350 exotype, 109 end punctuation mark, 15 Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close, English, 1–3, 5–7, 11, 13, 14, 16– 313, 335, 339, 345 18, 20, 21, 26, 29, 30, 33– eye dialect, 274–276, 278–282, 35, 39, 40, 50–54, 56, 59, 491, 494 60, 62, 76, 104, 105, 109– 113, 116, 118, 126, 130, F 131, 134, 138, 173, 184, 204, 207, 212–216, 250, Face-to-Face-SL, 1054–1060 252, 253, 275, 276, 278, Facebook, 442, 491, 501, 502, 505, 280–282, 288, 290, 291, 507, 837 295, 297–299, 304, 308, facilitation, 908 310–312, 322, 325, 342, falsification, 858 Index ζʹ
Feersum Endjinn, 279 G Fidel, 212 γ-paragraph, 264, 266, 271–273, filler, 28 321, 322, 328, 329 finite verb, 11 γ-word, 263, 264, 266–270, 272, Finnish, 52, 373, 392, 622, 724, 290, 302 905, 908–912, 914, 915, Gabriola (typeface), 913 921 Ganzsatz, 7 Flowers for Algernon, 276 GARBLE, 296 Flying Letters, 249 gematria, 149, 1113–1116 foot genericity, 1017–1019 binarity, 32 Georgia (typeface), 913 Georgian, 166, 787, 789–793, 797 graphematic, 30 Old, 789, 791 foreign accent, 107, 112 German, 1–5, 7, 12, 13, 15–21, 26, form, 742 29, 30, 33–35, 40, 104, fortissimo, 62 105, 111, 126, 127, 130, 136, 4KCW, 584–588, 594, 597, 599– 138, 145, 146, 148, 149, 616 152, 173, 176, 183, 184, 211, Fraktur (typeface), 303 214, 242, 254, 275–277, 279–283, 285, 288, 289, frame of reference, 888, 1013, 295, 297, 299, 300, 303, 1015, 1027–1034 310–312, 318, 319, 322, Franklin Gothic (typeface), 913 325, 344, 366, 373, 377, French, 53, 54, 60, 86, 111, 113, 116, 378, 392–395, 402, 410, 130, 138, 250, 261, 275– 495, 501, 505, 622, 627, 277, 279, 280, 283, 285– 628, 632, 633, 714, 724, 287, 289, 291, 293, 295, 726–728, 730, 741, 758, 297–301, 304, 307, 310, 794, 854, 916, 965, 1022, 312, 318, 320, 325, 337, 1040, 1068 342, 344, 373, 392, 419, GestualScript, 1011, 1016, 1021, 422, 427, 439, 516, 517, 1026, 1027, 1034 531, 627, 634, 714, 724, gesture, 1, 2, 84, 251, 254, 291, 758, 760, 1011, 1033, 1039, 309, 417, 520, 537, 563, 1042–1049, 1053, 1084, 568, 650, 652, 654, 659, 1089–1093 660, 677, 828, 1009, 1010, Québecois, 327 1016–1019, 1021, 1025– 1000110, 342–344 1027, 1032, 1034, 1035, 1040, 1042, 1047 full stop, 5 GitHub, 484, 1075, 1078, 1079 Futura Light (typeface), 316, 327 Glagolica, 167 futurism, 244 Glagolitic, 155, 165, 182, 187 Fuzzy Sets, 293, 312, 318, 338 globalization, 87, 307 fuþark, 145, 146, 148–151, 166, 183, glottography, 47, 53, 54, 625, 790 185, 186 Google ηʹ Index
Meet, 97, 508–510 graphemic Translate, 96 complexity, 756 GORILA, 931, 932, 939, 946, 948, quarantine, 496 951 reduplication, 235 GPL3 license, 967 graphemics, 3, 10, 31, 32, 41, 138, Graeco-Egyptian, 779 139, 225, 262, 264, 489, grammar, 9, 19, 88, 90, 103, 118, 622, 627–629, 639 120, 178–180, 201, 202, Egyptian, 496 209, 214, 217, 265, 432, German, 627 582, 626, 627, 645, 646, Hebrew, 497 649, 650, 660, 713–733, Italian, 756 735, 761–763, 1045, 1046, Japanese, 632 1087, 1089 semio-, 751 generative, 34 structured, 632, 639 grammatogenist, 155, 173 suprasegmental, 30, 39, 41 grammatography, 3 graphetics, 127, 129, 137, 138, 247, grammatology, 3 262, 266, 363–365, 625 graphematic grapho-phonological inconsis- foot, 31, 32 tency, 755 hierarchy, 31 grapholinguistics, 1–4, 13, 20, solution space, 627, 633 53, 126–132, 134–139, 515, surface, 29 622, 625, 1009 syllable, 31, 32 graphonomy, 3 word, 33 graphophoneme, 92 definition, 26, 28, 29 graphotactics, 36, 37, 40, 41, 134 grapheme, 14, 26–28, 40, 50, Great Black Bull, 906 51, 92–94, 129, 134, 135, Greek, 63, 115, 138, 146, 154, 155, 137, 146, 147, 150, 151, 165–173, 179–182, 184, 153, 156, 226, 229, 232, 187, 207, 208, 212, 213, 233, 263–265, 268–271, 217, 223, 225, 226, 228, 273, 274, 300, 302, 307, 230–235, 267, 288, 289, 328, 334, 344, 352, 428, 305, 373, 439, 441, 445, 457, 491, 685, 739, 740, 456, 461–463, 469, 470, 742, 746–749, 751, 755– 480, 482, 489, 529, 561, 759, 761–765, 768, 769, 717, 719, 724, 742, 760, 777, 778, 809–811, 821, 775–781, 789, 790, 792, 822, 881, 916, 990, 993, 793, 810, 822, 905, 908– 1010–1012, 1071, 1075– 912, 914–916, 922, 928– 1078, 1117 930, 946, 947, 966, 1109, clitic, 28 1113 filler, 28 Archaic, 459, 469 grapheme-phoneme correspon- Classical, 213 dence, 145, 160, 182, 755– Koinê, 778 758, 760, 761, 765, 767, Gutenberg, 455 769, 770, 1071 Project, 252 Index θʹ
H hiragana, 35–37, 40, 41, 51, 57, 58, 70, 176, 275, 278, 580– Haghia Triada, 928, 931, 951, 953, 584, 623, 631, 633, 634, 954 639, 677 Hairdresser (typeface), 397 “holy” letters, 490 Haitian Creole, 111 homogenization, 908 Hamburg Notation System, 1011, homography, 52, 344, 492, 758, 1014–1016, 1047–1049 761, 762 Horizon (typeface), 398 handwriting, 109, 112, 326, 373, Hungarian, 373, 392, 539, 716, 381, 384, 393, 441, 442, 724, 726 446, 624, 649, 652, 660, hyphenation, 263, 266, 270, 293 674, 731, 732, 851, 853 nonstandard, 293, 313 hangul, 117, 159–161, 166, 184, 373, without hyphen, 294 392–394, 410, 911, 985, 1109 hanzi, 108, 109, 112, 113, 115, 117, I 373, 392–394, 410, 683– 687, 711, 712 Iberian, 146, 178, 182, 208, 217, Harlow (typeface), 398 223, 226, 461, 787–789, 791, 793 Hausa, 971 Icelandic, 305, 373, 724 Hausdorff distance, 905, 909 iconicity, 740, 742–745, 817, 829, Hayat (soap), 568, 569, 576 906, 917, 1014, 1015, hearing, 85 1040, 1060 Hebrew, 60, 118, 203–205, 207, identity, 744, 755 211–215, 217, 223, 226, ideography, 49 231, 267, 373, 459, 461, ideophone, 740 474, 475, 489–497, 499, Igbo, 373, 392 760, 780, 788, 789, 905, illiteracy, 106 907–909, 911, 914–916, Impact (typeface), 913 923, 929, 1081, 1109, inconsistency, 755 1112–1115 indentation, 270, 861 Biblical, 213, 493 , 726 Modern, 491, 493, 495–497, ☞, 421 499 index hentai kanbun, 54 phonetic, 998 hentaigana, 64, 67, 68 radical, 992, 998 heterogenization, 908 semantic, 985, 987, 992, 997, heterography, 52, 53, 59–62, 76, 1000, 1001 759, 761, 762, 822 India, 112 hieroglyphic, 807, 809, 817, 818, individuality, 86 820, 877, 881, 966, 1100 Indo-European, 115 Higurashi, 1116, 1117 Indonesian, 111, 373, 392 Hindi, 105, 373, 530, 622, 625, inertia, 908 1081 infinitive construction, 11 ιʹ Index initial J grapheme, 742 sound, 742 Janson (typeface), 340 Japanese, 25, 26, 35–37, 40, 41, inscribability, 1017 49, 51, 52, 54, 57–59, 63– Instagram, 502, 505 76, 109, 110, 115, 130, 136, instant messaging, 96 174–177, 218, 271, 275– interdependence, 84 278, 288, 295, 297, 307, interjection, 32, 297, 327, 819 308, 324, 325, 350, 373, interlinear annotation, 264, 266, 393, 502, 503, 579–583, 267, 271, 307, 309, 310 585–587, 589, 592, 598, Internet communication, 16 600, 607, 608, 610, 613– interrobang, 428, 436 616, 623, 629–636, 638, 639, 649, 677, 809, 820, interword spacing, 38 821, 823, 986, 1022, 1109, inverted exclamation mark, 17 1116–1118 inverted question mark, 17 Old, 57, 65–72 iotification, 1076 Javanese, 223 IPA, 276, 439, 628, 909–911, 987, JavaScript, 950 989, 998 jinās, 1097, 1099–1107 Iranian Love Story, 346
959, 967, 971, 986, 1043, manicule, 421 1044, 1079 mapping, 744 bi-, 113 mapping principle, 781 mono-, 105 mapping literalness, 569 principle, 781 loanword, 32, 35, 54, 56, 64, 75, Marathi, 105 232, 497, 498, 629, 634, mark 777, 780 acclamation, 427 local aliens, 543, 545 authority, 427 LOGIN, 440 certitude, 427 LOGLAN, 518 doubt, 427 logography, 47–52, 55, 60, 138, elrey, 437 224, 230, 275, 621–626, exclamation, 1, 5, 6, 12, 15–17, 631, 633, 635–639, 806, 21, 29, 296, 346, 350, 352, 821, 843, 844, 850, 851, 419, 427, 428, 719, 720, 881, 905, 906, 985, 990, 724–727, 730 997, 1000, 1001, 1009, friendly period, 437 1010, 1012, 1015, 1018, 1020, 1021 irony, 427, 428, 436 longing look, 347 paragraph, 720, 726, 727, 731 Lost Memory, 274 question, 1, 5, 6, 12, 15–17, , 507 21, 29, 346, 352, 418, 419, love point, 427 427, 428, 432, 631, 719, lowercase letter, 11 720, 722, 723, 725–727, Luwian, 59, 230, 928–930, 932, 729, 732, 951, 1086, 1090, 936, 937, 939 1091 Lycian, 228, 233, 459, 461, 480– quotation, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21, 482, 930 29, 418, 419, 427, 432, Lydian, 228, 233, 461 717, 726–728, 732, 1084– 1086, 1090–1092 M sarcmark, 437 sarkmark, 427 Macedonian, 910 section, 726 MagDa, 283 snark, 437 magic, 149, 228, 304, 566, 569, whisper, 437 741, 806, 823, 874, 875, markedness, 134, 664, 755, 756, 880, 884, 885, 889, 1101, 764, 765, 768–770 1109–1114, 1116–1119, Maštocʿ, 166 1121 matres lectionis, 170, 203, 205, Malay, 111, 209, 373, 392, 971 207–209, 212, 217, 493, man’yōgana, 57, 176 779, 808 Manchu, 115 matter, 561 Manchurian, 209 Mayan, 53, 57, 59, 218, 444, 541, Mandinka, 210 810, 818, 1001 manga, 1120 memory, 569 Index ιγʹ
Menzerath’s law, 649, 651, 654, morphography, 48–55, 76, 138, 655, 675–677 585, 635, 637, 638, 807, Merkspruch, 168, 170, 172, 178, 822 185 morphological constancy, 51 Meroitic, 208, 217, 218 morphonography, 54 meronymy, 263 Moso, 986, 998, 999 Mesopotamian, 207, 787, 797, 1114 Music school (typeface), 397 μεταχαρακτηρισμός (chaos hy- mute melody, 564 pothesis), 181 Mwana Kupona, 975 metaphor, 130, 175, 227, 243, 291, Mycenaean, 927, 928, 947 294, 310, 311, 316, 335, 561–568, 570, 809, 822, N 888, 1040, 1058, 1099, 1103–1107, 1109, 1112 N’ko, 826 chemical, 566 Na, 986 dead, 563 Naasioi, 825, 826, 829, 831, 832, economic, 562 834–845 for totality, 1112 Nabataean, 206, 456, 459, 461, synesthetic, 565 476, 478–480 METI, 516, 529, 531, 534 NASA, 520, 528, 533, 543 metonymy, 243, 809 national identity, 770 native script effect, 103, 104, 114, Microsoft, 442, 508, 909, 938, 940 116, 117, 119, 120 Middle Ages, 87, 91, 183, 715 Naturalness Theory, 133–136 Middle Iranian languages, 59 Naxi, 985–989, 991, 992, 998, 999, mimography, 1010 1001 Minoan, 927–931, 938, 941, 945, negative transfer, 107, 113 946, 959, 960 Nepali, 105, 373, 392 minority languages, 116, 119 neuropsychology, 94 mise à nu, 334 Nineveh, 1113 Miyazaki, 1117 noise, 86, 294, 675, 828 modern era, 87 nominalism, 9 Modular Theory of Writing Sys- Non-arbitrariness, 742 tems, 10, 13, 622–629, Norwegian, 111, 136, 138, 373, 392 632, 633, 635, 638, 639 Noto (typeface), 447, 479 modularity, 1017, 1021 nucleus, 645, 646, 659–667, 670, Moldovan, 1067–1072, 1074, 1076, 671, 677 1077, 1079, 1080 Nudisme, 333 Mombasa, 970 Mongolian, 209, 265, 267 O Mongolic, 115 Monogatari, 1118 obfuscation, 313, 335–337, 340– monoliteracy, 105 342, 344–346, 352 mora, 807 Одержимый, 300 morpheme, 109 Ogam, 146, 155, 182, 187 ιδʹ Index
Old Testament, 298 P Ω, 445 ongana, 66, 67, 175 Pahawh Hmong, 174, 807, 810 onomatopoeia, 740, 744 Papuan, 830 onset, 33, 159, 203, 208, 615, 645, Parnavaz, 790 646, 654, 659, 660, 662– Pashto, 971 671, 673, 677, 739, 746, ’pataphysique, 290 749, 751, 779 Pate, 977 maximization, 33 Pearson’s Chi-square, 746 ontology, 262–265, 274, 352, 687, percontativus, 427, 436 712 Persian, 209, 210, 212, 373, 463, Oolong, 109 480, 788, 968, 971 OpenType, 459, 1019, 1021, 1024 Middle, 60, 792 Optimality Theory, 13, 118 Old, 160–164, 167, 177, 178, Orphée, 333 788 orthographic ’Phags pa, 117 change, 964 Phaistos Disc, 523, 525 depth, 51, 53, 755–757, 807, phenomenology, 241, 242 822 pheromone, 566 policy, 120 Phoenician, 146, 167–171, 184, orthography, 2–4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 203–205, 207, 208, 213, 20, 26, 51, 58, 61, 65, 225, 226, 230, 232, 233, 69, 77, 104, 113, 115, 116, 456, 459, 461, 463–466, 120, 138, 139, 159, 162– 474–476, 479, 911, 912, 164, 177, 183, 207, 216, 915, 916, 1113 232, 489, 490, 492, 493, phonaestheme, 740, 744 495, 497, 581, 628, 634, phoneme, 27, 28, 49, 53, 61, 62, 714, 718, 720, 722, 725– 92–94, 113, 120, 127, 137, 728, 730–732, 756, 757, 149, 150, 171, 179, 208, 793, 827, 906–908, 910– 209, 212, 227, 231, 234, 912, 914, 915, 929, 967, 274, 302, 495, 497, 651, 978, 989, 998, 1061, 1080 656, 740, 742, 744, 755– conventional, 628, 633 759, 761–765, 767, 768, design, 116 777, 810, 821, 830, 831, German, 4 908–912, 915, 916, 919, reform, 4 920, 922, 923, 933, 1000, German 1996, 4 1010, 1012, 1014, 1048, systematic, 10, 622, 627–629, 1111 633–635, 639 phoneme-grapheme correspon- Oslo), 491 dence, 757, 758, 1070) ולסוא Oto-Manguean language, 116 phonemic Otomaung (typeface), 845 opposition, 764 Otomaung, 825, 826, 829, 831, system, 84 832, 834–841, 843–845 phonetics, 127, 208, 660, 714, 1010 ownership, 564 phonocentrism, 92 Index ιεʹ phonography, 47 pseudologography, 50 phonological psycholinguistics, 4, 8, 36, 39, 84, theory, 120 94, 126, 129, 131, 135–137, word, 33 223, 235, 585, 586, 589, phonotactical constraint, 33 615, 645, 650, 674, 677 PHP, 1067, 1072, 1075, 1079, 1080 punctuation, 1, 4, 7, 10, 13–18, phraseography, 808 21, 28, 29, 40, 216, 245, Phrygian, 170, 228, 233 254, 264–266, 270, 322, physical, 561, 563 323, 344, 346, 350, 417– pianissimo, 62 419, 421, 422, 424, 425, pictography, 348 427–432, 436, 437, 624, pinyin, 108, 109, 987, 989, 991, 633, 713–732, 1055, 1056, 998, 999, 1001 1061, 1083–1092, 1094, Pioneer 10, 520, 521, 523, 524, 1095 526, 533, 534 emotional, 418, 427 Pioneer Club, Las Vegas, 408 Punic, 202, 204, 205, 461, 466, pleremic, 48, 53, 625 467 Polish, 305, 373, 518, 634, 724, Python, 739, 745, 746, 909, 928, 725, 727, 728, 730, 731 931, 933, 939–941 Portuguese, 63, 73, 74, 111, 288, 295, 305, 328, 373, 716, Q 721, 724, 760 positive transfer, 107, 113 Qasida Hamziyya, 972, 980 possession, 564 Qasida ya Burda, 980 PostScript, 441 quantal theory, 765 pragmatics, 12 question mark, 5 Prakrit, 179, 209 quotation marks, 13 pre-literate, 89 Qurʾān, 116 pre-recorded video, 98 Pretorian (typeface), 398 R primary language, 106 prime numbers, 331, 332, 518, 540 radical harmony, 636 printing revolution, 91 readability, 390, 457, 781, 1016– private correspondence, 20 1019, 1059, 1061, 1062, productivity of components, 686 1085 prominence, 652, 653, 655, 656, rebus, 55, 174, 177, 216, 598, 637, 659, 662, 664–666, 668, 810, 812–814, 816, 817, 670, 672, 674, 825 820, 829 properties, 744 record, 95 prosody, 6, 12, 31, 39, 41, 216, 309, recorded audio, 96 629, 645, 647, 651–654, REDRUM, 286–289 656, 660, 662, 672, 718, 読 (reeding), 278 726, 728 referential meaning, 742 Protestantism, 721, 724, 729, 730 referentiality, 255, 740, 745 pseudo-archaeology, 298 reform, 4 ιϛʹ Index
Renaissance, 91, 92, 713–716, 719, S 729, 731, 732 resemblance, 744 S1 Restaurant (typeface), 397 conversion to S2, 972 manuscripts, 968 retransliteration, 1077 partial representation, 977 reviewability, 86, 87, 96 spelling, 971 revisability, 86, 87, 96 standardisation, 971 Revue (typeface), 398, 401 typing, 972 rhyme, 32, 757, 966, 974, 980, 983, usage, 971 1000 S1, S2, 103–105, 107–114, 116–119, right inferior frontal gyrus, 113 964–975, 977, 978, 981– ritual, 169, 172, 562–564, 570, 828, 983 868, 889, 930, 999, 1110, S2 1111, 1116 replacement script, 964 Roberta (typeface), 401 standardisation, 967 sans-serif, 291, 303, 315, 316, 368, Robofont, 1021 374, 378, 379, 381, 384, Roman, 14, 105, 109, 114 388, 393, 406, 409, 421, alphabet, 35, 111, 115, 154, 155, 909 174, 177, 228, 650, 651, Sanskrit, 56, 180, 209, 929, 986, 832, 844, 908, 915 1045 Romance, 760 Sayaboury, 828, 829 Romanian, 111, 288–290, 305, 373, scarring pattern, 842 726, 760, 1067–1080 Schreckenslaut/schrei, 321 Romanization, 108, 119 Schrifterfindungsparagraph, 160, rongorongo, 445, 514, 544, 545, 164, 178 848–863, 865–867, 869– Schriftlinguistik, 2–4, 126, 127 873, 875–891, 893, 895, science fiction, 260, 296, 298, 317, 897, 899, 901, 903, 986 518, 521, 543, 547 root, 88, 202, 203, 214–217, 296, script 564, 568, 761, 806, 813, adoption, 115 1099, 1105, 1118 displacement, 964 invention, 117 Semitic, 202, 214, 229, 490, invention by stimulus diffu- 822, 930, 1106 sion, 114 Rotokas, 830, 831 mimicry, 109, 111 round-tripping, 971 Scripture, 718, 790, 791 Russian, 93, 115, 130, 261, 300, second-language acquisition, 103 373, 714, 724, 725, 727, segmental slot, 27 728, 730, 910, 1068, segmentation, 36, 39, 245, 282, 1070–1072, 1074, 1075, 805, 820, 858, 995, 1084, 1077, 1079, 1080 1089 Ryōri monogatari, 64 Segoe Script (typeface), 914 rōmaji, 35, 36, 41, 580, 581 SEI, 439, 442, 444–448, 452 Index ιζʹ self-organization, 567 shaman, 184, 1110 self-referentiality, 241, 246, 248, Shavian, 912 249, 253 Shinzwani, 967 semantic radical, 648, 649, 652– Shuowen Jiezi, 685, 990, 1000 654 sight, 85 semantography, 49 sign language, 1, 666, 677, 1009– semiographemics, 751 1012, 1014–1019, 1021, semiotic system, 135, 136, 363, 1022, 1024–1026, 1028, 806, 1111 1031–1035, 1039–1042, Semitic languages, 115 1044–1051, 1053–1057, senmyō-gaki, 65 1060–1062 sensoriperceptual, 744 signified, 742 sentence, 1, 5–8, 10–12, 15, 17–21, signifier, 742 25, 34, 37, 39, 137, 214, signography, 1010 216, 262, 264, 265, 270, SignWriting, 1011–1016, 1018, 271, 292, 296, 297, 302, 1022, 1028, 1047, 1051– 312, 316, 318, 321, 322, 1057, 1059–1062 324, 328, 329, 337, 338, SIL, 969 344, 346, 349, 350, 418, SIL Scheherazade (typeface), 969 419, 428, 429, 431, 432, silence, 86, 337, 749, 868 503, 539, 714, 717, 720, silent emendation, 965 722, 723, 726, 728–730, similarity, 742, 743 744, 817, 835, 843, 986, simultaneity, 86, 87, 95, 96, 321, 1040, 1061, 1075, 1083– 322 1090, 1092–1095, 1100, Sinhalese, 373, 392 1101, 1103, 1106 sinograms, 49 closing mark, 5 Skype, 96, 97, 501, 508–510 lexical, 6 Slovakian, 373, 726 text, 6 Slovenian, 373, 714, 724, 725 sequentiality, 86, 87, 96 SMELL ME, 565 Sequoyah, 111, 114, 173, 174, 184 Soap Coins, 562 Serbian, 373, 910, 994, 1081 Sogdian, 59, 60, 209, 210, 212 Serbo-Croatian, 539, 757, 1081 Songhay, 205 serif, 291, 315, 316, 368, 374, 381, sound symbolism, 740 384, 386, 388, 393, 395, Spanish, 17, 21, 52, 111, 113, 116, 406, 408, 410, 421, 459, 138, 211, 288, 295, 311, 909 312, 325, 373, 392, 714, slab, 381, 384, 386, 393, 408 724, 725, 727, 730, 757, SETI, 515, 516, 518, 521, 532, 540– 760, 1044, 1081 543 Spanish Dancer, 310–312 Shakespeare, 276, 280, 342, 1056 Sparkie, 295–297 Chékspir, 279 speculative fiction, 260–262, 274, Schäksbier, 279 276, 295, 324, 352 Shaikspir, 279 spelling, 13 shallow, 756 consistency, 755 ιηʹ Index
process, 223, 229–234 syntax, 11 reform, 756 synthorganic, 308 subsystem, 495 systematicity, 10, 742, 743, 907 variation, 489, 491, 497, 760 Spirited away, 1117 T spoken language, 5 SSSsssIIIiiiXXXxxx, 282 taboo, 311, 489, 490, 831, 880 standard writing system, 20 Tahoma (typeface), 914 standardization, 761 Tairauqitna, 285 S1, 971 Taiwan, 113 S2, 967 Talmud Project, 250 Star Trek, 912 tamga, 806 Stempel Garamond (typeface), Tamil, 373 316, 327 Tango (typeface), 398 Stokoe Notation, 1048, 1049 tapeworm, 340, 341 Strict Layer Hypothesis, 31 tattoo, 304, 806 stroke, 36, 374, 388, 474, 490, 647, Teams, 508 649–654, 663, 667, 673, τέχνη, 228 726, 821, 907, 915, 998, Τέχνη γραμματική, 717, 733 1001, 1013, 1115 teenager, 281, 494 ballistic, 664–668, 670–673 TEI, 262 complexity, 651, 676 telepathy, 290, 302 group, 645, 646, 654–656, telephone, 439 659, 660, 663–667, 670– Tenochtitlan, 812 677 Text Art, 423 interaction, 645, 656, 658, text 659, 661, 663, 664, 668, inversion, 289 669, 677 mode, 16 order, 118 text-clause, 6 width, 447 textogram, 813, 814 subsyllabic constituent, 30 texture, 250, 255, 256 Sumerian, 53, 59, 114, 116, 201, Thaana, 108, 113, 114, 117 216–218, 541, 807, 818, Thai, 41, 373, 392, 826 821, 906, 1111, 1116 The Demolished Man, 290, 291, 302, cuneiform, 114, 116 303, 309 , 506 The Neverending Story, 284, 285, 319, Swahili, 111, 210, 211, 373, 392, 320, 324 963, 964, 966–975, 977, The Two-Timer, 281 978, 980 Theodicy, 1112 Swedish, 111, 287, 289, 305, 373, theory of evolution, 740 724, 725, 727, 1022 three-letter-rule, 31 syllable, 109, 120 3KCW, 584–593, 595–600, 602, graphematic, 30, 32 606–616 synesthesia, 290, 565 , 507 conceptual, 565 Tibetan, 54, 115, 223, 819, 994 Index ιθʹ
Tibetan-Burman, 985 478, 649, 793, 948, 949, Tifinagh, 204 951, 956, 964–966, 972, Tiger! Tiger!, 304 973, 975, 977, 978, 981, Times Roman (typeface), 441 1067, 1070–1073, 1076– Titania (typeface), 398 1079 Tok Pisin, 832 automatic, 1067, 1075–1079, toponym spellings, 69 1081 Torah, 250, 1113–1115 deceptive, 1107 totem, 806 phonetic, 956, 1107 transcription, 63, 65–67, 73, 74, problems with, 965 203, 209–211, 274–276, reliable, 949 279, 443, 455, 457, 461, transparency, 756, 757 467, 472, 476, 478, 539, graphematic, 632 590, 598, 600, 612–614, orthographic, 755 637, 781, 793, 867, 930– semantic, 586 932, 939, 948, 949, 956, transposition, 858, 1040, 1057 957, 963, 965, 966, 974, Trebuchet MS (typeface), 914 975, 977, 978, 980, 981, trigraph, 115, 768 989, 998, 1000, 1001, Tristram Shandy, 251, 252, 254, 255 1009, 1010, 1014, 1015, TrueType, 987 1017–1019, 1021–1024, truthbearer, 89 1034, 1035, 1048, 1049, Tuareg, 205 1070 Tucanoan, 116 close, 965 Tungus languages, 115 lossy, 966 Turkic, 115, 209 transfer unit, 1040 Turkish, 325, 373, 377, 392, 394, translation, 2, 3, 7, 37, 38, 59, 61, 397–399, 401, 402, 410, 62, 66, 96, 148, 160, 161, 971, 1044 166, 175, 176, 232, 242, Ottoman, 209 252, 253, 261, 272, 273, Twilight Zone, 298 275, 278, 280, 282, 297, 2KCW, 583, 584, 586, 588–590, 307, 327, 344, 362, 368, 592, 597, 599, 600, 602, 371, 374, 378, 421, 425, 611–615 448, 478, 523, 529, 538, TYPANNOT, 2, 1009–1035 580, 598, 716–718, 721, typeface, 109, 242, 244, 247, 248, 726, 741, 790, 791, 837, 250, 251, 253–255, 364, 841, 850, 870, 880, 973, 373, 378, 379, 381, 383, 975, 981, 982, 987, 989, 384, 386, 388, 393–395, 991, 994, 996, 1048, 1050, 397–399, 401–403, 405– 1055, 1068, 1117 410, 421, 432, 455, 457, automatic, 297 459, 463, 465, 468, 469, machine, 39 472, 473, 476, 478, 484, mental, 877 486, 487, 1021 transliteration, 108, 145, 203, 205, Algerian, 397 206, 209, 211, 467, 474, Amiri, 969 κʹ Index
Arial, 420, 913 Verdana, 914 Arnold Böcklin, 398, 399 Victorian, 397 Ayka, 430 typo-graphic device, 348–352 BabelStone Naxi, 995 typography, 26, 28, 40, 91, 241, Bakery, 397 242, 244–255, 259, 263, Blackletter, 303, 373, 378 271, 272, 286, 314, 315, Book Antiqua, 914 335, 340, 350, 361–366, Bookman, 397 368, 371, 372, 375, 383, Cafe, 397 390, 393, 394, 396, 401, Cambria, 913, 914 402, 404, 409–411, 423– Cloister Black, 303 425, 440–442, 444–448, Comic Sans, 405 459, 484, 624–626, 724, Cooper Black, 399 729, 731, 832, 1009, 1011, Courier New, 905, 912, 914 1014, 1017–1024, 1034, DIN, 368, 378, 388 1056, 1084, 1088, 1091 Dongba, 987 digital, 247 Electroharmonix, 110 virtual, 247, 248, 251 Fraktur, 303 typoji, 428 Franklin Gothic, 913 Futura Light, 316, 327 U Gabriola, 913 Georgia, 913 Ugaritic, 207 Hairdresser, 397 Ukrainian, 300, 305, 373, 392, 518, Harlow, 398 910, 1070, 1074, 1079 Horizon, 398 undeciphered scripts Impact, 913 Linear A, 928, 945, 947 Janson, 340 runes, 151 Linear A, 933 underspelling, 52 Music school, 397 Unesco, 446, 985 Noto, 447, 479 Unfolded (typeface), 248 Otomaung, 845 Unicode, 307, 330, 427, 439–448, Pretorian, 398 457, 461, 472, 503, 504, Restaurant, 397 508, 648, 668, 670, 731, Revue, 398, 401 938, 956, 966, 968, 969, Roberta, 401 987, 988, 990, 1000, 1014, Segoe Script, 914 1019 SIL Scheherazade, 969 Private Use Area, 969 Stemmpel Garamond, 316 universal hierarchy, 764 Stempel Garamond, 327 Universal Phonological Principle, Tahoma, 914 780 Tango, 398 universal writing system, 262, 838 Times Roman, 441 unobsessiveness, 576 Titania, 398 upper limb, 1019, 1027–1029, Trebuchet MS, 914 1031, 1033 Unfolded, 248 uppercase letter, 11 Index καʹ
Uralic, 930, 931 isolated, 1076 Urdu, 970, 971, 1081 length, 204, 210, 213, 634 US Foreign Service Institute, 110 long, 59, 206, 580, 808, 820, Utenzi 910, 969, 972 wa Jaʾfar, 974, 981, 982 minimal, 214 wa Mkunumbi, 978 omission, 202 wa Mwana Kupona, 975 reduction, 653, 662 utterance, 12, 53, 252, 274, 281, redundant, 163 283, 303, 309, 311, 315, root, 203, 214 324, 325, 342, 490, 506, short, 4, 168, 209, 910, 969, 521, 888 971 Uyghur, 209 single, 32 unstressed, 214 V unwritten, 205, 214 value, 911 Vai, 174, 218, 826 word-final, 209 Verdana (typeface), 914 Voyager 10, 260, 526, 534 Viber, 96 Victorian (typeface), 397 video chat, 97 W Vietnamese, 115 vieword, 330 Wadi el-Ḥôl, 207 visibility, 86, 87, 91, 96, 362, 379, weight 386, 841 graphematic, 32 voice translation, 96 well-formedness constraint, 32 voice-guided navigation, 96 Western supremacy, 225 vowel, 32, 33, 40, 53, 60, 105, 115, WhatsApp, 96, 502, 505, 506 120, 159, 162–164, 168– Wikimoldia/Викимолдия, 1067, 170, 177, 180, 202–218, 1068, 1072–1075, 1078– 228, 229, 233, 482, 496, 1081 622, 623, 629, 744, 758, word, 25, 742 759, 768, 777, 779, 780, analysis, 982 809, 810, 819–822, 829, division at the end of lines, 4 831, 911, 912, 916, 935, graphematic, 25, 26, 28–36, 968, 969, 977, 1071, 1076, 39–41 1077 minimal, 31 affixal, 203, 214 morphological, 34 back, 208, 209, 493 phonological, 31, 33 closed central, 1071 syntactic, 34, 37, 38 diacritic, 821 wordhood, 25 front, 171, 493 World Emoji Day, 503 harmony, 636, 659 writing system, 1, 3–5, 7, 9, 10, indefinite, 809, 820 13, 14, 18, 20, 21, 26, 27, inherent, 105, 820 30, 31, 35, 38–41, 47–55, initial, 180, 213 57, 59, 61–63, 70, 76, 77, κβʹ Index
83, 86, 89, 94, 99, 104– existing, 55, 116, 155 106, 112, 113, 117–120, exotic, 448 125, 128, 132–136, 138, full-fledged, 55, 179 139, 153, 154, 158, 159, German, 5, 21, 35, 40, 628 201, 202, 204, 206, 208, ideographic, 985 210, 212, 213, 216–218, individual, 132, 136 223–225, 227, 228, 231, Italian, 759, 761, 763, 770 234, 260, 263, 265, 272, Japanese, 35, 37, 40, 49, 51, 362, 371, 388, 392, 439, 58, 59, 67, 68, 70, 76, 580, 440, 442, 444–448, 452, 621, 623, 629, 631–634, 460, 461, 472, 484, 486, 638, 639, 1116 513, 514, 547, 585, 615, Korean, 113 621–629, 633–635, 637– Linear A, 933, 960 639, 645, 657, 677, 755, logo-syllabic, 946, 947 756, 763, 764, 775–781, logographic, 48, 230, 635, 805–807, 809, 812, 822, 997 823, 832, 840, 876, 914, Mayan, 59 927, 928, 938, 947, 959, Minoan, 941 968, 985–987, 989, 999, minor, 132 1000, 1035, 1046, 1048, modern, 154 1050, 1057, 1070, 1077, morphographic, 50, 76 1078, 1113, 1116, 1119, 1121 morphosyllabic, 811 abugida, 818 Nabatean, 459 accustomed, 418 national, 770 AE, 1107 non-alphabetical, 41 Afroasiatic, 201, 202, 204, 217 old, 762 alphabetic, 26, 27, 29, 30, 35, open, 1116 61, 503, 775, 777, 781 ordinary, 832 ancient, 486, 821 phonemic, 777 Arabic, 476, 1097 phonetic, 176 Aramaic, 60, 1114 phonographic, 50, 77, 635, Chinese, 37, 38, 41, 48, 49, 51, 806 55–57, 75, 113, 128, 992, pictographic, 985, 991, 1000 1109 primary, 826 closed, 1109 pristine, 218 common, 760 pure, 54, 227 complex, 35 scholastic, 1062 difficult, 111 secondary, 829 Dongba, 992 shallow, 755, 758, 770 donor, 76 SL, 1046, 1051, 1054 early, 203, 460, 484, 985 standard, 20, 779, 823 Egyptian, 781 Sumerian, 216 English, 5, 11, 35, 40, 50, 52, supraphonemic, 780 624 syllabic, 927, 928 established, 1072 syllable-based, 180 Index κγʹ
tactile, 631 X Thai, 41 <˚x>, 63 typographic, 1034 xenography, 822 universal, 262, 838 Xerox PARC, 440, 441 Xhosa, 115 visual, 631 vocal, 1021 Y Writing Systems Research, 8, 128 Yiddish, 211, 495–497 written yours vs. mine, 564 act, 12 Yubaba, 1117, 1118 language, 5 Z language bias, 136 utterance, 1, 5, 10, 12–19, 21 Zapotec, 116 Zeno’s Paradox, 314 Written-SL, 1054–1060 Zipf’s principle of least effort, 916 Wulfila, 166, 167, 187, 224 Zohar, 1114, 1115